This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to encash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
recent developments on Graphene oxide based membranesKishan Kasundra
This document discusses recent developments in graphene oxide (GO) based membrane technology. It begins with an introduction to GO and its advantages over polymeric membranes. It then describes methods for preparing and characterizing GO, as well as different approaches for fabricating GO membranes, including free-standing GO membranes, supported GO membranes, and GO-modified composite membranes. Specific examples are provided for each membrane type and their applications in water treatment and separation processes. The document concludes that GO is a promising nano-material for membrane applications due to its unique properties and that the membrane structure and performance depends on the fabrication method.
Pulp and Paper Manufacturing and Treatment Of Waste Water
is About:
What is Fiber?
Lignin?Hemicellouse?
Real Explanation of Photosynthesis?
SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) Pictures of Trees
Can Plants Survive in Green Light?
How the Pulp is Produced from The Trees (Video) ?
Can We Use Other Than Trees for Pulp Preparation?
Some Information about Locally Located oldest Paper Mills
How the Waste Water Treated from Industries?
Industrial wastewater treatment via photocatalysisJay Lakhani
This document discusses using photocatalysis for industrial wastewater treatment. Specifically, it examines using ZnO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst coated on a support material. An experimental setup involved circulating 1.5 liters of textile wastewater through a ZnO coated reactor for 4 hours under solar radiation. Various parameters that affect the wastewater treatment were studied, including temperature, dye concentration, reaction time, pH and TOC variation over time. Results showed ZnO was more effective than TiO2 at degrading pollutants like COD. However, issues with ZnO include photocorrosion and difficulty recovering the nanoparticles from water. Overall, photocatalysis shows potential as a green technology for treating industrial wastewater
Refractories are materials that withstand high temperatures and exhibit properties such as resistance to heat, corrosion, and abrasion. The document discusses various refractory properties including physical properties like density, porosity, and cold crushing strength as well as thermal properties like refractoriness, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It provides examples of common refractory materials used in cement production like magnesia bricks, high alumina bricks, and dolomite bricks. Key refractory testing methods are also summarized such as determining refractoriness under load and measuring thermal expansion under load (creep).
recent developments on Graphene oxide based membranesKishan Kasundra
This document discusses recent developments in graphene oxide (GO) based membrane technology. It begins with an introduction to GO and its advantages over polymeric membranes. It then describes methods for preparing and characterizing GO, as well as different approaches for fabricating GO membranes, including free-standing GO membranes, supported GO membranes, and GO-modified composite membranes. Specific examples are provided for each membrane type and their applications in water treatment and separation processes. The document concludes that GO is a promising nano-material for membrane applications due to its unique properties and that the membrane structure and performance depends on the fabrication method.
Pulp and Paper Manufacturing and Treatment Of Waste Water
is About:
What is Fiber?
Lignin?Hemicellouse?
Real Explanation of Photosynthesis?
SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) Pictures of Trees
Can Plants Survive in Green Light?
How the Pulp is Produced from The Trees (Video) ?
Can We Use Other Than Trees for Pulp Preparation?
Some Information about Locally Located oldest Paper Mills
How the Waste Water Treated from Industries?
Industrial wastewater treatment via photocatalysisJay Lakhani
This document discusses using photocatalysis for industrial wastewater treatment. Specifically, it examines using ZnO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst coated on a support material. An experimental setup involved circulating 1.5 liters of textile wastewater through a ZnO coated reactor for 4 hours under solar radiation. Various parameters that affect the wastewater treatment were studied, including temperature, dye concentration, reaction time, pH and TOC variation over time. Results showed ZnO was more effective than TiO2 at degrading pollutants like COD. However, issues with ZnO include photocorrosion and difficulty recovering the nanoparticles from water. Overall, photocatalysis shows potential as a green technology for treating industrial wastewater
Refractories are materials that withstand high temperatures and exhibit properties such as resistance to heat, corrosion, and abrasion. The document discusses various refractory properties including physical properties like density, porosity, and cold crushing strength as well as thermal properties like refractoriness, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It provides examples of common refractory materials used in cement production like magnesia bricks, high alumina bricks, and dolomite bricks. Key refractory testing methods are also summarized such as determining refractoriness under load and measuring thermal expansion under load (creep).
Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
The document discusses the application of a fluidized bed reactor coupled with advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction on the need for improved wastewater treatment methods due to increasing water demand and limits on wastewater discharge. It then covers advanced oxidation processes like Fenton oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation that use hydroxyl radicals to break down pollutants. A fluidized bed reactor provides advantages like improved contact between pollutants and catalyst. Factors affecting the fluidized bed behavior are also examined. In conclusion, using a fluidized bed reactor with advanced oxidation processes can increase degradation rates, address drawbacks of conventional methods, and provide an efficient wastewater treatment approach.
This document provides an introduction to graphene through a seminar presentation. It defines graphene as a pure carbon material made of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The presentation summarizes some of graphene's key properties including its strength, flexibility, electrical and thermal conductivity. It also outlines several methods for producing graphene, such as mechanical exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide. Finally, the document discusses potential applications of graphene in areas like solar cells, batteries, electronics and aerospace.
Synthesis of Spinel based Catalysts by Wet chemical methods for Colour Remova...PranavkumarRana
The study aimed at color removal and COD degradation of
synthetic wastewater of methylene blue dye via photocatalysis using various spinel catalysts
prepared by different methods. The methylene blue dye with strong azo bond with structure
made up of autochrome and chromophore. The Azo dyes are widely used in textile, paper and
leather industries. The present study is essentially related to the degradation of selected
methylene blue and dye from synthetic dye wastewater however it has been extended to actual
industrial effluents. In order to control wastewater pollution due to dyes the UV-Photocatalytic
degradation technology has been carried out by some researchers using spinel catalysts. Spinel
catalysts are oxides with general formula AB2O4 where A and B are the rare earth, A has
octahedral site and B has tetrahedral site. alkaline earth, alkali metals and transition metal
cations which are expected to be able to overcome the limitations of semiconductors as
photocatalysts.
This document discusses methods for measuring porosity and surface area, focusing on the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method. It provides background on the BET method, developed in 1938 to measure the specific surface area of porous solids. The document explains the BET equation and how it is used to calculate surface area based on nitrogen gas absorption measurements. It also notes some limitations of the BET method, such as inaccuracy for low surface areas and time-consuming measurements. In general, the BET method allows accurate measurement of porosity from 0.4-50nm and has benefits of ease of use and low cost.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall well-being over time.
Graphene improves the water purification process as a membrane. The material is hydrophilic, meaning that it attracts water. Creating potable water has a number of benefits, ranging from medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications.
This document outlines Dr. Priy Brat Dwivedi's discussion on validation, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamics of adsorption process experiments. It discusses key topics like adsorption applications, adsorption vs absorption, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Examples are provided on modeling adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The importance of calculating thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy is highlighted. First-order and second-order kinetic models are introduced to study adsorption kinetics.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
This document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water treatment and wastewater. AOPs involve generating strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals that react with organic contaminants in water. There are several AOP technologies including ozone/ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet irradiation, and Fenton's reaction. While AOPs have been implemented in some industries, their commercial use is still limited due to relatively high costs. The document provides examples of different AOP technologies and references for further information.
This document outlines the topics and assessment schedule for a course on advanced sanitary engineering. The key topics covered include the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wastewater, fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment, suspended growth treatment systems, and attached growth biological treatment systems. Student performance will be evaluated based on quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam.
Graphene is a one-atom thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It is the strongest material known and has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. There are two main methods to produce graphene - mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition. Graphene has many potential applications, including solar panels, batteries, composites, and electronics. While graphene shows promise, challenges remain in producing large quantities of high quality graphene material for integration into commercial applications.
This document provides guidelines for collecting water and wastewater samples for analysis, including ensuring representative samples, clean sampling equipment, and proper sample containers. It discusses filling containers, composite sampling, and recording critical sample information. Special precautions are outlined for trace metals, organic compounds, and other unstable constituents. Safety considerations like personal protective equipment and hazardous sample labeling are also covered. The guidelines aim to obtain samples that accurately represent the water body and can be reliably analyzed without deterioration prior to testing.
