Seed Production, solanaceous, vegetables.p.pdf

Seed production in Solanaceous
crops: Pepper, Tomato and
Eggplant

Tomato
❖Tomato has perfect flowers grouped in compound inflorescences known as a
cyme
❖The number of flowers varies from 5 to 12
❖The flowers are small pendent, calyx are 5-6, sepals parted green in colour
with many hairs.
❖Flowers are pendant, perfect and hypogynous
❖Corolla is yellow to pale yellow in colour and 6 in number. Numbers of
stamens are 6 and filament is bright yellow in colour. Carpels 6 and united
❖Stamens 5 in number and are borne on the throat of corolla, long anthers
partly united.
❖Hermaphroditic tomato flowers, 5 or more anthers are united forming a cone
that encloses the pistil.
❖Favors self pollination
❖No definite flowering peak, the petals open between 8.00-10.30 a.m. The
dehiscence takes place between 9.00-10.30 a.m. The receptivity of stigma is
between 8.00-11.30 a.m.
❖ Anthesis appears to be correlated with temperature and soil moisture
❖Anthers dehisce longitudinally 1- 2 days after opening of corolla. The optimum
temperature for pollination is around 21oC
❖ The dehiscence is 24 to 48 hours earlier than opening of corolla, hence
tomato is a self pollinated crop
Floral biology and pollination behaviour

Agronomy
❖ Requires a frost free period of about four months for seed production.
❖ Optimum temperature for seed germination is 16 to 290 C and for growth and fruit set
between 200 to 250 C.
❖ Below 150C and at/above 320C, the pollen germination is very poor.
❖ A warm and sunny weather is most suited for proper fruit set, fruit and seed
development which results in higher seed yield.
❖ Abundant sunshine, moderate temperature, humidity, gentle breeze and dry weather
during harvesting of seeds are considered congenial for seed production.
A well drained loam, clay loam or silt loam soil with fair moisture holding capacity and
pH range of 6-7 is most suitable for tomato seed production.
Stage Nitrogen (kg/ ha) Phosphorus (kg/
ha)
Potash (kg/ ha)
Land preparation 50 50 50
30 DAT 25 00 00
50 DAT 25 00 00
300-400 g/ha
Climate
Soil
Manures and fertilizers
Seed rate

❖In northern plains only spring-summer crop is recommended for seed production.
❖The sowing is done in last week of October and transplanting last week of November.
❖Field should be leveled properly, free from weed, two hoeing/weeding at 20-25 days and 40-45 DAT
30-35 DAT
Land Requirements: Land to be used for seed production of tomato shall be free of
volunteer plants. Knowledge of preceding season crop history to avoid voluntary plants
A minimum of three inspections shall be made,
1. before flowering,
2. During flowering and fruiting stage
3. At mature fruit stage and prior to harvesting.
Sowing time
Field preparation
Earthing up
Irrigation
❖Interval varies from 7-15 days. Water stress condition leads to dropping of flower and reduction of
fruit size
❖Before flowering- growth habit and foliage characteristics
❖Early flowering and fruit setting stage-size and shape of immature fruits.
❖Fruiting stage - fruit characteristics like shape, size, colour etc
Field standard
Field inspection
Rouging

Contaminants Minimum distance (meters)
Foundation Certified
Fields of other varieties 50 25
Fields of the same variety not conforming
to varietal purity requirements for
Certification
50 25
Factors Maximum permitted (%)*
Offtypes 0.10 0.20
**Plants affected by seed
borne disease
0.10 0.50
*Maximum permitted at final inspection
**Seed borne diseases shall be : Early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer),
Leaf spot (Stemphyliwn solani Weber),
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).
Isolation
General requirements
Specific requirements Maximum

Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0%
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0 2.0
Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) None None
Germination (minimum) 70% 70%
Moisture (maximum) 8.0% 8.0%
For Vapour-proof containers
(maximum)
6.0% 6.0%
Seed standards

❖Fully ripe completely colored and matured seed fruits are harvested.
❖The mark of the two sepals (calyx) cut off should be checked carefully to ensure that only
pollinated fruits are harvested.
Fermentation Method (warmer temperature)
➢harvested and kept in wooden or plastic containers for two to three
days until the fruits become soft
➢Crushed with hand, fruit juice not drained for 24-72 hrs
➢Flesh floats and seeds settle down
➢Clean and dry
With Sodium Carbonate (cooler temperature)
➢Pulp + equal quantity of 10% sodium carbonate
➢Left for 2 days, cleaned
➢Darkens testa and hence not used for commercial purpose
With Hydrochloric Acid (commercial)
➢100ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid stirred into 11lkg of tomato
pulp and left for half an hour
➢After extraction seeds dried quickly
➢Produces a very bright clean seed sample=
Seed yield: 100-150 kg/ha
Harvesting
Seed Extraction

