There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
Water Is Important In Our Day To Day Life. Water Is Used For Domestic, Irrigation And Several Purpose. Water Also Plays A Key Role In Concrete. The Main Aim Of Investigation Is To Study The Behavior Of Concrete, When Self Curing Agents Like Water Soluble Polymeric Glycol Is Used. Self Curing Concrete Is Curing Of Concrete By Its Own Without Any External Supply Of Water. The Strength And Durability Of Concrete Will Be Fully Developed Only If It Is Cured Properly. To Achieve Good Cure, Excessive Evaporation Of Water From Fresh Concrete Should Be Avoided. Curing Operations Should Ensure That Adequate Amount Of Water Is Available For Cement Hydration To Occur. To Reduce Evaporation, Water Density Should Be Increased. To Increase Density Of Water An Admixture Of Polymeric Glycol Is Mixed In Water.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
Water Is Important In Our Day To Day Life. Water Is Used For Domestic, Irrigation And Several Purpose. Water Also Plays A Key Role In Concrete. The Main Aim Of Investigation Is To Study The Behavior Of Concrete, When Self Curing Agents Like Water Soluble Polymeric Glycol Is Used. Self Curing Concrete Is Curing Of Concrete By Its Own Without Any External Supply Of Water. The Strength And Durability Of Concrete Will Be Fully Developed Only If It Is Cured Properly. To Achieve Good Cure, Excessive Evaporation Of Water From Fresh Concrete Should Be Avoided. Curing Operations Should Ensure That Adequate Amount Of Water Is Available For Cement Hydration To Occur. To Reduce Evaporation, Water Density Should Be Increased. To Increase Density Of Water An Admixture Of Polymeric Glycol Is Mixed In Water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A REVIEW PAPER ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE FINE AGGREGATE ...IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used building material in the construction of infrastructures such as
buildings, bridges, highways dams and many others. In present days environmental problems
have been considered as a serious situation in construction industry. This paper is a reviews
on usage of alternate materials in concrete which includes upcoming changes in concrete
materials that paves the way to utilise some of the alternative materials that can be utilised as
a composition to the ingredients of concrete .To find solutions regarding the disposal to
landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on
how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles.
M.IQBAL addressed the environmental and economical issues by the use of waste glass as
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. The present paper gives a brief review on
properties of concrete produced by replacing fine aggregate with recycled glass. Hardened
concrete properties are studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation of High – Strength Characteristics of Self Curing ...IJMTST Journal
In concrete structures exposed to the ambient air at early ages, the moisture content in concrete
decreases due to moisture diffusion. In addition, self-desiccation due to hydration of cement causes an
additional decrease of moisture content in concrete at early ages, especially for high-strength concrete. In this
study, the internal relative humidity in drying concrete specimens was measured at early ages. Furthermore,
the variation of relative humidity due to self-desiccation in sealed specimen was measured. The moisture
distribution in low-strength concrete with high water/cement ratio was mostly influenced by moisture
diffusion due to drying rather than self-desiccation. In high-strength concrete with low water/cement ratio,
however, self-desiccation had a considerable influence on moisture distribution. The results obtained from
the moisture diffusion theory were in good agreement with experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Utilization of waste paper sludge in construction industrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to encash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
Enegy Regenaration in a Hydraulic Damper by Turbo Generator Flowpath MechanismIJERA Editor
This paper develops a modification to hydraulic damper to utilize its energy lose in the form of heat. During the working of actual hydraulic damper, when the suspension fluid is compressed inside the damper cylinder in order to absorb the vibration shocks,the frictional energy of the vehicle is dissipated as heat loss by the suspension fluid in order to minimise the effect of bumps and ridges in road. So in order to harness this power loss, we have developed an energy saving hydraulic damper by modifying the existing model of hydraulic damper.We create a separate flow path with rotating turbine parallel to the damping cylinder connecting the upper and lower end of damper. When the vehicle travels down from a bump, the coil spring compresses forcing the piston to push the suspension fluid upwards and this high pressure fluid travels through the flow path rotating the turbine which in turn runs the generator for power generation. A check valve is provided at the flow path end to prevent the fluid back flow.Thus the suspension fluid kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of the turbine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A REVIEW PAPER ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE FINE AGGREGATE ...IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used building material in the construction of infrastructures such as
buildings, bridges, highways dams and many others. In present days environmental problems
have been considered as a serious situation in construction industry. This paper is a reviews
on usage of alternate materials in concrete which includes upcoming changes in concrete
materials that paves the way to utilise some of the alternative materials that can be utilised as
a composition to the ingredients of concrete .To find solutions regarding the disposal to
landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on
how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles.