Treatment of waste water using photocatalysis ti o2Muhammad Mudassir
This document discusses the treatment of wastewater using photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2). It provides background on wastewater sources and contaminants. Wastewater treatment methods include physical, biological and chemical (tertiary treatment using photocatalysis). The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 is described where UV light excites the TiO2, generating electrons and holes that produce radicals to degrade organic pollutants. Experimental results show the degradation of S2O3 contaminant over time is greater with both UV light and TiO2 than with just UV light. The conclusions state that nanotechnology and solar light can enable practical wastewater treatment solutions.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Graphene Presentation
Graphene is a two-dimensional material made of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It was first isolated and characterized in 2004. Some key properties of graphene include its strength, flexibility, conductivity, and ability to self-repair. Potential applications of graphene mentioned in the document include ultra-fast electronics, DNA sequencing, batteries, desalination membranes, bulletproof materials, and medical devices. Graphene is seen as an important material that could enable many new technologies in the 21st century due to its unique properties and low cost of production.
Graphene Syntheis and Characterization for Raman Spetroscopy At High PressureNicolasMORAL
This document summarizes Nicolas Moral's thesis on synthesizing and characterizing single- and double-layer graphene using two methods under high pressure conditions. The first method deposits graphene flakes onto silicon dioxide substrates using mechanical exfoliation, while the second uses free-standing graphene grown on a copper grid. Both methods allow for optical identification and Raman spectral confirmation of graphene layers. While characterization is complete, challenges remain in reliably transferring the graphene samples for high pressure experiments.
Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It has unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. In 2004, Geim and Novoselov developed the "scotch tape" method to isolate single-atom thick graphene sheets from graphite. This discovery led to the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Graphene is synthesized through exfoliation of graphite or epitaxial growth on metal substrates. Potential future applications of graphene include use in biological engineering, optical electronics like touchscreens, ultrafiltration, photovoltaics, composite materials, and supercapacitors.
This document provides an overview of carbon footprints and activities to teach about them. It defines a carbon footprint as a measure of greenhouse gases produced per year. Primary carbon footprints are directly from energy consumption while secondary are from consumed products. Examples are classified as primary or secondary. A person's carbon footprint is examined, with the highest from home energy use. Suggestions to reduce the footprint include using less private transport and flights. A musical task examines classifying trains as a primary or secondary carbon footprint.
Petroleum coke is a byproduct of the oil refining process with a high calorific value and lower cost than coal. It can be used in cement production, with limitations on the amount used due to its high sulfur content. Using petcoke up to 24% as a substitute for existing fuel in a cement plant can maintain acceptable sulfur ratios and volatile matter levels in the clinker and coal mix, while lowering fuel costs. However, its abrasive nature and difficulty burning require modifications to equipment for effective utilization in kilns and calciners.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
The document contains information about paper production in India. It provides statistics on the number of paper and pulp mills operating in India, their installed capacity and production levels. It also lists the main constituents found in hyposludge, results from a particle size analysis test, and chemical composition testing of cement. Compressive strength testing results are presented for cement cubes at 7 and 14 days.
Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
The document discusses the application of a fluidized bed reactor coupled with advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction on the need for improved wastewater treatment methods due to increasing water demand and limits on wastewater discharge. It then covers advanced oxidation processes like Fenton oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation that use hydroxyl radicals to break down pollutants. A fluidized bed reactor provides advantages like improved contact between pollutants and catalyst. Factors affecting the fluidized bed behavior are also examined. In conclusion, using a fluidized bed reactor with advanced oxidation processes can increase degradation rates, address drawbacks of conventional methods, and provide an efficient wastewater treatment approach.
This document provides an introduction to graphene through a seminar presentation. It defines graphene as a pure carbon material made of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The presentation summarizes some of graphene's key properties including its strength, flexibility, electrical and thermal conductivity. It also outlines several methods for producing graphene, such as mechanical exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide. Finally, the document discusses potential applications of graphene in areas like solar cells, batteries, electronics and aerospace.