❖ Inflorescence is either solitary or a cluster of 2-5 flowers.
❖ Solitary or clustering nature of inflorescence is a varietal character.
❖ Calyx : sepals 5, united, persistent; Corolla : petals 5, united, usually cup shaped
❖ Androecium stamens 5, alternate with corolla; Gynoecium: carpels are united,
ovary superior
❖ Self-pollination is the rule although there is some cross-pollination by insects
❖ The flowers are large and showy with different shades of purple to light pink or white colour corolla.
❖ The flowers are hermaphrodite and the stamens dehisce at the same time the stigma is receptive so
that self-pollination is the rule, although there is some cross pollination by insects.
❖ 4 types of flowers found in brinjal; depending on the style length i.e. (i) long-styled with big size ovary,
(ii) medium-styled with medium size ovary, (iii) pseudo-short styled with rudimentary ovary, (iv) true-
short styled with very rudimentary ovary.
❖ Fruits are produced only in long and medium styled flowers.
❖ Fruit setting in long styled flowers normally varies from 70 to 85% and in medium styled flowers 12 to
55%.
❖ The position of stigma in relation to stamens varies with the cultivars and can also vary in different
flowers of some cultivar. Stigmas are found either above, on the same level as or below the stamens.
❖ The anthesis and dehiscence : mainly influenced by the daylight, temperature
and humidity.
❖ Usually anthesis starts from 7:30 A. M. and continues up to 11.00 A. M.
❖ Peak time for anthesis is 8-30 to 10-30 A.M.
❖ The pollen dehiscence starts from 9:30 to 10:00 A.M.
Brinjal

Floral Biology
Pollination : Normally Self-pollinated
Flowers : Hermaphrodite; solitary or in clusters
Type of flowers (depending upon the length of style):
a) Long styled with big size ovary
b) Medium-styled with medium size ovary
c) Pseudo-short styled with rudimentary ovary
d) True short styled with very rudimentary ovary

Calyx ➢: Mostly 5 united, persistent;
Corolla : Mostly 5 petals, united, usually cup shaped
Androecium : stamens mostly 5, alternate with corolla;
Anthesis time : 7-11 AM (peak time : 8.30 – 10.30 AM)
Stigma receptivity
and pollen viability
: 5-7 days (highest on first day of anthesis and then gradually
decreases)
Basal flower Pedicel connected
directly to the stem,
long styled and
larger in size, first
flower in cluster,
sometimes solitary
Additional
Flowers
: Located nearby in
cluster; usually short
styled and smaller in
size; if long styled,
set fruits at lower
rate than basal
flowers
Basal flower
Additional flower
Solitary
flower

Agronomy
❖Requires a frost free period of about four months for seed production.
❖Optimum temperature for seed germination is 25-30 oC and for growth and
fruit set between 200 to 250 C.
❖A warm and sunny weather is most suited for proper fruit set, fruit and seed
development which results in higher seed yield.
A well drained loam, clay loam or silt loam soil with fair moisture holding capacity and pH
range of 6-7 is most suitable for tomato seed production.
Stage Nitrogen (kg/ ha) Phosphorus (kg/
ha)
Potash (kg/ ha)
30 DAT 30 00 00
60 DAT 30 00 00
20-25 tonnes FYM at the time of field preparation
300-400 g/ha
Climate
Soil
Manures and fertilizers:
Seed rate

Sowing time
In northern plains only rainy season crop is recommended for seed production.
The sowing is done in third week of June and transplanting third week of July
Seed rate :
Intercultivation Field should be levelled properly, 3- 4 hoeing should be done to the
remove weeds and loosen soil
Earthing up: Before flowering for better crop establishment and flower induction
Irrigation:Field should be irrigated immediately after transplanting and at interval of 15-20Days.
Land Requirements: Land to be used for seed production of tomato shall be free of
volunteer plants.
Field standard
1. before flowering: by examining plant colour, growth habit and foliage characters
2. During flowering and fruiting stage : by observing general plant habit, vigour and spinyness
3. At mature fruit stage and prior to harvesting: On the basis of fruit characters like shape, size and
colour
Field preparation
Before flowering (Vegetative stage) - growth habit and foliage characteristics
Early flowering and fruit setting stage (Flowering stage) -size and shape of immature fruits.
Fruiting stage (Maturity stage) - fruit characteristics like shape, size, colour etc
Roguing
Field Inspection