M.IQBAL addressed the environmental and economical issues by the use of waste glass as
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. The present paper gives a brief review on
properties of concrete produced by replacing fine aggregate with recycled glass. Hardened
concrete properties are studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation of High – Strength Characteristics of Self Curing ...IJMTST Journal
In concrete structures exposed to the ambient air at early ages, the moisture content in concrete
decreases due to moisture diffusion. In addition, self-desiccation due to hydration of cement causes an
additional decrease of moisture content in concrete at early ages, especially for high-strength concrete. In this
study, the internal relative humidity in drying concrete specimens was measured at early ages. Furthermore,
the variation of relative humidity due to self-desiccation in sealed specimen was measured. The moisture
distribution in low-strength concrete with high water/cement ratio was mostly influenced by moisture
diffusion due to drying rather than self-desiccation. In high-strength concrete with low water/cement ratio,
however, self-desiccation had a considerable influence on moisture distribution. The results obtained from
the moisture diffusion theory were in good agreement with experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Utilization of waste paper sludge in construction industrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to encash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
Enegy Regenaration in a Hydraulic Damper by Turbo Generator Flowpath MechanismIJERA Editor
This paper develops a modification to hydraulic damper to utilize its energy lose in the form of heat. During the working of actual hydraulic damper, when the suspension fluid is compressed inside the damper cylinder in order to absorb the vibration shocks,the frictional energy of the vehicle is dissipated as heat loss by the suspension fluid in order to minimise the effect of bumps and ridges in road. So in order to harness this power loss, we have developed an energy saving hydraulic damper by modifying the existing model of hydraulic damper.We create a separate flow path with rotating turbine parallel to the damping cylinder connecting the upper and lower end of damper. When the vehicle travels down from a bump, the coil spring compresses forcing the piston to push the suspension fluid upwards and this high pressure fluid travels through the flow path rotating the turbine which in turn runs the generator for power generation. A check valve is provided at the flow path end to prevent the fluid back flow.Thus the suspension fluid kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of the turbine.
Measuring Robustness on Generalized Gaussian DistributionIJERA Editor
Different from previous work that measured robustness its own distribution, measuring robustness with a robust
estimator on a generalized Gaussian distribution is introduced here. In detail, an unbiased Maximum Likelihood
(ML) variance estimator and a robust variance estimator of the Gaussian distribution with a given censoring
value are applied to the generalized Gaussian distribution that represents Gaussian, Laplace, and Cauchy
distributions; then, Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated to measure robustness. Afterward, how robustness
changes is shown because the actual distribution varies over the generalized Gaussian distribution. The results
indicate that measuring the MSE of the system can be used to point out how robust the system is when the
system distribution changes.
