Open Access, open research data and open science

Facilitate Open Science Training for European Research
Iryna Kuchma
EIFL Open Access Programme Manager
Presentation at the Open Access meeting, University of
Belgrade, October 29, 2014, Belgrade, Serbia
Attribution 4.0 International

Open access (OA)
OA thesis & dissertations: Why
you should take action now
Impact & metrics
Copyright
Open research data, open
science
New skills & competencies

http://www.fosteropenscience.eu

Technology enabled
networking &
collaboration
Over 35% of articles published in journals are
based on international collaboration
(compared with 25% 15 years ago)
Science is increasingly interdisciplinary
Novel communication technologies permit
modes of interaction that exploit the collective
intelligence of the scientific community

“It felt like the difference
between driving a car
and pushing it” (Tim
Gowers)

Open access (OA) is free,
immediate, online access to
the results of research,
coupled with the right to use
those results in new and
innovative ways

OA for researchers
increased visibility
usage
and impact for their work
new contacts and research partnerships

OA for research institutions
publicises institution's research strengths
complete record of the research output in
easily accessible form
new tools to manage institution's impact

OA for publishers
increased readership and citations
increased visibility and impact
the best possible dissemination service for
research

800+ scholarly societies
embraced OA
(Peter Suber & Caroline Sutton)

European
Commission
As of April 2014, more than
50% of the scientific papers
published in 2007, 2008, 2009,
2010, 2011, and 2012 can be
downloaded for free on the
Internet.
(Proportion of Open Access
Papers Published in Peer-
Reviewed Journals at the
European and World Levels—
1996–2013:
http://www.science-metrix.com
/en/publications/reports#/en/
publications/reports/proporti
on-of-open-access-papers-publ
ished-in-peer-reviewed-journa

ensures open access via the repository
within six months of publication (12
months for publications in the social
sciences & humanities)
deposits a machine-readable e-copy of
the published version/a final peer-reviewed
publication in institutional/subject-based/
possible and at the latest on
publication
or in journals that sell subscriptions
and also offer the possibility of making
individual articles openly accessible
(hybrid journals)
publishes in OA journals
manuscript accepted for
Zenodo repository as soon as
publishes in subscriptions journals
deposits as soon as possible and at
the latest on publication, if an
electronic version is available for free
via the publisher

OA benefits for researchers
Distribution and usage
● Immediate access to your research output
for everyone upon official publication
● More visibility and usage
● Immediate impact of your work
● Intensification of research through fast
dissemination and use of research;
● Possibly a citation advantage as well

OA benefits for researchers (2)
Plus:
●Monitoring of your research output
● Preservation of your research output by
your library
● Keeping your rights instead of signing
them away

It has become more important where
to publish than what to publish

The Journal Impact Factor (IF) is
frequently used as the primary parameter
with which to compare the scientific
output of individuals and institutions.
The IF, as calculated by Thomson
Reuters, was originally created as a tool
to help librarians identify journals to
purchase, not as a measure of the
scientific quality of research in an article.
The IF has a number of well-documented
deficiencies as a tool for research
assessment.

1. Do not use journal-based metrics,
such as Journal Impact Factors, as a
surrogate measure of the quality of
individual research articles, to assess
an individual scientist's contributions, or
in hiring, promotion, or funding
decisions.
The San Francisco Declaration on
Research Assessment (DORA)
http://am.ascb.org/dora/

Legal basis: Two
options
1. Seek permission from publishers, and only
distribute OA copies when succeed in obtaining
it.
2. Ask faculty to retain the right to provide OA
on the university's terms (and grant the
university non-exclusive permission to provide
that OA), even if faculty transfer all their other
rights to publishers.

Practical guidance when
submitting journal
articles
In order to maximize the value of the research you
produce in digital environment, it is important for
you to take an active role in managing the
copyrights to your work.
Copyright protection is automatic (at the moment
the copyrighted work has been “fixed in a tangible
medium,” such as when a written work has been
saved on a computer's hard drive or printed).
(From SPARC Introduction to Copyright Resources:
http://bit.ly/mRHQHT)

Practical guidance (2)
When you publish in a journal you are typically
asked by the publisher to sign a copyright transfer
agreement, or contract, that describes the
assignment of various rights to the publisher.
Assigning your rights matters.
The copyright holder controls the work.
Transferring copyright doesn’t have to be all or
nothing.
(From Author Rights: Using the SPARC Author Addendum to
secure your rights as the author of a journal article
http://bit.ly/cezf0w)

A balanced
approach
Authors: Retain the rights you want. Use
and develop your own work without
restriction. Increase access for education
and research. Receive proper attribution
when your work is used. If you choose,
deposit your work in an open online archive
where it will be permanently and openly
accessible.
(From http://bit.ly/cezf0w)