Synthesis of Spinel based Catalysts by Wet chemical methods for Colour Remova...PranavkumarRana
The study aimed at color removal and COD degradation of
synthetic wastewater of methylene blue dye via photocatalysis using various spinel catalysts
prepared by different methods. The methylene blue dye with strong azo bond with structure
made up of autochrome and chromophore. The Azo dyes are widely used in textile, paper and
leather industries. The present study is essentially related to the degradation of selected
methylene blue and dye from synthetic dye wastewater however it has been extended to actual
industrial effluents. In order to control wastewater pollution due to dyes the UV-Photocatalytic
degradation technology has been carried out by some researchers using spinel catalysts. Spinel
catalysts are oxides with general formula AB2O4 where A and B are the rare earth, A has
octahedral site and B has tetrahedral site. alkaline earth, alkali metals and transition metal
cations which are expected to be able to overcome the limitations of semiconductors as
photocatalysts.
This document discusses methods for measuring porosity and surface area, focusing on the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method. It provides background on the BET method, developed in 1938 to measure the specific surface area of porous solids. The document explains the BET equation and how it is used to calculate surface area based on nitrogen gas absorption measurements. It also notes some limitations of the BET method, such as inaccuracy for low surface areas and time-consuming measurements. In general, the BET method allows accurate measurement of porosity from 0.4-50nm and has benefits of ease of use and low cost.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall well-being over time.
Graphene improves the water purification process as a membrane. The material is hydrophilic, meaning that it attracts water. Creating potable water has a number of benefits, ranging from medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications.
This document outlines Dr. Priy Brat Dwivedi's discussion on validation, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamics of adsorption process experiments. It discusses key topics like adsorption applications, adsorption vs absorption, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Examples are provided on modeling adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The importance of calculating thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy is highlighted. First-order and second-order kinetic models are introduced to study adsorption kinetics.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
This document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water treatment and wastewater. AOPs involve generating strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals that react with organic contaminants in water. There are several AOP technologies including ozone/ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet irradiation, and Fenton's reaction. While AOPs have been implemented in some industries, their commercial use is still limited due to relatively high costs. The document provides examples of different AOP technologies and references for further information.
This document outlines the topics and assessment schedule for a course on advanced sanitary engineering. The key topics covered include the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wastewater, fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment, suspended growth treatment systems, and attached growth biological treatment systems. Student performance will be evaluated based on quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam.
Graphene is a one-atom thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It is the strongest material known and has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. There are two main methods to produce graphene - mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition. Graphene has many potential applications, including solar panels, batteries, composites, and electronics. While graphene shows promise, challenges remain in producing large quantities of high quality graphene material for integration into commercial applications.
This document provides guidelines for collecting water and wastewater samples for analysis, including ensuring representative samples, clean sampling equipment, and proper sample containers. It discusses filling containers, composite sampling, and recording critical sample information. Special precautions are outlined for trace metals, organic compounds, and other unstable constituents. Safety considerations like personal protective equipment and hazardous sample labeling are also covered. The guidelines aim to obtain samples that accurately represent the water body and can be reliably analyzed without deterioration prior to testing.
Treatment of waste water using photocatalysis ti o2Muhammad Mudassir
This document discusses the treatment of wastewater using photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2). It provides background on wastewater sources and contaminants. Wastewater treatment methods include physical, biological and chemical (tertiary treatment using photocatalysis). The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 is described where UV light excites the TiO2, generating electrons and holes that produce radicals to degrade organic pollutants. Experimental results show the degradation of S2O3 contaminant over time is greater with both UV light and TiO2 than with just UV light. The conclusions state that nanotechnology and solar light can enable practical wastewater treatment solutions.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Graphene Presentation
Graphene is a two-dimensional material made of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It was first isolated and characterized in 2004. Some key properties of graphene include its strength, flexibility, conductivity, and ability to self-repair. Potential applications of graphene mentioned in the document include ultra-fast electronics, DNA sequencing, batteries, desalination membranes, bulletproof materials, and medical devices. Graphene is seen as an important material that could enable many new technologies in the 21st century due to its unique properties and low cost of production.
