The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system, by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Abstract: In this paper three phase load flow analysis on four bus system using Mi Power software is reformed. As power system never operates under steady state condition therefore single phase load flow analysis doesn’t provide accurate results. Hence three phase load flow analysis which can be performed under different contingencies, provide data when system is unbalanced. The system is analysing on the basis of parameter values in MW & MVAR for transmission line and generator buses. Harmonic values of resistance, reactance, and susceptance can predict the condition of small and large kind of system network. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown parameter.
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Decentralised PI controller design based on dynamic interaction decoupling in...IJECEIAES
An enhanced method for design of decenralised proportional integral (PI) controllers to control various variables of flotation columns is proposed. These columns are multivariable processes characterised by multiple interacting manipulated and controlled variables. The control of more than one variable is not an easy problem to solve as a change in a specific manipulated variable affects more than one controlled variable. Paper proposes an improved method for design of decentralized PI controllers through the introduction of decoupling of the interconnected model of the process. Decoupling the system model has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce the influence of the interactions in the closed-loop control and consistently to keep the system stable. The mathematical derivations and the algorithm of the design procedure are described in detail. The behaviour and performance of the closed-loop systems without and with the application of the decoupling method was investigated and compared through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the decouplers - based closedloop system has better performance than the closed-loop system without decouplers. The highest improvement (2 to 50 times) is in the steady-state error and 1.2 to 7 times in the settling and rising time. Controllers can easily be implemented.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
Metakaolin is a cementitious materials used as an admixture to produce high strength concrete and is used for maintaining the consistency of concrete. In the case where insufficient or poor curing concrete structure like the underground structure which undergo serve loss of compressive strength, use of metakaolin proves to be very useful to modify the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the properties of concrete with varying percentage replacement of metakaolin in M-25 greade of concrete. The mix M1,M2,M3 and M4 were obtained by replacing 0,5,10 and 15 percent mass of cement by Metakaolin. The test results indicated that admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with conventional concrete.
An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV feeder and its Mi...IJERA Editor
Distribution losses comprise Technical & Non-Technical losses. In this paper technical losses calculation of 11KV Kochar Urban Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder by load power flow analysis using technical data with utility has been presented. Non technical losses of this feeder have been arrived at by subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses. As non technical losses are on higher side, new proposals for minimization of non technical losses have been suggested which include checking of technically rejected temporary tubewell connections during paddy season and seasonal factories such as rice shellers and ice factories to avoid accumulation of consumption units.
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Decentralised PI controller design based on dynamic interaction decoupling in...IJECEIAES
An enhanced method for design of decenralised proportional integral (PI) controllers to control various variables of flotation columns is proposed. These columns are multivariable processes characterised by multiple interacting manipulated and controlled variables. The control of more than one variable is not an easy problem to solve as a change in a specific manipulated variable affects more than one controlled variable. Paper proposes an improved method for design of decentralized PI controllers through the introduction of decoupling of the interconnected model of the process. Decoupling the system model has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce the influence of the interactions in the closed-loop control and consistently to keep the system stable. The mathematical derivations and the algorithm of the design procedure are described in detail. The behaviour and performance of the closed-loop systems without and with the application of the decoupling method was investigated and compared through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the decouplers - based closedloop system has better performance than the closed-loop system without decouplers. The highest improvement (2 to 50 times) is in the steady-state error and 1.2 to 7 times in the settling and rising time. Controllers can easily be implemented.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
Heuristic remedial actions in the reliability assessment of high voltage dire...IJECEIAES
Planning of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids requires inclusion of reliability assessment of alternatives under study. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the adequacy of voltage source converter/VSCHVDC networks. The methodology analyses the performance of the system using N-1 and N-2 contingencies in order to detect weaknesses in the DC network and evaluates two types of remedial actions to keep the entire system under the acceptable operating limits . The remedial actions are applied when a violation of these limits on the DC system occurs; those include topology changes in the network and adjustments of power settings of VSC converter stations. The CIGRE B4 DC grid test system is used for evaluating the reliability/adequacy performance by means of the proposed methodology in this paper. The proposed remedial actions are effective for all contingencies; then, numerical results are as expected. This work is useful for planning and operation of grids based on VSC-HVDC technology.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
Metakaolin is a cementitious materials used as an admixture to produce high strength concrete and is used for maintaining the consistency of concrete. In the case where insufficient or poor curing concrete structure like the underground structure which undergo serve loss of compressive strength, use of metakaolin proves to be very useful to modify the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the properties of concrete with varying percentage replacement of metakaolin in M-25 greade of concrete. The mix M1,M2,M3 and M4 were obtained by replacing 0,5,10 and 15 percent mass of cement by Metakaolin. The test results indicated that admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with conventional concrete.