A balanced approach
(2)
Publishers: Obtain a non-exclusive right to
publish and distribute a work and receive
a financial return. Receive proper
attribution and citation as journal of first
publication. Migrate the work to future
formats and include it in collections.
(From http://bit.ly/cezf0w)

Securing your rights
1. The SPARC Author's Addendum preserves rights
for broader use of your research:
http://scholars.sciencecommons.org
2. If your research is funded by the donor with an
open access mandate, the donor usually offers
language that modifies a publisher's copyright
agreement to give you the rights to follow donor's
open access policy.
(From SPARC Introduction to Copyright Resources:
http://bit.ly/mRHQHT)

https://creativecommons.org/choose/

My thesis is in OA,
what about yours?

DoiSerbiaPhD
Social network thumbnails have been
added to each thesis so the
altmetrics can be tracked – that
cover not just citation counts, but
also other aspects of the impact of a
work, such theses views, downloads,
or mentions in social media and news
media.

University of
Belgrade
“I will publish the results of my PhD
related research in an OA repository
so that everyone can benefit from it.’’
Comment of a PhD student at the
University of Belgrade in a
questionnaire after one of the
workshops where OA was presented
and explained

OA mandate for doctoral
dissertations in Serbia
Law on Amendments and Additions to
the Law on Higher Education (adopted
2014, September, 10th)

Article 8. A higher education institution,
which organizes the preparation and
defense of a doctoral dissertation, is
required to make available (1) doctoral
dissertation and (2) the report of the
evaluation of the doctoral dissertation,
to the public in electronic version on the
official website of the institution and in
hard copy in the library of the
institution, at least 30 days prior to the
approval of the Commission, the
competent authority, as well as to
dissertation defense.

Article 8 (cont.). The University is required to
establish a digital repository, which
permanently stores electronic version of PhD
thesis, together with the report of the
evaluation committee, data about the mentor
and members of the defense Commission, as
well as information on copyright, and that all
these data are available to public.
A copy of the content that is stored in the
university's repository shall, within three
months of submission of a thesis for defense
be deposited in a central repository
maintained by the Ministry.

Networked
Digital Library of
Theses and
Dissertations
ndltd.org

What PhD students
can do
Use OA research (find and use OA
journals and OA repositories in your field)
Share your work: Writing an article for a
scholarly journal? Working on your thesis
or dissertation? Gain more exposure of
your work and ideas

What PhD students
can do (2)
Submit your research articles to OA journals,
when there are appropriate OA journals in your
field.
Deposit your research output in an OA
repository.
When asked by a colleague to send a copy of
one of your articles, self-archive the article
instead (see above). (Peter Suber)

What PhD students
can do (3)
Ask journals to let you retain the rights
you need to consent to OA.
Deposit your data files in an OA
repositories along with the articles built
on them.
Negotiate with conventional journals of
experimenting with OA. (Peter Suber)

What PhD students
can do (4)
Take action for OA on your campus
(organize an event on campus, pass a
resolution in your student government, or
ask your student organization to support OA)
Show your support: Tell the word your want
OA to research

Image courtesy of http://aukeherrema.nl/ CC-BY

“The distinction between open access
publication and open research data should
disappear, they are research findings” - Ross
Wilkinson, Research data enhancement
through ANDS and RDA
Hubble telescope has an open archive for
data, led to significant increase in
publications

Acknowledgment
Two slides below were originally
prepared/presented by
Sarah Jones
Digital Curation Centre, University of
Glasgow
sarah.jones@glasgow.ac.uk

What is research data?
‘Research data’ refers to information, in particular facts or
numbers, collected to be examined and considered as a
basis for reasoning, discussion or calculation.
In a research context, examples of data include statistics,
results of experiments, measurements, observations
resulting from fieldwork, survey results, interview
recordings and images. The focus is on research data that is
available in digital form.
Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publications and Research Data in Horizon 2020
v.1.0, 11 December 2013, Footnote 5, p3

What is open data?
Openly accessible research data can
typically be accessed, mined,
exploited, reproduced and
disseminated, free of charge for the
user.
Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publications and Research Data in Horizon 2020, p3

“1. Science is all about reproducibility – if
someone else can’t reproduce your results,
then your conclusions are invalid, and
therefore the science doesn’t work. For a
lot of scientific domains, reproducing
results means using the original data
collected, which means having access to it
in the first place, which means sharing.”