Graphene Syntheis and Characterization for Raman Spetroscopy At High PressureNicolasMORAL
This document summarizes Nicolas Moral's thesis on synthesizing and characterizing single- and double-layer graphene using two methods under high pressure conditions. The first method deposits graphene flakes onto silicon dioxide substrates using mechanical exfoliation, while the second uses free-standing graphene grown on a copper grid. Both methods allow for optical identification and Raman spectral confirmation of graphene layers. While characterization is complete, challenges remain in reliably transferring the graphene samples for high pressure experiments.
Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It has unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. In 2004, Geim and Novoselov developed the "scotch tape" method to isolate single-atom thick graphene sheets from graphite. This discovery led to the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Graphene is synthesized through exfoliation of graphite or epitaxial growth on metal substrates. Potential future applications of graphene include use in biological engineering, optical electronics like touchscreens, ultrafiltration, photovoltaics, composite materials, and supercapacitors.
This document provides an overview of carbon footprints and activities to teach about them. It defines a carbon footprint as a measure of greenhouse gases produced per year. Primary carbon footprints are directly from energy consumption while secondary are from consumed products. Examples are classified as primary or secondary. A person's carbon footprint is examined, with the highest from home energy use. Suggestions to reduce the footprint include using less private transport and flights. A musical task examines classifying trains as a primary or secondary carbon footprint.
Petroleum coke is a byproduct of the oil refining process with a high calorific value and lower cost than coal. It can be used in cement production, with limitations on the amount used due to its high sulfur content. Using petcoke up to 24% as a substitute for existing fuel in a cement plant can maintain acceptable sulfur ratios and volatile matter levels in the clinker and coal mix, while lowering fuel costs. However, its abrasive nature and difficulty burning require modifications to equipment for effective utilization in kilns and calciners.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
The document contains information about paper production in India. It provides statistics on the number of paper and pulp mills operating in India, their installed capacity and production levels. It also lists the main constituents found in hyposludge, results from a particle size analysis test, and chemical composition testing of cement. Compressive strength testing results are presented for cement cubes at 7 and 14 days.
This document discusses the Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL) Lifecare company and its effluent treatment plant. HLL Lifecare operates two factories in Trivandrum, India - one in Peroorkada that produces condoms and one in Akkulam that produces other medical products. The effluent treatment plant at Peroorkada uses various tanks and processes like lime mixing, FeCl3 mixing, aeration, settling, and filtration to treat wastewater before recycling or disposal. Sludge from the treatment plant is dried on beds and could potentially be used to make bricks.
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing hypo sludge as a partial cement replacement in concrete for rural road construction. Some key points:
- Hypo sludge is an industrial waste from paper mills that causes environmental issues if not properly utilized. The study examines using it in concrete to reduce costs.
- Five concrete mixes were tested with hypo sludge replacing cement from 0-40%. Compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and cost were evaluated.
- Results showed strength generally decreased with higher replacement levels but 10% replacement performed similarly to the control mix.
- A cement concrete pavement for a rural road in India with 500 vehicles/day was designed using one of
Study on mechanical properties of concrete with industrial wasteseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of Industrial waste, construction waste, agriculture waste, commercial waste etc... In concrete plays a vital role in minimizing the disposal problems. Over 300 million tons of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials poses problems of disposal, health hazards and aesthetic problem. Hypo Sludge (HS) is a waste material produced from paper industry that can used as a cement replacement material in concrete since the lime content in the sludge is large. Copper slag is a waste material produced from copper manufacturing process and this can be used as a replacement material for fine aggregate (sand) since the particle size similar to sand. During the present study, an attempt had been made to study the mechanical properties of concrete in which Hypo sludge and Copper slag were as a replacement material for cement and fine aggregate respectively. Replacement percentage used during this study were 10%, 20% and 30% of Hypo sludge for cement. Fine aggregate was replaced with 30%, 40% and 50% of Copper slag. Compressive strength of cubes were found on 7th, 28th and 56th days. Split tensile strengths of the cylinders were found on 28th and 56th days. Flexural strengths of prism specimens were found on 28th day. It has been found that usage of Hypo sludge and Copper slag as a replacement material has beneficial effects on the Mechanical properties of concrete.