An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV feeder and its Mi...IJERA Editor
Distribution losses comprise Technical & Non-Technical losses. In this paper technical losses calculation of 11KV Kochar Urban Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder by load power flow analysis using technical data with utility has been presented. Non technical losses of this feeder have been arrived at by subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses. As non technical losses are on higher side, new proposals for minimization of non technical losses have been suggested which include checking of technically rejected temporary tubewell connections during paddy season and seasonal factories such as rice shellers and ice factories to avoid accumulation of consumption units.
Desalination technology; economy and simplicityIJERA Editor
Water scarcity is a major problem, a seawater desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a fresh water stream containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brine stream Applied desalination technologies can be divided in to three groups, thermal desalination technologies, membrane based desalination technologies,and solar desalination technologies. Results show that solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions such as grid-limited villages or isolated islands that have access to sea or brackish-water. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) desalination units are the most favorable alternatives to be coupled with photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Enegy Regenaration in a Hydraulic Damper by Turbo Generator Flowpath MechanismIJERA Editor
This paper develops a modification to hydraulic damper to utilize its energy lose in the form of heat. During the working of actual hydraulic damper, when the suspension fluid is compressed inside the damper cylinder in order to absorb the vibration shocks,the frictional energy of the vehicle is dissipated as heat loss by the suspension fluid in order to minimise the effect of bumps and ridges in road. So in order to harness this power loss, we have developed an energy saving hydraulic damper by modifying the existing model of hydraulic damper.We create a separate flow path with rotating turbine parallel to the damping cylinder connecting the upper and lower end of damper. When the vehicle travels down from a bump, the coil spring compresses forcing the piston to push the suspension fluid upwards and this high pressure fluid travels through the flow path rotating the turbine which in turn runs the generator for power generation. A check valve is provided at the flow path end to prevent the fluid back flow.Thus the suspension fluid kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of the turbine.
QUrdPro: Query processing system for Urdu LanguageIJERA Editor
The tremendous increase in the multilingual data on the internet has increased the demand for efficient retrieval of information. Urdu is one of the widely spoken and written languages of south Asia. Due to unstructured format of Urdu language information retrieval of information is a big challenge. Question Answering systems aims to retrieve point-to-point answers rather than flooding with documents. It is needed when the user gets an in depth knowledge in a particular domain. When user needs some information, it must give the relevant answer. The question-answer retrieval of ontology knowledge base provides a convenient way to obtain knowledge for use, but the natural language need to be mapped to the query statement of ontology. This paper describes a query processing system QUrdPro based on ontology. This system is a combination of NLP and Ontology. It makes use of ontology in several phases for efficient query processing. Our focus is on the knowledge derived from the concepts used in the ontology and the relationship between these concepts. In this paper we describe the architecture of QUrdPro ,query processing system for Urdu and process model for the system is also discussed in detail.
Measuring Robustness on Generalized Gaussian DistributionIJERA Editor
Different from previous work that measured robustness its own distribution, measuring robustness with a robust
estimator on a generalized Gaussian distribution is introduced here. In detail, an unbiased Maximum Likelihood
(ML) variance estimator and a robust variance estimator of the Gaussian distribution with a given censoring
value are applied to the generalized Gaussian distribution that represents Gaussian, Laplace, and Cauchy
distributions; then, Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated to measure robustness. Afterward, how robustness
changes is shown because the actual distribution varies over the generalized Gaussian distribution. The results
indicate that measuring the MSE of the system can be used to point out how robust the system is when the
system distribution changes.
Distribution and Mobility of Heavy Metal Materials in Settling Ponds Post Lat...IJERA Editor
The formation of waste matter sedimentation in settling ponds, along with accumulation of heavy metals, such as Nickel (Ni), Chrome (Cr3+ and Cr6+), manganese (Mn) and Cobalt (Co) and elements or compounds in laterite soil. These heavy metals will concentrate in different environmental geochemistry, which are laterite sediment layers pre- and post-mining. The purposes of this study are to identify changes of heavy metal distribution in settling ponds and analyze heavy metal mobility in settling ponds. The research methods were qualitative and quantitative methods. Laboratory research used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) which was studied, analyzed, and synthesized comprehensively. Data processing technique used SPSS v.21 software and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The result showed that distribution of heavy metals Fe and Cr relatively strengthened constantly. The graphs of Fe and Cr were interpreted as similar mobility and mechanism of transportation os elements which can form chemical compounds. Meanwhile, metals Ni and Co had similar graph which was relatively flat constantly. This was interpreted as similar mobility of heavy metals in settling ponds. The mobility of heavy metals Fe and Cr were mostly concentrated to form ferrochrome compound in the sediment of settling ponds compared with Ni with its low mobility and Co with its very low mobility.