“2. Data sharing cuts down on academic
fraud. It’s hard work fabricating datasets (I
know this from personal experience, having
spent most of my PhD trying to simulate
synthetic rain fields that looked anything
like the real ones…), and having other
people using your data means that they’re
more likely to notice if something seems a
bit wrong (which is also useful for error
corrections).”

“3. Data sharing saves time and money. If a
dataset already exists to test your
hypothesis, why spend the effort and the
money to collect an entirely new one?”

“4. Data sharing improves the
transparency of the research process. If
the data’s available to anyone who wants it,
then you can’t be accused of hiding
evidence about a controversial topic (like
climate change).”

Acknowledgment
Eight slides below were originally
prepared/presented by
Sarah Jones
Digital Curation Centre, University of
Glasgow
sarah.jones@glasgow.ac.uk

Benefits of sharing data (1)
www.nytimes.com/2010/08/13/health/research/
13alzheimer.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
“It was unbelievable. Its not science
the way most of us have practiced
in our careers. But we all realised
that we would never get biomarkers
unless all of us parked our egos and
intellectual property noses outside
the door and agreed that all of our
data would be public immediately.”
Dr John Trojanowski, University of Pennsylvania
... scientific breakthroughs

Benefits of sharing data (2)
“There is evidence that studies that make their
data available do indeed receive more citations
than similar studies that do not.”
Piwowar H. and Vision T.J 2013 "Data reuse and the open data
citation advantage“ https://peerj.com/preprints/1.pdf
10% - 30% increase
... more citations

Why manage data: rewards
More citations: 69% ↑
(Piwowar, 2007 in PLoS)
Prevent data loss
New research
opportunities and
collaborations
Recognition
Validation of results:
‘data behind the
graph’
Easier to do your research…

Metadata and documentation
Metadata: basic info e.g. title, author, dates, access
rights...
Documentation: methods, code, data dictionary,
context...
Use standards wherever possible for interoperability
www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/
metadata-standards

Requirements of the Horizon2020 Open
Research Data pilot
1. Develop (and update) a Data Management Plan
2. Deposit in a research data repository
3. Make it possible for third parties to access,
mine, exploit, reproduce and disseminate data –
free of charge for any user
4. Provide information on the tools and
instruments needed to validate the results (or
provide the tools)

1. Develop (and update) a Data Managemenet Plan -
DMPonline
A web-based tool to help researchers write DMPs
Includes a template for Horizon 2020
https://dmponline.dcc.ac.uk

2. Deposit in a repository
http://service.re3data.org/search
http://databib.org

3. License your data for reuse
Outlines pros and cons of each
approach and gives practical advice
on how to implement your licence
OTHER CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSES
NC Non-Commercial
What counts as commercial?
SA Share Alike
Reduces interoperability
ND No Derivatives
Severely restricts use
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guid
es/license-research-data
Horizon 2020
recommendation is to use
OR

4. Provide info on tools needed for validation
Need to share much more than just
the data for research to be
reproducible...
Difficult to validate data if you’re missing info
on the steps between the initial idea and end
results

Useful links
• Open Knowledge Foundation (advocacy, training, services,
handbook...) https://okfn.org
• MyExperiment and Taverna (sharing workflows)
http://www.myexperiment.org and
http://www.taverna.org.uk
• Software Sustainability Institute (UK-based)
http://www.software.ac.uk
• School of Data (training to help people use open data)
http://schoolofdata.org
• Digital Curation Centre (RDM guidance, tools and resources)
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources

Open and collaborative science, image courtesy of Reecha Piya

Michael Nielsen:
“Open science is the idea that
scientific knowledge of all
kinds should be openly shared
as early as is practical in the
discovery process.”

Research Information Network:
“science carried out and communicated
in a manner which allows others to
contribute, collaborate and add to the
research effort, with all kinds of data,
results and protocols made freely
available at different stages of the
research process.”

The strain was analyzed by scientists at BGI-Shenzen
in China working together with
those in Hamburg, and 3 days later a draft
genome was released under an open data
license.
This kick-started analysis by bioinformatic
groups on 4 continents.
24 hours after the release of genome it
was assembled.

Within a week two dozen reports
have been filed on an open site.
They produced results in time to
help contain the outbreak and by
July 2011 scientists published
papers based on the analysis.

By opening up their early sequencin
results to international collaboration,
researchers in Hamburg produced
results that were quickly tested by a
wide range of experts, used to
produce new knowledge and
ultimately to control a public health
emergency.