Keywords: Hypo sludge, Copper slag, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.
Different Wastewater treatment processes and developmentshhhoaib
An attempt to compare and review the potential future use of three aerobic biological systems, namely:
Conventional Activated Sludge Process (CASP),
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR),
and Packed-Bed Biofilm Reactor (PBBR)
for on-site treatment of wastewater from residential complexes.
This document outlines two ways to record a PowerPoint presentation: from within PowerPoint using Camtasia Studio's recording toolbar, or directly within Camtasia Studio. It describes the recording setup process, controlling the recording during playback, and options for stopping, continuing, cancelling or producing the recording after completion.
The document discusses the early history of taxonomy from ancient civilizations like China, Egypt, and Greece. It notes that the earliest traces of taxonomy come from Shen Nung, an emperor of China from around 3000 BC who introduced herbal medicine and acupuncture. It then outlines several ancient Greek and Roman figures like Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Plinius who made important contributions to early plant classification systems between 400 BC to 79 AD by grouping species based on characteristics like growth form and medicinal properties. Their work helped establish foundations for modern plant taxonomy.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo. El embargo prohibiría las importaciones de petróleo ruso por mar y por oleoducto, aunque se concederían exenciones temporales a Hungría y Eslovaquia. El objetivo es aumentar la presión económica sobre Rusia para que ponga fin a su invasión de Ucrania.
This document discusses procedures for calibrating and analyzing test items and scores for the Nation's Report Card assessment. It outlines protocols for quality control of constructed and multiple choice questions, as well as statistical analysis methods and considerations for interpreting results. The document also provides references to resources from the National Center for Education Statistics and American Institutes for Research on validation research for the National Assessment of Educational Progress.
This document provides information about contractor licensing exams administered by PSI in Virginia. It outlines the exam registration and scheduling process, exam content and references, exam day policies, and instructions for applying for licensure after passing the exam. Candidates must pass a specialized exam in their area of contracting to become licensed. PSI works with Virginia to develop and administer the exams according to standards.
London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and is known for its iconic symbols like red buses, black taxis, and the underground metro system. Some of the most famous landmarks in London include Buckingham Palace, guarded by soldiers who cannot smile; the Tower of London, originally used as a prison; and Big Ben, the famous clock tower on the Houses of Parliament building located along the River Thames.
DKM HIMAGE - ITS adalah departemen yang bertanggung jawab atas pelaksanaan acara besar HIMAGE seperti Geolympic dan Simposium Nasional. Pada tahun ini, program kerja departemen hanya Simposium Nasional sedangkan Geolympic akan dilaksanakan pada tahun berikutnya. DKM juga bekerja sama dengan organisasi lain seperti BEM FTSP dan BEM ITS untuk menyelaraskan jadwal kegiatan.
Laporan pendahuluan ini membahas tentang asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan resiko bunuh diri di RSJD Amin Gondohutomo Semarang. Resiko bunuh diri dapat disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, biologis, dan psikososial seperti depresi, kehilangan, penyakit kronis, dan tekanan lingkungan. Keperawatan perlu mengkaji faktor-faktor resiko seperti jenis kelamin, usia, status perkawinan, riwayat kel
This document contains 25 multiple choice questions that appear to be part of a licensing exam for contractors in Virginia. The questions cover topics like who approves construction documents, required licenses for different types of construction projects, regulations around erosion control plans and open trenches, and details of the transaction recovery fund.
Dropbox is a free service that automatically syncs and saves files across a user's computers and mobile devices. Any file saved to the Dropbox folder on one device is instantly available on all other linked devices. After installing Dropbox, a special folder is created to store and access synced files from anywhere using an internet connection. Files dragged into this folder will sync across all devices and the Dropbox website.