Fields of the same variety
not conforming
to varietal purity
requirements for
certification
200 100
Specific requirements
Offtypes 0.10 0.20
**Plants affected by seed borne
disease
0.10 0.50
Not seed borne disease (little leaf) 0.50 2.00
*Standards for offtypes shall be met at and after flowering and for seed
borne disease at final inspection.
*Seed borne disease shall be : Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans
Isolation

Other crop seeds
(maximum)
None None
For Vapour-proof
containers (maximum)
6.0% 6.0%
Seed Standards

❖65-75 days after pollination when turn yellow or light purple or ochra brown.
❖ Fruits are cut into four halves and beaten with wooden block, followed by
thorough washing and drying.
Seed Yield
Fruit Setting
❖ Maximum fruit and seed setting d between 15Sept-15 Oct and continue upto
15 November.
❖ Optimum temperature and RH ranged between 26-300 C and RH 55-70%,
respectively.
❖ In round fruit type: 5-6 fruits and in long fruit types 9- 10 fruits should be
retained for higher seed yield and quality.
Harvesting
Seed extraction
150-200kg /ha

Chilli
❖ Normally solitary but occasionally borne in small cymes of leaf axils
❖ Calyx is five lobed
❖ Corolla is five-parted
❖ Single style is usually longer than the stamens
❖ Self pollination but considerable amount of outcrossing due to insect activity.
❖ Anthesis -after flower opening. Flowers remain open for 2-3 days, flower opens
in the morning between 2 and 10 a. m. The anthers normally dehisce an hour
after the flower opening.
❖ Maximum dehisence is between 8.00 to 10.00am.Pollen viability and sigma
receptivity is maximum on the day of anthesis
❖ During cold and cloudy days opening is delayed
❖ Sweet pepper, anthesis commenced at 7.0 a. m. which continued upto 11:00 a. m.
❖ anther dehisce after 30 minutes of anthesis.
❖ Peak time: 7:15 to 10:00 a.m.
❖ The stigma remains receptive upto 2 days after anthesis

Agronomy
❖Requires a frost free period of about four months for seed production.
❖Temp range 20-25oc most ideal for seed production
❖Optimum temperature for seed germination is 18 to 300 C and for growth and fruit set between 200 to 250
C.
❖In seedlings and young plants (prior to flowering) the optimum day temperature for growth is 24oC to
29oC with the night optimum in the range of 15oC to 20oC)
❖At flowering, the best temperature for fruit set is between 18oC and 27oC. Plants will not set fruit well
during periods of extended hot weather.
❖A warm and sunny weather is most suited for proper fruit set, fruit and seed development which results
in higher seed yield.
❖A well drained sandy loam or clay loam soil with fair moisture holding capacity and pH
range of 6-7 is most suitable for chilli seed production.
Stage Nitrogen (kg/ ha) Phosphorus (kg/ ha) Potash (kg/ ha)
30 DAT 20 00 00
50 DAT 20 00 00
Manures and fertilizers
800-1000 g/ha
Climate
Soil
❖20-25 tonnes FYM at the time of field preparation
Seed rate

Sowing time
In northern plains sowing in first week of January under poly house and transplanting in
last week of Feb. or first week of March is recommended for seed production.
❖ Field should be levelled properly, free from weed, two hoeing/weeding at 20-25
days and 50-55 DAT.
❖ Earthing up: 40-45 DAT
❖ Irrigation: interval varies from 7-15 days. Water stress condition leads to dropping of
flower and reduction of fruit size
Land Requirements: Land to be used for seed production of chilli shall be free of
volunteer plants.
Field standard
1. before flowering,
2. During flowering and fruiting stage
3. At mature fruit stage and prior to harvesting.
Field preparation
❖Before flowering- growth habit and foliage characteristics
❖Early flowering and fruit setting stage-size and shape of immature fruits.
❖Fruiting stage - fruit characteristics like shape, size, colour etc
Roguing
Field Inspection