Coastal Resource Management In Kanniyakuamari Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Using...IJERA Editor
The Coastal Resource Management of Kanniyakumari coast which is Located in the Southern Part of Tamil Nadu (India) is situated in this article. They study has made use of Socio economic data to identify the Resource Management status of the study Area. The software like ArcGis are used to demarcated the coastal Resource management of Kanniyakumari coast. The Total area 715 Sq.m. Kanniyakumari coast about 42 Fishing Landing Centers the distribution of fishing villages in Kanniyakumari coast. The total annual Fish production is 42716.60 tonnes during to 2011-212.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Hardware Implementation of Two’s Compliment Multiplier with Partial Product b...IJERA Editor
With the emergence of portable computing and communication systems, power consumption has become one of the major objectives during VLSI design. Furthermore, the multiplication is an essential arithmetic operation for common DSP applications, such as filtering, convolution, fast Fourier Transform (FFT) etc. To achieve high execution speed, parallel array multipliers are widely used. These multipliers tend to consume most of the power in DSP computations, and thus power-efficient multipliers are very important for the design of low-power DSP systems. This paper presents an approach to reduce power consumption of 2’s compliment multiplier design, in which switching activities are reduced through dynamic by passing of partial products.
Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
Metakaolin is a cementitious materials used as an admixture to produce high strength concrete and is used for maintaining the consistency of concrete. In the case where insufficient or poor curing concrete structure like the underground structure which undergo serve loss of compressive strength, use of metakaolin proves to be very useful to modify the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the properties of concrete with varying percentage replacement of metakaolin in M-25 greade of concrete. The mix M1,M2,M3 and M4 were obtained by replacing 0,5,10 and 15 percent mass of cement by Metakaolin. The test results indicated that admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with conventional concrete.
Solar energy the most efficient, eco-friendly and abundantly available energy source in the nature. It can be
converted into electrical energy in cost effective manner. In recent years, the interest in solar energy has risen
due to surging oil prices and environmental concern. In many remote or underdeveloped areas, direct access to
an electric grid is impossible and a photovoltaic inverter system would make life much simpler and more
convenient. With this in mind, it is aimed to design, build, and test a solar panel inverter. This inverter system
could be used as backup power during outages, battery charging, or for typical household applications. The main
components of this solar system are solar cell, dc to dc boost converters, and inverter. Sine wave push pull
inverter topology is used for inverter. In this topology only two MOSFETs are used and isolation requirement
between control circuit and power circuit is also less which helps to decrease the cost of solar inverter.
An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV feeder and its Mi...IJERA Editor
Distribution losses comprise Technical & Non-Technical losses. In this paper technical losses calculation of 11KV Kochar Urban Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder by load power flow analysis using technical data with utility has been presented. Non technical losses of this feeder have been arrived at by subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses. As non technical losses are on higher side, new proposals for minimization of non technical losses have been suggested which include checking of technically rejected temporary tubewell connections during paddy season and seasonal factories such as rice shellers and ice factories to avoid accumulation of consumption units.
Distribution and Mobility of Heavy Metal Materials in Settling Ponds Post Lat...IJERA Editor
The formation of waste matter sedimentation in settling ponds, along with accumulation of heavy metals, such as Nickel (Ni), Chrome (Cr3+ and Cr6+), manganese (Mn) and Cobalt (Co) and elements or compounds in laterite soil. These heavy metals will concentrate in different environmental geochemistry, which are laterite sediment layers pre- and post-mining. The purposes of this study are to identify changes of heavy metal distribution in settling ponds and analyze heavy metal mobility in settling ponds. The research methods were qualitative and quantitative methods. Laboratory research used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) which was studied, analyzed, and synthesized comprehensively. Data processing technique used SPSS v.21 software and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The result showed that distribution of heavy metals Fe and Cr relatively strengthened constantly. The graphs of Fe and Cr were interpreted as similar mobility and mechanism of transportation os elements which can form chemical compounds. Meanwhile, metals Ni and Co had similar graph which was relatively flat constantly. This was interpreted as similar mobility of heavy metals in settling ponds. The mobility of heavy metals Fe and Cr were mostly concentrated to form ferrochrome compound in the sediment of settling ponds compared with Ni with its low mobility and Co with its very low mobility.