This document proposes a technical solution that uses electrostimulation and sensors to help manage negative motivation and improve the effectiveness of human efforts. It involves developing an electrostimulator, sensor access control, and financial block. The funds raised would be used to produce and promote these devices and their applications across various industries for training, health, games, and more. The founders believe this scalable solution can trick the unconscious brain to drive behavior change.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This research article examines the utilization of brine sludge waste from chlor-alkali manufacturing in nonstructural building materials like paver blocks and bricks. The authors characterize the chemical and physical properties of the brine sludge and investigate its effects when added to cement-fly ash binders at different concentrations. They find that brine sludge can be safely added up to 35% for paver blocks and 25% for bricks without negatively impacting the engineering properties of the final products. Leachability studies also show that metals and impurities in the sludge become immobilized within the hardened matrix. The use of brine sludge in construction materials provides an alternative solution to disposal and reduces pollution from this industrial waste.
This research article examines the utilization of brine sludge, a waste product from chlor-alkali manufacturing, in nonstructural building components like paver blocks and bricks to provide a sustainable waste management solution. The article characterizes the properties of brine sludge and investigates its effect when added in varying concentrations to cement-fly ash binders. Test results show that brine sludge can be safely utilized up to 35% for paver blocks and 25% for bricks. Leachability studies confirm that metals and impurities in the sludge become immobilized in the hardened matrices and do not readily leach out. The use of brine sludge in construction materials could serve as an alternative to disposal and reduce pollution
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Geopolymer Composite with Dye SludgeIRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental investigation into a geopolymer composite containing dye sludge. Specifically:
- A geopolymer composite was produced using a metakaolin-based geopolymer mineral matrix mixed with epoxy resin and dye sludge. Testing found it had properties making it suitable for restoration applications.
- Compatibility tests on tuff and concrete substrates found the composite formed a continuous phase with the substrates, indicating high compatibility. This suggests potential applications in cultural heritage restoration.
- The study aims to utilize industrial wastes like dye sludge and reduce environmental impacts of disposal. Previous studies incorporating similar wastes into cement and construction materials are briefly reviewed.
IRJET- Effects of Varying Recycled Glass and Groundnut Shell Ash on Strength ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of incorporating recycled glass and groundnut shell ash (GSA) on the strength and durability properties of self-consolidating high performance concrete (SCHPC). Concrete cubes containing varying percentages (0-40%) of recycled glass as aggregate and GSA as a binder additive were produced and tested. Test results showed that SCHPC incorporating GSA and recycled glass had improved rheological and mechanical properties compared to the control concrete when cured in calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate solutions. Incorporating these waste materials in SCHPC can provide environmental benefits while also improving concrete properties.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GREEN CONCRETE WHILE USING RECYCLED AGGREGATES, SILICA F...IRJET Journal
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IRJET- Utilization of Waste Plastic as Partial Replacement of Fine and Coarse...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on utilizing waste plastic as a partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete blocks. Tests were performed on concrete cubes and cylinders with plastic replacements of 0-20%. Results showed that as plastic replacement increased, slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength decreased. However, concrete with 5-5% and 10-10% plastic replacement achieved strengths suitable for applications like pathways and external walls. Higher plastic replacements produced lighter concrete suitable for non-structural uses. Thus, plastic waste can partially replace aggregates in concrete, reducing costs and environmental impacts while enabling various construction applications.
IRJET - Application of Geopolymer Concrete in Construction of Green BuildingIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the use of geopolymer concrete as a more sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete for building construction. Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial byproducts like fly ash and rice husk ash activated by alkaline solutions, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. The study aims to produce geopolymer concrete using fly ash and rice husk ash as binder materials, with M25 grade mix design. Specimens will be tested for compressive strength at 14 and 28 days of curing at ambient temperature.
3. Literature reviewed suggests geopolymer concrete can successfully utilize industrial waste, reduce cement usage and CO2 emissions, while achieving comparable or improved mechanical properties over Portland cement concrete
This document discusses using waste materials in concrete to make it more sustainable. It provides an overview of research on replacing portions of cement with waste products like fly ash, steel slag, and hypo sludge. Using these materials provides environmental benefits by reducing pollution from cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document also reviews literature on how different waste materials can be used when making concrete and their effects on the concrete's properties. It emphasizes the need for more research and government standards before these alternative materials can be widely used in construction.