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Hardware Implementation of Two’s Compliment Multiplier with Partial Product b...IJERA Editor
With the emergence of portable computing and communication systems, power consumption has become one of the major objectives during VLSI design. Furthermore, the multiplication is an essential arithmetic operation for common DSP applications, such as filtering, convolution, fast Fourier Transform (FFT) etc. To achieve high execution speed, parallel array multipliers are widely used. These multipliers tend to consume most of the power in DSP computations, and thus power-efficient multipliers are very important for the design of low-power DSP systems. This paper presents an approach to reduce power consumption of 2’s compliment multiplier design, in which switching activities are reduced through dynamic by passing of partial products.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Coastal Resource Management In Kanniyakuamari Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Using...IJERA Editor
The Coastal Resource Management of Kanniyakumari coast which is Located in the Southern Part of Tamil Nadu (India) is situated in this article. They study has made use of Socio economic data to identify the Resource Management status of the study Area. The software like ArcGis are used to demarcated the coastal Resource management of Kanniyakumari coast. The Total area 715 Sq.m. Kanniyakumari coast about 42 Fishing Landing Centers the distribution of fishing villages in Kanniyakumari coast. The total annual Fish production is 42716.60 tonnes during to 2011-212.
A Simulation Method of Soft Tissue Cutting In Virtual Environment with HapticsIJERA Editor
Currently, virtual simulation has an increasing role in the medical field. Now virtual surgery simulation has been largely explored in medical field. Virtual surgery is a good complement to traditional Surgical Training. Modeling effects of soft tissue during cutting is quite complex, hence the concept of virtuality is used to develop realistic surgical instruments for providing exact force feedback to the surgeon during surgical operation and simulation of soft tissue processes. Scalpel is a basic instrument required for soft tissue simulation. Hence we will design a virtual organ to cut by using Scalpel in Haptic Environment.
Solar energy the most efficient, eco-friendly and abundantly available energy source in the nature. It can be
converted into electrical energy in cost effective manner. In recent years, the interest in solar energy has risen
due to surging oil prices and environmental concern. In many remote or underdeveloped areas, direct access to
an electric grid is impossible and a photovoltaic inverter system would make life much simpler and more
convenient. With this in mind, it is aimed to design, build, and test a solar panel inverter. This inverter system
could be used as backup power during outages, battery charging, or for typical household applications. The main
components of this solar system are solar cell, dc to dc boost converters, and inverter. Sine wave push pull
inverter topology is used for inverter. In this topology only two MOSFETs are used and isolation requirement
between control circuit and power circuit is also less which helps to decrease the cost of solar inverter.
Mechanical properties of rice husk flour reinforced epoxy bio-compositeIJERA Editor
A bio-composite reinforced with rice husk flour in epoxy resin has been developed. The effect of fibre treatment and weight percentage of rice husk on the mechanical properties was studied and compared with wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. It was observed that addition of rice husk as filler is detrimental to almost all the mechanical properties. About 51% and 26.8% decrease in ultimate strength and Young’s Modulus for 40 wt% untreated rice husk reinforcement was observed. The corresponding decrease in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 51%. Similar trend was also observed in hardness and impact strength. However the mechanical properties of rice husk reinforced biocomposites are found to be superior than wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. SEM microscopy was also done to corroborate the results.
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
A study of professional advantages to manufacturing organizations by the way ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the study and analysis of long term advantages gained by electromechanical product
manufacturing Industries when the A class components like brass electrical contacts are manufactured by
newly devised advance manufacturing technique of hot brass extrusion .After completion of the research and
practical application this new advance manufacturing technique this has replaced previous traditional
manufacturing technique of green sand molding and casting used for commercial production of brass
contacts. The prime impact of research covers a newly devised innovative product life cycle which increases
product life.