QUrdPro: Query processing system for Urdu LanguageIJERA Editor
The tremendous increase in the multilingual data on the internet has increased the demand for efficient retrieval of information. Urdu is one of the widely spoken and written languages of south Asia. Due to unstructured format of Urdu language information retrieval of information is a big challenge. Question Answering systems aims to retrieve point-to-point answers rather than flooding with documents. It is needed when the user gets an in depth knowledge in a particular domain. When user needs some information, it must give the relevant answer. The question-answer retrieval of ontology knowledge base provides a convenient way to obtain knowledge for use, but the natural language need to be mapped to the query statement of ontology. This paper describes a query processing system QUrdPro based on ontology. This system is a combination of NLP and Ontology. It makes use of ontology in several phases for efficient query processing. Our focus is on the knowledge derived from the concepts used in the ontology and the relationship between these concepts. In this paper we describe the architecture of QUrdPro ,query processing system for Urdu and process model for the system is also discussed in detail.
Desalination technology; economy and simplicityIJERA Editor
Water scarcity is a major problem, a seawater desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a fresh water stream containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brine stream Applied desalination technologies can be divided in to three groups, thermal desalination technologies, membrane based desalination technologies,and solar desalination technologies. Results show that solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions such as grid-limited villages or isolated islands that have access to sea or brackish-water. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) desalination units are the most favorable alternatives to be coupled with photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Mechanical properties of rice husk flour reinforced epoxy bio-compositeIJERA Editor
A bio-composite reinforced with rice husk flour in epoxy resin has been developed. The effect of fibre treatment and weight percentage of rice husk on the mechanical properties was studied and compared with wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. It was observed that addition of rice husk as filler is detrimental to almost all the mechanical properties. About 51% and 26.8% decrease in ultimate strength and Young’s Modulus for 40 wt% untreated rice husk reinforcement was observed. The corresponding decrease in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 51%. Similar trend was also observed in hardness and impact strength. However the mechanical properties of rice husk reinforced biocomposites are found to be superior than wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. SEM microscopy was also done to corroborate the results.
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV Distribution Grid System...IJERA Editor
The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system, by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
A Simulation Method of Soft Tissue Cutting In Virtual Environment with HapticsIJERA Editor
Currently, virtual simulation has an increasing role in the medical field. Now virtual surgery simulation has been largely explored in medical field. Virtual surgery is a good complement to traditional Surgical Training. Modeling effects of soft tissue during cutting is quite complex, hence the concept of virtuality is used to develop realistic surgical instruments for providing exact force feedback to the surgeon during surgical operation and simulation of soft tissue processes. Scalpel is a basic instrument required for soft tissue simulation. Hence we will design a virtual organ to cut by using Scalpel in Haptic Environment.
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
Optimization of Patrol Manpower Allocation Using Goal Programming Approach -A...IJERA Editor
One of the most difficult tasks of the patrol administrators is allocation of manpower; i.e. determining the. most
effective level of operational manpower for patrol tasks. Typically, administrators resolve the allocation
problem by relying on prior statistical data and by employing subjective analysis. In general, only limited
systematic analyses have been applied to the problem. This thesis presents a non linear goal programming model
for allocating patrolmen to road segments within a patrol region. The model is demonstrated via a case example
of the East section of Visakhapatnam. The results of the model are valuable to the patrol administrator for
considering departmental goals and priority structure, in addition to available historical data, in the assignment
of patrol manpower for a given urban area.
A study of professional advantages to manufacturing organizations by the way ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the study and analysis of long term advantages gained by electromechanical product
manufacturing Industries when the A class components like brass electrical contacts are manufactured by
newly devised advance manufacturing technique of hot brass extrusion .After completion of the research and
practical application this new advance manufacturing technique this has replaced previous traditional
manufacturing technique of green sand molding and casting used for commercial production of brass
contacts. The prime impact of research covers a newly devised innovative product life cycle which increases
product life.