Fields of the same variety not conforming
to varietal purity requirements for
Certification
400 200
Fields of capsicum from chilli and
vice versa
400 200
Field Standards
Isolation
Offtypes 0.10 0.20
**Plants affected by seed
borne disease
0.10 0.50
No seed borne diseases
(viruses)
0.50 2.00
*Maximum permitted at and after flowering in the case of offtypes and the final inspection in the case
of seed borne diseases.
**Seed borne diseases shall be: Leaf blight (Alternaria solani SoraueL); Anthracnose (Ripe rot, Die
back) : (Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.)
Specific requirements

Other crop seeds
(maximum)
5/kg 10/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
For Vapour-proof
containers (maximum)
6.0% 6.0%
Seed Standards

Hybrid seed production of
solanaceous vegetables

• High genetic variability
• Appreciable heterosis with respect to yield and
other desirable characters
• Favourable genetic system
• Varied sex form (cucurbits)
• Genetic and cytoplasmic genic male sterility
(tomato and chilli)
• Easy emasculation and pollination technique
(solanaceous)
• Large number of seeds from single cross
Heterosis commercially exploited in solanaceous
vegetables

❖Emasculation is usually done a day prior to anthesis
❖The stigma is fully receptive at this stage allowing for pollination
❖Indeterminate tomato varieties are staked and trained with either single stem
or double stem, whereas, the determinate tomato varieties are trained with 3
stems. Usually Plumpy Flower buds of 1st to 4th cluster on each branch which
will open in 2-3 days are selected for emasculation
❖The forceps, scissors and hands are sterilized by dipping them in 95% alcohol
before emasculation is started. Carefully remove the anther cone out of the bud,
leaving the calyx, corolla and pistil
❖The emasculated flowers are covered with a thin wad of cotton or paper bag.
❖ Seeds of male plants are sown 3 weeks earlier to ensure the availability
of pollen for making the crosses
Emasculation and artificial pollination Techniques
Techniques of hybrid seed production
Hand pollination and emasculation
Tomato

❖ For identification the hybrid fruits from selfed fruits at the time of harvest, small
tags are put near the female flower after the pollination or a few sepals are cut
from the peduncle of crossed flowers using a pair of scissors.
❖ Fresh pollens are collected in watch glass or petridish during the early morning
before the pollen has been shed. Avoid pollen collection on rainy days.
❖ Pollination of the emasculated flowers is generally done in the next morning
between 7.00 to 9.00a.m.
❖ Pollination by putting the pollens on the stigma with the help of soft brush or by
inserting the stigma into the watch glass or petridish containing pollens.
❖ Number of fruits kept perfect (30, 40 and 50 for large, medium and small fruited
parent, respectively)
❖ Planting ratio- 4 female:1 male.
Continued ---,
One kg of tomato fruit will produce 3-4 g of seed yield (1000-1200 seed). Av. seed
yield: 60-70 kg/ha depending upon the performance of parental lines.
Seed Yield

Type Inheritance Crops
1. Pollen Sterility b) Genic
(i) Single recessive gene(msms)
Tomato (ms-10, ms-15),
chilli(ms-3, ms-10) and
muskmelon (ms-1)
c) Cytoplasmic genic
(i) Single recessive gene
(Smsms)
capsicum
2. Staminal sterility (a) Genic
(i) Single recessive gene Tomato
3. Functional male
sterility
(a) Genic
(i) Single recessive gene Tomato(ps-2), brinjal (fms)
4. Positional
sterility
(a) Genic
(i) Single recessive gene Tomato
Male sterility

Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
For Vapour-proof containers
(maximum)
6.0% 6.0%
Seed standards
Growout test
Class Genetic purity (%) minimum
Certified 90
All certified seed lots which have been produced by emasculation and hand pollination
shall be subjected to grow-out test and shall conform to the following minimum genetic
purity requirements

Techniques
❖ Hand pollination in brinjal is relatively easy due to its large-sized flowers.
❖ It is also more economical because each fruit contains a good quantity of seed as
compared to other solanaceous vegetables
❖ High day temperature with a wide difference between day and night
temperatures, especially during the fruit developing stage, and less rain during
flowering and pollination periods, is considered suitable for hybrid seed
production
❖ The male parent should be planted 7–10 days before the female parent so that an
adequate source of pollen is available at pollination time.
❖ Male and female parents are grown 200m in isolation from each other and also
200m away from other genotypes.
❖ A ratio of 5 or 6 female to one male plant is adequate for commercial hybrid seed
production.
❖ All opened flowers and developing fruits are removed completely along with any
undesirable flower buds before starting emasculation.
Brinjal