Optimization of Patrol Manpower Allocation Using Goal Programming Approach -A...IJERA Editor
One of the most difficult tasks of the patrol administrators is allocation of manpower; i.e. determining the. most
effective level of operational manpower for patrol tasks. Typically, administrators resolve the allocation
problem by relying on prior statistical data and by employing subjective analysis. In general, only limited
systematic analyses have been applied to the problem. This thesis presents a non linear goal programming model
for allocating patrolmen to road segments within a patrol region. The model is demonstrated via a case example
of the East section of Visakhapatnam. The results of the model are valuable to the patrol administrator for
considering departmental goals and priority structure, in addition to available historical data, in the assignment
of patrol manpower for a given urban area.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Impact of Electric Vehicle Integration on Gridvivatechijri
Load flow analysis is most essential and important approach to investigate problems in power system. It can provide balance steady state operation of power system without considering transients in it. This project presents a new and efficient method for solving the Load flow problem of a distribution network. By using Backward/Forward sweep method parameters like voltage profile, total power losses, load on each bus of the Distribution Network will be known. By using Load Flow load balancing of the Distribution system can be achieved. For load balancing we will use the power stored in the Electric vehicle. As Electric vehicle has large battery pack for storage. The impact of Electric Vehicle and load flow of distribution network is computer programed to implement the power flow solution scheme in MATLAB software.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Influencing Factors on Power Losses in Electric Distribution NetworkIJAEMSJORNAL
Line losses reduction greatly affects the performance of the electric distribution network. This paper aims to identify the influencing factors causing power losses in that network. Newton-Raphson method is used for the loss assessment and the Sensitivity analysis by approach One-Factor-At-A-Time (OAT) for the influencing factors identification. Simulation with the meshed IEEE-30 bus test system is carried out under MATLAB environment. Among the 14 parameters investigated of each line, the result shows that the consumed reactive powers by loads, the bus voltages and the linear parameters are the most influencing on the power losses in several lines. Thus, in order to optimize these losses, the solution consists of the reactive power compensation by using capacitor banks; then the placement of appropriate components in the network according to the corresponding loads; and finally, the injection of other energy sources into the bus which recorded high level losses by using the hybrid system for instance.
Convergence Problems Of Contingency Analysis In Electrical Power Transmission...CSCJournals
Contingency analysis is a tool used by power system engineers for planning and assessing
power system reliability. The conventional analytical method which is mathematical model based,
is not only tedious and time consuming in view of the large number of components in the network
but always left some critical components unassessed due to non-convergence of the power flow
analysis of such, hence the contingency analysis of such system could not be said to be
completed.
In this work, contingency analysis of line components of a standard IEEE-30 Bus and real 330-kV
Nigerian Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) network (28Bus) systems were investigated
using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) which is artificial intelligence based.
The contingency analysis was carried out by solving the non-linear algebraic equations of steady
state model for the standard IEEE-30 Bus and TCN-28 Bus power networks using NewtonRaphson
(N-R) power flow method. RBF-NN method was used for the computation of Reactive
and Active performance indices (PIR and PIA ) which were ranked in order to reveal the criticality
of each line outage. Simulation was carried out using MATLAB R2013a version. The nonconverged
lines in both systems were reinforced and re-analysed. The results of contingency
analyses of the reinforced systems show more robust systems with complete line ranking.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) units, based on their interfacing technology are divided into synchronous generator interfaced DGs, asynchronous generator interfaced DGs and inverter interfaced DGs. This paper presents two algorithms for allocation of optimal capacitor and distributed generation on radial distribution system. These algorithms predict requirement of reactive vars and real power and supplied via capacitor banks and distributed generation. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and voltage stability problem. Developed algorithm has been implemented on two IEEE 69 nodes and 52 nodes systems.
Optimum allocation of distributed generation by load flow analysis method a c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords — exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Impr...ijtsrd
With the increased rate of urbanization and industrialization, the Nigerian electric power system is being put under pressure, high power losses which has led to fluctuation in voltage level. In this work the Nigeria 330Kv network of 42 bus system was considered. Data for the analysis were obtained from Transmission Company of Nigeria National Control Centre, Osogbo TCN and MATLAB PSAT software with newton Raphson's solution method embedded in it was used to carry out the analysis. The results of the analysis showed that many of the bus voltages were outside the voltage limits of ±5 i.e 0.95pu 1.05pu . After compensation with Flexible AC Transmission System devices FACTs namely Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC which can be used to control power flow on a transmission line, the voltage profile almost flat with bus voltages within acceptable voltage limits. It is also evident that the UPFC is device that can used to combat the voltage problem in the Nigerian electric power system. Adikaibe James | Prof. Engr. F. O. Enemuoh | Aghara Jachimma "Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Improvement of Voltage Profile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27838.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27838/application-of-unified-power-flow-controller-in-nigeria-power-system-for-improvement-of-voltage-profile/adikaibe-james
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV Distribution Grid System with Real Network Simulations
1. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
www.ijera.com 46|P a g e
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV
Distribution Grid System with Real Network Simulations
Adesina, L.M.1
, Fakolujo, O.A.2
1
Department of Inspection and Quality Assurance, Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP), Lagos – Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Ibadan (UI), Ibadan – Nigeria
Abstract
The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional
methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal
operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system,
by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow
studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario
day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to
find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power
flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
Keywords: Power flow, Distribution line, Real power, Reactive power, NEPLAN software
I. Introduction
In a power system, power flows from generating
centers to load centers [1]. In this process,
investigation is required in regards to bus voltages
and the amount of power flow through transmission
and distribution lines. Power flow study aims at
reaching to the steady state solution of complete
power networks [1]. Power flow study is performed
during the planning of a new system or the extension
of an existing system. It is also necessary to evaluate
the effect of different loading conditions of an
existing system [2]. Power flow studies are one of the
most common and important tools in power system
analysis and also known as the “Power Flow”
solution which is used for planning and controlling a
power system network [3]. This process is also used
for determining balanced condition and single phase
analysis problems in the voltage magnitude and phase
angle at each bus, the active and reactive power flow
voltage magnitude, voltage phase angle, real power
injection and reactive power injections [3]. The load
flow analysis gives us the sinusoidal steady state
condition of the fully system voltages, real power and
reactive power generated and absorbed and line losses
[4]. Since the load is a static quantity of power system
and it is the power that flows across the transmission
lines, the tripper prefer to call this Power Flow studies
rather than the load flow studies [3]. Power flow
analysis is an importance tool involving numerical
analysis applied to a power system [5].