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
Experimental Investigation on the Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Fine a...IJSRD
This project work involves in an experimental study on the concrete by using stone dust and brick dust on the mechanical properties of the concrete. In this experimental study two types admixtures are used in preparation of concrete mix. Stone dust and brick dust are added from 0% to 25% by weight of fine aggregate with increment of 5%. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the admixture concrete in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural strength properties. As the stone dust and brick dust content increases in cement concrete, the compressive and split tensile values are proportionally increasing. It is observed that at 20% of stone dust and brick dust is the optimum dosages for concrete mixture.
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study on compressive strength of Self cured SCC and Normally cure...IJERA Editor
Curing is the process of maintaining proper moisture content particularly within 28 days to promote optimum
cement hydration immediately after placement. Self-compacting concrete is made up of admixture i.e.
superplasticizer. In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. Also various curing methods are
adopted in the construction industry especially for vertical structures, inaccessible areas s.a. high rise buildings,
water scarce areas etc. In such structures conventional curing is not practically possible in most of the cases. But
we need efficient curing which improves the strength and durability of concrete.
In the present work, comparison of compressive strength of normally cured SCC and SCC cured with self
curing material i.e. wax based, white pigmented, membrane forming concrete curing compound has been done.
This study is investigating that weather the use of self curing compound is economical or not in remote areas of
water without compromising with the compressive strength of concrete.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of Concrete
1. Nuruddeen Usman Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, (Part - 2) July 2015, pp.107-110
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Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of Concrete
Nuruddeen Usman and Muhammad Nura Isa
Department of Building, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions
results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of
concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix
ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing
respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand
coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of
curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives
least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene
sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength
property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by
water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
KEY WORDS: Curing Methods, Strength, Hydration Process
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete properties and durability are
significantly influenced by curing since it greatly
affects the hydration of cement. The hydration of
cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity
within capillaries drops below 80% (Neville 2002).
Under an efficient curing method such as water
curing, the relative humidity is maintained above
80% to continue the hydration of cement.
Conversely, the concrete specimens lose water or
moisture through evaporation and become dry in
absence of a proper curing. The evaporation
decreases the relative humidity by reducing the
amount of available moisture, and thereby retards the
hydration of cement. In severe cases, the hydration is
eventually stopped. When the hydration is stopped,
sufficient calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) cannot
develop from the reaction of cement compounds and
water. Calcium silicate hydrate is the major strength-
providing reaction product of cement hydration. It
also acts as a porosity reducer and thereby results in a
dense microstructure in concrete. Without adequate
calcium silicate hydrate, the development of dense
microstructure and refined pore structure is
interrupted. A more continues pore structure may be
formed in cover concrete, since it is very sensitive to
drying. The continuous pore structure formed in
cover concrete may allow the ingress of deleterious
agents, and thus would cause various durability
problems. Moreover, the drying of concrete surface
results in shrinkage cracks that may aggravate the
durability problems.
Therefore, an efficient curing is inevitable to prevent
the moisture movement or evaporation of water from
concrete surface. It can be accomplished by keeping
the concrete element completely saturated or as much
saturated as possible until the water-filled is space are
substantially reduced by hydration products. For this,
an extra amount of water must be added to replenish
the loss of water due to evaporation. Alternatively,
some measures must be taken to prevent the loss of
moisture from concrete surface (Neville 200)
A proper curing maintains a suitably warm and moist
environment for the development of hydration
products and thus reduces the porosity in hydrated
cement paste and increases the density of
microstructure in concrete. The hydration products
extends from the surfaces of cement grains, and the
volume of pores decreases due to proper curing under
appropriate temperature and moisture. If a concrete is
not well cured, particularly at the early age, it will not
gain the properties and durability at desired level due
to a lower degree of hydration, and would suffer from
irreparable loss (Zain et al 2000).
There are several methods of curing concrete which
include spraying, immersion, steam curing, hot
weather curing, cold weather curing etc. A lot of
research works were carried out to identify the
suitable curing method for concretes and several
methods were suggested by various researchers.
According to Goel, A. et al (2013) water curing is the
most suitable curing method for concretes. Raheem,
A. A. et al (2013) were on the view that moist sand
curing method is the most suitable curing method for
concretes.