❖ Flower buds, which would open in about one to two days, should be chosen for
emasculation.
❖ At this stage, the petals are still white.
❖ For emasculation sharp-pointed forceps are used to open the unopened bud,
and all the anthers inside are removed leaving only the petals, ovary, and style.
❖ The emasculated flower buds are covered with butter paper bags or thin wad of
cotton.
Emasculation
❖ Fresh pollen grains are collected in the early morning hours before the anthers dehisce by
vibrator.
❖ In another method, pollens can be collected in a petridish or in a watch glass on the day of
anthesis by shaking the flowers with hand.
❖ The anthers can also be collected from the buds of any type of flowers and kept under
light during night for their dehiscence.
❖ Next morning pollens from anthers separated by seiving through muslin cloth bag and
collected in a petridish.
Pollen collection

Two calyx of the emasculated flower buds are cut to mark the hybridized buds. Then, the
stigma is dipped into pollen mass kept in the petridish or watch glass.
❖ Pollination can also be done by dipping the tip of the little finger into a mass of pollens
and then touching the stigma with the pollen-covered finger.
❖ Any unhybridized old flowers of the female plants should be removed to eliminate the
chance of contamination from selfed seeds.
❖ The number of hybrid fruits to be produced per plant depends on the average fruit size
and seeds per fruit of the maternal parent.
❖ The average number of seed per fruits is 12–15 for the large fruited types, 6–10 for the
medium-fruited, and 4–6 for small-fruited types.
❖ Pollination next morning at 9.00 to 10.00 A.M.
❖ Optimum temperature for proper fruit set is 25-30oC.
❖ High temperature during fruit development stage and less rain during flowering and
pollination period is desirable.
In round fruit type : 5-6 fruits and in long fruit types
: 9- 10 fruits should be retained for higher seed yield and quality.
❖ Planting ratio- 4:1
Seed yield
•Average hybrid seed yield is about 60-70 kg /ha.
Pollination

Other crop seeds (maximum) None None
For Vapour-proof containers (maximum) 6.0% 6.0%
Seed Standards
All certified seed lots which have been produced by emasculation and hand pollination
shall be subjected to grow-out test and shall conform to the following minimum genetic
purity requirements
Growout test
Class Genetic purity (%) minimum
Certified 90

Use of hand emasculation and pollination:
❖ For commercial hybrid seed production the ratio of seed parent to pollen parent planted in the field
should be 5:1 in the field.
Emasculation:
❖ Emasculation is done either early in the morning or in the previous afternoon before opening of flower
and petals still covering the anthers and stigma with the help of pair of forceps the anthers are
removed.
❖ The emasculated flower buds are protected by thin cotton wad or butter paper bag.
❖ Bees, ants and thrips are the agents for natural cross pollination.
Collection of pollens:
❖ The anther normally dehisce an hour after flower opening.
❖ Pollen is collected normally late in the morning.
❖ Pollen is collected from previously protected flowers with the help of vibrator by gently tapping by
finger after plucking the flower from the intended male parents.
❖ The pollen is collected in a petridish or watch glass.
Pollination:
❖ It is done in the early morning or late afternoon of the following day of emasculation by during pollens
over the stigma or by transferring the pollen with brush or needle.
❖ The petals may be removed to facilitate pollination. Bagging of the flowers should be done to avoid
pollen contamination.
Seed yield
Average hybrid seed yield is 70-80 kg/ha
Chilli
Techniques

Hand emasculation and pollination
• Emasculation is done afternoon, a day prior to anthesis emasculation is done with the help
of forceps by removing the anthesis.
• The emasculated flower are covered with paper bags or protected by thin cotton wad to
prevent pollen contamination.
Collection of pollens:
• Fresh pollen grains may be collected in a watch glass or petri dish on the day of anthesis
either by a vibrator or by tapping the previously plucked flowers.
Pollination:
• It is done in the morning hours, up to 10.00 am, normally on the day of anthesis. Stigma
becomes receptive a day prior to anthesis.
• Fruit set has been found to be satisfactory in flower bud, pollinated a day prior to anthesis.
Seed Yield:
Average hybrid seed yield is 30-40 kg/ha
Sweet pepper

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