The planning, design and operation of power systems
require load flow computations to analyse the steady
– state performance of the power system under
various operating conditions and to study the effects
of changes in equipment configuration. These load
flow studies can be performed using computer
programs designed specifically for this purpose [6].
Through the load flow studies we can obtain the
voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in the
steady state [5]. This is rather important as the
magnitudes of the bus voltages are required to be held
within a specified limit. Once the bus voltage
magnitudes and their angles are computed using the
load flow, the real and reactive power flow through
each line can be computed [7]. Also based on the
difference between power flow in the sending and
receiving ends, the losses System Engineering, the
load (or power) flow study is an important tool
involving numerical studies applied to a power
system. A power flow study uses simplified notation
such as a one line diagram and per unit system, and
focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e. reactive,
real and apparent) rather than voltage and current. It
analyses the power system in normal steady state
operation [9]. In the process of power flow study,
investigation is required in regards to bus voltages
and amount of power flow through transmission lines.
Power flow study aims at reaching to the steady state
solution of complete power networks.in a particular
line can also be computed. Furthermore, from the line
flow we can also determine the over and under load
conditions [8].In Power System Engineering, the load
(or power) flow study is an important tool involving
numerical studies applied to a power system. A power
flow study uses simplified notation such as a one line
diagram and per unit system, and focuses on various
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
www.ijera.com 47|P a g e
forms of AC power (i.e. reactive, real and apparent)
rather than voltage and current. It analyses the power
system in normal steady state operation [9]. In the
process of power flow study, investigation is required
in regards to bus voltages and amount of power flow
through transmission lines. Power flow study aims at
reaching to the steady state solution of complete
power networks.
II. NEPLAN Software Application to
Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution
A crucial aspect of the power flow problem for
large power systems is the availability of computer
software, which permits ready and easy
implementation of the solution methods. Therefore, in
order to enable the solution of power flow problem
using the Newton-Raphson method, a suitable
software package called NEPLAN was sourced and
used for this purpose. NEPLAN software was chosen
among other available software, because of its
application on network expansion planning, i.e.
determination of load centre using Geographical
Information Systems (GIS), load forecasting (adding
future plans in the network for modeling and
simulation) and N-1 contingency planning. NEPLAN
is planning and optimization software for electrical,
heat, gas and water networks which has been
developed by the BCP group in Switzerland. It is used
to analyze, plan, optimize and manage power
networks which includes optimal power flow,
transient stability and reliability analysis. The
software package can be used for transmission and
distribution system analysis and the reliability
software can provide reliability indices for individual
load points and the overall power system. It can also
provide information based on the cost of unreliability
along with investment analysis and the Net Present
Value (NPV) of different investment alternatives.
NEPLAN uses the homogenous Markov process for
the calculations and it handles up to second order
contingencies. The NEPLAN tool is very flexible and
user friendly planning tool where network designers
can compile different topologies [11,12].
III. Power Flow Study of the Eko Electricity
Distribution Plc (EKEDP) 33kV Grid
Island Business Unit’s 33kV grid network, used
as a case study is shown in figure 1 below:
Figure 1: 33kV Network of Island Business Unit,
EKEDP
Table 1 shows the line parameters and the route
length of the 33kV Distribution Network considered.
The Busbar links are:
1. Alagbon (ALG) – Ademola (ADM)
Underground (U/G) Cable
2. Alagbon (ALG) – Alagbon Local (ALG/L)
Underground Cable
3. Alagbon (ALG) – Anifowoshe (ANI)
Underground Cable
4. Alagbon (ALG) – Fowler (FOW)
Underground Cable
5. Ademola (ADM) – Maroko (MAR) 33kV
Interconnector Cable (I/C)
6. Ademola (ADM)–Anifowoshe (ANI) 33kV
Interconnector Cable (I/C)
7. Alagbon (ALG) - Banana Island (BAN/I)
33kV Interconnector Cable (I/C)
Table 1: Line Parameters and Route Length of the
33kV Distribution Network Considered.