For any concrete, curing acts just like feeding to a
newborn baby. If a concrete is not fed with water at
the early age, it cannot gain the properties and
durability for its long service life. A proper curing
greatly contributes to reduce the porosity and drying
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Nuruddeen Usman Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, (Part - 2) July 2015, pp.107-110
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shrinkage of concrete, and thus to achieve higher
strength and greater resistance to physical or
chemical attacks in aggressive environments.
Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the effects
of the various curing methods on the compressive
strength of concrete.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 MATERIALS
The materials used in this research were cement,
aggregate, water and polythene sheet.
2.1.1 Cement
Dangote Ordinary Portland cement was used as the
main binder. Portland cement is the most common
type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. The
cement used was assumed to conform with BS12.
2.1.2 Water
Combining water with a cementitious material forms
a cement paste by the process of hydration. The
cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids
within it and allows it to flow more freely. Fresh
water fit for was used in the research and was
obtained from tap in the concrete laboratory of
Department of Building, A.T.B.U Bauchi. It was also
used for curing purposes.
2.1.3 Aggregation
The aggregates used in this research were obtained
from aggregate supplies within Bauchi town. Single
sized coarse crushed aggregate of 20mm was used
and the fine aggregate used was of 40% passing
600microns sieve.
2.1.4 Polythene Sheet
The polythene sheet used for the curing purposes was
obtained from suppliers in market.
2.2 METHODOLOGY
2.2.2 Mix Proportions
A comparison of the mix proportion adopted is
shown in the table below, which also shows the ratio
of cement to aggregate (coarse and fine) and the ratio
of cement of coarse respectively.
Generally a single mix proportion was used in the
design of the mix using granite as the coarse and sand
as fine in turn to obtain the two mixes. The mix
proportion adopted is in the ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6.
This proportion was adopted in order to have basis
for comparison and to investigate the behaviour of
these materials when subjected to same treatment and
conditions in their employment in the manufacture of
concrete. The mix proportion of design mix by
volume is shown in table 1.
Table 1 Mix Proportions of Design Mix by Volume
Mix Cement/fine agg./coarse
agg.
Cement/aggregate ration
by vol.
W/C Ratio
M1 1:2:4 1:6 0.55
M2 1:3:6 1:9 0.55
Source: Lab. work (2015)
This was done in conformation with CP 110 part 1: 1997 for prescribed mixes of grade 20 concrete. Also the
recommended water-cement ratio of 0.55 was used in the design attain the required strength properties and
workability.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of aggregates refers to as the ratio of weight of the solid compared to that of an equal volume of
gas free distilled water taken at a specific temperature. The specific gravity test result is shown in table 2.
Table 2 Specific gravity of aggregates
Aggregates type Specific gravity Mean specific
Crushed granite 2.75
2.70
2.73
River sand 2.51
2.56
2.54
Source: Lab. work (2015)
3.2 Relative Density
The relative densities obtained are:
• 2.72 for crush aggregate
• 2.69 for fine aggregate
3.3 Bulk Density
The result of the bulk density test carried out on the aggregate is shown in table 3.
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Table 3 Densities of aggregate samples
Specimen Mean sample test value
(kg)
Bulk density (KG/M3
)
Crushed aggregate 7.546 1552.70
River sand 8.273 1702.30
Source: Lab. work (2015)
3.4 Workability
The compressive strength test was carried out according to BS 1881: Part 102 (1983) Method for Determination
of Slump. The results of the workability test using the slump test method are: mix ratio of 1:2:4 have a slump of
25mm, while mix ratio of 1:3:6 have a slump of 20mm. all the slumps recorded in this test were true slumps and
they were the actual slumps observed in the test,
The results show that, though the design workability was in the medium workability range of 10-30mm slump,
all the recorded results were in the workability range 0-25mm. this deviation may be attributed to the limitations
of the experiments which, were carried out in the laboratory.