“Inside your cells, proteins allow your body to
break down food to power your muscles, send
signals through your brain that control the body, and
transport nutrients through your blood. Every
protein consists of a long chain of joined-together
amino acids, which are small molecules made up of
atoms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and
hydrogen. Small proteins can consist of 100 amino
acids, whereas some human proteins are much
larger, with thousands of amino acids.
Each type of protein folds up into a very specific
shape, which specifies the protein's function. How
can we predict the structure of a protein?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/citizen-science/foldit-protein-exploration-puzzle/

In 2014 the Finnish Ministry of Education
and Culture established Open Science
and Research Initiative to incorporate
open science and research to the whole
research process. This will help to improve
the visibility and impact of science and
research in the innovation system and
society at large; and to foster the research
system in Finland towards better
competitiveness and higher quality,
transparent, collaborative and
inspirational research process.

This national initiative promotes
open access publications,
open research data,
open research methods and tools,
as well as new skills and support services
in open science domain
(see the policy document here)
http://openscience.fi/

“Michael Faraday’s advice to his junior colleague to:
“Work. Finish. Publish.” needs to be revised. It
shouldn’t be enough to publish a paper anymore. If we
want open science to flourish, we should raise our
expectations to: “Work. Finish. Publish. Release.”
That is, your research shouldn’t be considered
complete until the data and meta-data is put up on
the web for other people to use, until the code is
documented and released, and until the comments
start coming in to your blog post announcing the
paper. If our general expectations of what it means to
complete a project are raised to this level, the
scientific community will start doing these activities as
a matter of course.” (What, exactly, is Open Science? by
Dan Gezelter: http://www.openscience.org/blog/?p=269)

https://www.coar-repositories.org/

Joint ARL/CARL/COAR/LIBER
Task Force
Librarians’ Competencies in
Support of E-Research and
Scholarly Communication

Competency areas: Scholarly
Communication & OA
Roles involved:
• Scholarly publishing services
• Copyright & OA advocacy & outreach
• Scholarly resource assessment

Communication & OA (2)
Core competencies: Scholarly publishing
services
• OA publishing models
• Infrastructure (OJS, OMP, repositories)
• Standards: DOI, ISSN, ISBN, persistent URL
and citation options, such as OpenURL and
CNRI Handle

Core competencies: Scholarly publishing
services (2)
• Funder OA mandates and requirements
• Data formats, database design, data
management, data manipulation tools
• Awareness of data curation and preservation
options

Core competencies: Copyright and OA
advocacy and outreach
• OA policy and advocacy
• Support and training

Support and training:
• Raise awareness for the need and options of
OA, including practical questions such as
financing
• Advise faculty and graduate students on
alternatives to signing away copyright to their
original scholarly works

Support and training (2):
• Promote data sharing and reuse, explain data
citation
• Copyright and intellectual property licensing
issues relating to scholarship and commercial
and non-commercial publishing; Creative
Commons and other OA license models

Support and training (3):
• Advisory skills, collaboration skills, service
marketing, project management, etc.
• Management of digital collections, metadata
standards, discovery tools
• Traditional scholarly publishing economics and
open access benefits and requirements

Core competencies: Scholarly resource
assessment
• Bibliometrics and altmetrics theory & practice
• Faculty promotion & tenure policies &
procedures
• Institutional assessment/planning interests in
scholarly output

Competency areas: Research
Data Management (RDM)
Roles involved:
• Providing access to data
• Advocacy & support for managing data
• Managing data collections

Competency areas: RDM (2)
Core competencies:
Some level of subject knowledge is required. In
particular librarians need to have an
understanding of the disciplinary landscape,
norms, and standards.

Core competencies: Providing access to
data
• Data centres, repositories & collections
• The way data are organized & structured
within these collections
• Data licensing & IP policies and principles
• Data manipulation/analysis techniques & tools

Core competencies: Advocacy & support
for managing data
• Funders’ policies & requirements
• Data management plans
• Articulate benefits of data sharing & re-use
• Research practices & workflows
• Disciplinary norms & standards

for managing data (2)
• Data structures, types & formats
• Best practices for managing data, standards,
metadata & vocabularies
• Data publication requirements of specific
journals

for managing data (3)
• Data sharing options, open access, IPR,
licenses
• Data audit and assessment tools.

Core competencies: Managing data
collections
• Selection & appraisal techniques for datasets
• Metadata standards & schemas, data formats,
domain ontologies, identifiers, data citation,
data licensing
• Discovery tools

Core competencies: Managing data
collections (2)
• Database design types & structures
• Data linking & data integration techniques
• Data storage infrastructures
• Digital preservation metadata
• Forensic procedures in digital curation

Feedback & questions
Iryna Kuchma, iryna.kuchma@eifl.net
https
://www.coar-repositories.org/activities/support-and-traini
ng/task-force-competencies
/

Thank you!
Questions?
iryna.kuchma@eifl.net
http://www.fosteropenscience.eu/

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