S/N Bus Link Model
Route
Length
(km)
1 ALG-ADM U/G Cable 6.13
2 ALG-LG/L U/G Cable 0.15
3 ALG-ANI U/G Cable 6.84
4 ALG-FOW U/G Cable 3.00
5 ADM-MAR 33kV I/C 1.80
6 ADM-ANI 33kV I/C 2.40
7 ALG-BAN/I 33kV I/C 5.00
3. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
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Reactance (X) = 0.093 /km
Susceptance (B) = 0.37 UF/km
Resistance (R) = 0.098 /km
Impedance (Z) = 0.135 /km
The network has seven (7) nodes (buses) without any
generator bus. There are six (6) distribution lines
(branches) of which one is mainly transformers
connected in parallel. Although ALG busbar was
considered as the slack bus, it is not a generator bus;
however, it is the only source of supply to other
busbars. The network load parameters are also shown
in table 2.
Table 2: Hourly Loads (in MW) for the Selected day
Showing the condition of the Network
Scenario
Day 17-01-2014
Specified
Hours of the
Day 02:00
06:
00
09:00
12:
00
21:
00
23:00
#
Load
Feeders
1 FOW1 8.7 - - - 9.7 -
2 FOW2 - - 9.6 - - -
3
ADM1 - - 10.6 - 6.7 -
4 ADM2 - - - - - -
5 ANI - - 11.7 - 9.3 3.0
6 BAN/I1 - - 3.0 - - -
7 BAN2 - - - - - -
8 ALG
1X15
MVA
- - 3.6 - - -
9 ALG
1X15
MVA
4.5 - - - - -
10 MAR - - - - - -
3.1 Modelling for Power Flow Studies
To carry out power flow analysis, fig.1 is modelled to
suit the application of the NEPLAN software as
shown in fig. 2 below. It involves opening of dialog
box and inputting all the necessary parameters in the
box as shown in fig. 2:
Figure 3: Model of the Setup of Island BU
3.2 Power Flow Results and Discussion
The results of the power flow studies carried out for
17/01/2014 are as shown in Tables 3a to 5d.
Table 3a:Bus Bar Power Flow Results at 02:00Hrs
Bus
Voltage P
(MW
)
Q
(MVar
)
Input
P
(MW)
Input
Q
(MVar
)
(kV)
Angle
(Deg.)
AD
M
0 0 0 0 0 0
AL
G
33 0 0 0 13.19 8.161
AL
G/L
32.9
9
-0.1 4.5 2.789 0 0
ANI 0 0 0 0 0 0
BA
N/I
0 0 0 0 0 0
FO
W
32.8
8
-0.1 8.7 5.342 0 0
MA
R
0 0 0 0 0 0
4. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
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Table 3b:Bus Bar Power Flow Results at 09:00Hrs
Bus
Voltage P
(M
W)
Q
(MVar)
Input
P
(MW)
Input
Q
(MV
ar)
(kV)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM
32.7
11
-0.1 10.6 6.569 0 0
ALG 33 0 0 0 38.73
18.65
8
ALG/L
32.9
97
0 3.6 2.231 0 0
ANI
32.6
45
-0.2 11.7 7.251 0 0
BAN/I
32.9
42
0 3 1.859 0 0
FOW
32.8
68
-0.1 9.6 5.95 0 0
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 3c:Bus Bar Power Flow Results at 21:00Hrs
Bus
Voltage P
(M
W)
Q
(MVar)
Input
P
(MW)
Input
Q
(MV
ar)
(kV)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM
32.8
25
-0.1 6.7 4.152 0 0
ALG 33 0 0 0 25.83
11.92
2
ALG/L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANI
32.7
25
-0.2 9.3 5.764 0 0
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
FOW
32.8
67
-0.1 9.7 6.012 0 0
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 3d:Bus Bar Power Flow Results at 23:00Hrs
Bus
Voltage P
(MW
)
Q
(MVa
r)
Input
P
(MW)
Input Q
(MVar)(kV)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG 33 0 0 0 10.28 4.565
ALG/
L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANI
32.6
9 -0.2 10.2 6.321 0 0
BAN/
I 0 0 0 0 0 0
FOW 0 0 0 0 0 0
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 4a:Power Flow Results Showing Network Loading at
02:00Hrs
Bus
P
(MW)
Q
(MVar)
Current
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM 0 0 0 0
ALG/L 4.5 2.789 0.093 -31.8
ANI 0 0 0 0
BAN/I 0 0 0 0
FOW 8.7 5.392 0.18 -31.8
MAR 0 0 0 0
13.2 8.181
Table 4b:Power Flow Results Showing Network
Loading at09:00Hrs
Bus
P
(MW)
Q
(MVar)
Current
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM 10.6 6.569 0.225 -32.2
ALG/L 3.6 2.231 0.074 -31.8
ANI 11.7 7.251 0.246 -32.1
BAN/I 3 1.859 0.062 -31.8
FOW 9.6 5.95 0.198 -31.8
MAR 0 0 0 0
38.5 23.86
Table 4c: Power Flow Results Showing Network
Loading at21:00Hrs
Bus
P
(MW)
Q
(MVar)
Current
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM 6.7 4.152 0.142 -32.2
ALG/L 0 0 0 0
ANI 9.3 5.764 0.195 -32.1
BAN/I 0 0 0 0
FOW 9.7 6.012 0.2 -31.8
MAR 0 0 0 0
25.7 15.928
Table 4d:Power Flow Results Showing Network Loading
at23:00Hrs
Bus
P
(MW)
Q
(MVar)
Current
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ADM 0 0 0 0
ALG/L 0 0 0 0
ANI 3.00 1.859 0.062 -32
BAN/I 0 0 0 0
FOW 0 0 0 0
MAR 0 0 0 0
3.00 1.859
5. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
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Table 5a:Lines Power Flow Results at 02:00Hrs
Bus
Link
P
(M
W)
Q
(MVa
r)
Current
P Loss
(MW)
Q
Loss
(MV
ar)
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.