3.5 Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength test was carried out according to BS 1881: Part 116 Method for Determination of
Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube. The results are shown in the tale below. The highest mean
compressive strength was 44.04N/mm2
by mix 1:2:4 of immersion curing at 28 days. At the same age, mix 1:2:4
of sharp sand curing recorded the lowest compressive strength of 26.3N/mm2
. The next highest strength
following immersion was sprinkling recording 36.33 N/mm2
and polythene 31N/mm2
of the same mix.
While for 1:3:6 mix the highest mean compressive strength at 28 days was recorded by immersion with
40.5N/mm2
, followed by sprinkling with 35.1N/mm2
and polythene next with 20.6N/mm2
while sharp sand have
the lowest with 24.37N/mm2
.
The mean compressive strength results showed that at all ages, curing with water immersion recorded the
highest strength than the other curing method. While sharp sand curing method has the lowest mean
compressive strength.
The results drawn from the findings: were as tabulated in table 4 and 5 respectively:
Table 4 Average Compressive Strength Result of mix ratio of 1:2:4
Strength (N/mm2
)
Curing method
3 days 7 days 21 days 28 days
Water (immersion) 12.60 26.30 35.02 44.04
Sprinkling 10.60 18.63 30.33 36.30
Polythene 9.00 14.40 29.90 31.40
Sharp sand 8.90 10.40 22.00 26.30
Source: Lab. work (2015)
Table 5 Average Compressive Strength Result of mix ratio of 1:3:6
Strength (N/mm2
)
Curing method
3 days 7 days 21 days 28 days
Water (immersion) 9.16 21.53 31.14 40.50
Sprinkling 7.93 19.43 26.50 35.10
Polythene 6.50 15.90 20.60 29.30
Sharp sand 4.90 11.27 15.00 24.37
Source: Lab. work (2015)
IV. Conclusion
From the findings of this research, the following
conclusion is drawn;That there are different methods
of curing concrete that is in use in the industry
depending on what occasion serves the user. Method
like immersion, sprinkling, polythene membrame
and sharp sand curing are mainly used.
It can further be deduced from the study that to
determine which method of curing that gives the
compressive strength needs in concrete, cubes of
concrete should be tested in the laboratory using all
available method of curing.
It could be concluded that though production of
concrete is mainly handled by the semi slatted
labourers especially in Nigeria, and curing which is
the final stage of concrete production it should then
be given adequate attention for the completion of the
full age of concrete, minimum 28 days.
The results of the study from the laboratory analysis
of various cubes cast shows that curing by
immersion gives the best output in terms of
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compressive strength but in practical it could be seen
to be expressive on a small scale production,
therefore spraying in situ is the nearest available
option os wastage of water is minimized.
REFERENCES
[1] British Standard Institution (1983) Method
for Determination of Compressive Strength
of Concrete Cube, BS 1881: Part 116,
London, British Standard Institution
[2] British Standard Institution (1983) Method
for Determination of Slump, BS 1881: Part
102, London, British Standard Institution
[3] Goel, A., Narwal, J., Verma, V., Sharma,
D. and Singh, B. (2013). A Comparative
Study on the Effect of Curing on the
Strength of Concrete. International Journal
of Engineering and Advanced Technology.
Vol. 2
[4] Neville, A. M (2000) Properties of
Concrete 5th
Edition Addison Wesley
Longman limited England, 844
[5] Neville, A. M (2002) concrete technology.
Pearson Education Limited, England, 438p
[6] Raheem, A. A., Soyingbe, A. A. &
Emenike, A. J. (2013). Effect of Curing
Methods on Density and Compressive
Strength of Concrete. International Journal
of Applied Science and Technology. Vol. 3,
No. 4
[7] Zain M.F.M (2007) Effect of different 5
curing method on the properties of micro
silica concrete. Australian Journal of Basic
and applied Science, 1(2): 87-95, 2007
ISSN 1991-8178 c 2007, INSI net
publication.