)
ALG -
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
FOW 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
FOW 0 -0.38 0.007 89.9 0
-
0.38
ALG –
ANI 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ANI 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ADM 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ADM 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ALG/L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG -
ALG/L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR -4.5 -2.77 0.092 148.4 0.0004
-
0.02
ADM–
ANI 0 0 0 90 0
-
0.02
-4.5 -3.15 0.0004
-
0.42
Table 5b:Lines Power Flow Results at 09:00Hrs
Bus
Link
P
(M
W)
Q
(MVar
)
Current P
Loss
(MW
)
Q
Loss
(MV
ar)
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ALG -
BAN/I
-3 -1.228 0.057 157.7
0.004
4
-
0.62
8
ALG –
BAN/I
0 -0.631 0.011 89.9 0
-
0.63
1
ALG –
FOW
0 -0.377 0.007 89.9 0
-
0.37
7
ALG –
FOW
-9.6 -5.573 0.195 149.8 0.033
-
0.34
7
ALG –
ANI -
11.7 -6.28 0.235 151.6
0.107
7
-
0.75
4
ALG –
ANI
0 -0.847 0.015 89.8
0.000
1
-
0.84
7
ALG –
ADM 10.6
8 5.113 0.207 -25.6
0.079
6
-
0.69
4
ALG –
ADM
0 0 0 90
0.000
1
-
0.76
3
ALG –
ALG/L
-3.6 -2.212 0.074 148.4
0.000
2
-
0.01
9
ALG -
ALG/L
0 -0.019 0 90 0
-
0.01
9
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
ANI
0 -0.124 0.002 89.8 0
-
0.12
4
-
17.2 -12.18 0.225
-
5.20
1
6. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
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Table 5c:Lines Power Flow Results at21:00Hrs
Bus
Link
P
(MW
)
Q
(MVa
r)
Current P
Loss
(M
W)
Q
Loss
(MVar
)
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.
)
ALG -
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
FOW 0 -0.38
0.00
7 89.9 0 -0.38
ALG –
FOW -9.7 -5.64
0.19
7 149.8
0.03
37 -0.35
ALG –
ANI -9.3 -4.79
0.18
5 152.6
0.06
6 -0.79
ALG –
ANI 0 -0.85
0.01
5 89.8
0.00
01 -0.85
ALG –
ADM 6.73 2.641
0.12
6 -21.4 0.03 -0.74
ALG –
ADM 0 0 0 90
0.00
01 -0.77
ALG –
ALG/L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG -
ALG/L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
ANI 0 -0.12
0.00
2 89.8 0 -0.12
-12.3 -9.14
0.12
99 -4.01
IV. DISCUSSION
The power flow analysis was carried out for
Islands Business Unit’s 33kV distribution network
having seven (7) Bus bars and seven (7) distribution
Lines. The minimum and maximum distribution line
lengths are 0.18km and 6.84km respectively. Alagbon
bus was used as the only source of supply and hence
chosen as the slack bus for the power flow study.
From the Power flow results in tables 3a to
3d the Busbar voltage evaluated ranges from
32.654kV to 32.997kV, which are respectively
98.92% and 99.99% of the ideal 33kV voltage value.
These voltage values are in order because they are
within acceptable deviation limits from the ideal
value. Also, summing the components of Input active
power, P, and input reactive powers, Q, at each
scenario and comparing with the corresponding
output power, P2, and output reactive power, Q2.
Then, obtaining an algebraic sum of the active power
(𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1) and reactive power (𝑄 = 𝑄2 − 𝑄1)
shows that it is only at 02:00Hrs that the net active
power is a negative value, thus, necessitates the net
Table 5d:Lines Power Flow Results at 23:00Hrs
Bus
Link
P
(MW
)
Q
(MVar
)
Current P
Loss
(MW
)
Q
Loss
(MV
ar)
(kA)
Angle
(Deg.)
ALG -
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
BAN/I 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
FOW 0 0 0 90
0.000
1
-
0.86
ALG –
FOW 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ANI 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ANI 0 0 0 90 0
-
0.13
ALG –
ADM 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ADM 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALG –
ALG/L 0 -0.126
0.00
2 89.9 0
-
0.13
ALG -
ALG/L -3 -0.871
0.05
5 163.7
0.005
7
-
0.86
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0
ADM–
ANI 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3 -0.997
0.005
8
-
1.97
reactive power Q to be a positive value. This clearly
implies that the output power ishigher than the input.
The greater the value of output power, the more fault-
prone the system is. While the condition of power
system at other scenario times such as 09:00Hrs,
21:00Hrs and 23:00Hrs are very stable, their net active
power, P and net reactive power, Q, are positive and
negative values respectively. However, these values
also account for losses at the various buses, which can
be explained in terms of available power and customer
demand at that time. Tables 4a to 4d presented results
showing network loading at different scenario times.
Importantly, current in magnitude and phase angle,
drawn by utility customers based on the available
power were presented. In tables 5a to 5d, Lines power
flow results at different scenario time were presented.
At 02:00Hrs of scenario, the output power P (MW) = 0
and Q (Mvar) = 0.377 on ALG – FOW distribution
line shows that the line was energized (soaked) but
either no load was drawn or a very negligible load was
drawn by point load power utility customers, since the
percentage loading stood at 1.54% with zero
percentage loss; while the power loss of 1.86% is
7. Adesina, L.M. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, ( Part - 1) July 2015, pp.46-52
www.ijera.com 52|P a g e
within acceptable deviation standard of ±5%. At
09:00Hrs, ALG – BAN-I (Line 2), ALG – FOW (Line
1) and ALG – ANI (Line 2), ALG – ALG-L (Line 2)
and ADM – ANI (Line 1), there are also zero output
power, P, with output reactive power, Q, not zero.
These lines equally have certain percentage of line
loading with active power loss being zero. The
implication is that the line are energized but not loaded
at various 11kV outgoing feeders. The low percentage
loading recorded may be due to point load customers
connected along the lines. The current column shows
that ALG – ANI (Line 1), ALG – ADM (Line 1) and
ALG – FOW (Line 2) with 0.235kA, 0.207kA and
0.195kA loads respectively are considered heavily
loaded lines compared to others. Also, the Active
power loss for the two lines ALG – ANI (Line 1) and
ALG – ADM (Line 1) are relatively higher (i.e
0.1077MW and 0.0796MW) and still the acceptable
standard limit, compared to ALG – FOW (Line 2),
whose active power loss is 0.0333MW. The lengths of
these distribution lines play a major factor in this
regard. ALG – ANI line is 6.84km, ALG – ADM line
is 6.13km and ALG – FOW line is 3.0km. The total
active power loss in the network at this 09:00 Hrs
scenario hour was 0.2251MW, which is higher than
other network active power losses obtained in the
remaining scenario times of the same day (for
example, at 02:00Hrs, PL loss = 0.0004MW, at
21:00Hrs, PL loss = 0.1299MW, at 23:00Hrs, PL loss =
0.0058MW) may not be unconnected with the fact that
daily business activities start mostly at 08:30Hrs.
Therefore, 09:00Hrs to 15:00Hrs is considered the
peak period of energy consumption on a
commercial/industrial 33kV feeder. This further
confirmed that the Island Business Unit’s 33kV
distribution network under study comprises of both
commercially and industrially viable 33kV feeders.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents modelling and simulation of
a typical 33kV Distribution network for power flow.
NEPLAN software was used to achieve this. The
results of this power flow study are also presented.
Because the power flow results obtained shows that
high reactive power flows within the Distribution
network, reactors are recommended to be installed in
strategic locations in the Distribution Network. There
is also the need to site two new 33/11kV, 15MVA
Injection Substations in two locations within the
distribution network, particularly between ALG-ANI
and ALG-ADM Busbars, where relatively high power
losses are observed as a result of the long distances of
6.84km and 6.13km respectively between the
Busbars. Finally, overloaded lines within the
distribution network could be taken care of by the
addition of new lines. But, for economic system
operation and maximum load point reliability level,
four is the maximum number of lines for any load
bus.
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