IRJET- Alkaline Activation of Fly Ash: An OverviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses the alkaline activation of fly ash to enhance its properties for construction applications. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants and large quantities are produced worldwide. Alkaline activation can improve properties like strength, durability, and reduce environmental impacts. The document reviews various activation techniques including mechanical, chemical and thermal methods. It finds that activation enhances properties and allows more uses of fly ash in construction materials as an alternative to Portland cement, helping reduce costs and CO2 emissions.
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF METAKIOLIN AND GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
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This document summarizes a study that examined using micro zeolite combined with coagulants and coagulant aids to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study tested different dosages of polyaluminum chloride (PAC), alum, and ferric chloride combined with micro zeolite and a polymer. The micro zeolite was tested at different particle sizes. The combination of PAC and micro zeolite achieved the highest removal rates for suspended solids (99.7%), color (96%), chemical oxygen demand (76%), and ammoniacal nitrogen (68%) with a settling time of 30 minutes.
Analysis on utilization of cement kiln dust stabilized red mud for road const...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing the utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) stabilized red mud for road construction. Red mud is a solid waste from alumina production that is expensive to dispose of. The study mixed red mud with 2-12% CKD by dry weight and tested the unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, and California bearing ratio at curing periods from 1 to 28 days. Results showed strength values increased with higher CKD content up to 8%, beyond which strength decreased. The 8% CKD mixture achieved the highest strength at all curing periods and showed potential for use as sub-base or sub-grade material in road construction.
Influence of Recycling Waste Glass as Fine Aggregate on the Concrete Properti...Shakerqaidi
This document discusses a study on the influence of recycling waste glass as a fine aggregate in concrete. Waste glass was crushed into a powder and used to replace fine aggregate at rates of 15%, 30%, and 50%. The fresh and hardened properties of the concrete mixtures were then tested. The fresh properties tested included slump, while the hardened properties tested were compressive strength, tensile strength, and density. The study found that replacing fine aggregate with glass powder at 30% led to a small increase in compressive strength and a larger increase in tensile strength compared to normal concrete, while maintaining acceptable slump. Higher replacement rates saw decreasing strengths. The aim was to evaluate using waste glass powder as a partial substitute for natural fine aggregate
AN EXPERMENTAL STUDY OF RECYCLED CONCRETE WITH POLYPORPYLENE FIBERAM Publications
Civil Engineering constructions have to use of recycled materials for permanent sustainable development of
country. For that reason in this paper represents the contribution of devoted strength of concrete made of recycled
aggregates with polypropylene fiber. Concrete mixes with 25%, 30% and 35% of recycled aggregates with additions of
polypropylene fiber 20 μ and 5 cm length of various percentages as 0%, 0.5% and 1% by the volume of cement on M20
grade of cement. As per Indian standards have tested compressive strengths and tensile strength at 1, 7 and 28 days. The
results are clearly indicated that 1% fiber with 25% recycled materials is producing high strength of concrete and in
addition of fiber to improve the elasticity and reduce shrinkage cracks.
This document summarizes research on biomass aggregate geopolymer concrete in Malaysia. The research explored using biomass aggregate and fly ash to produce self-compacting geopolymer concrete as an alternative to Portland cement concrete. The highest compressive strength achieved was 80 MPa with a slump flow of 530 mm. Geopolymer concrete specimens had lower water penetration and less cracking in acid tests compared to Portland cement concrete. The geopolymer concrete also exhibited less strength reduction when exposed to acid.
Comparative Study of Concrete by Using Glass Powder and Coconut Shell Ash by ...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the use of glass powder and coconut shell ash as partial replacements for cement in concrete. More than 108 concrete specimens were prepared with 0-12.5% replacements to study the effect on properties. Testing showed compressive strength initially increased up to a 10% replacement before decreasing, while split tensile and flexural strengths increased up to a 7.5% replacement. The study concluded coconut shell ash and glass powder can partially replace cement at 10% for compressive strength and 7.5% for other properties to provide an eco-friendly and sustainable use of waste materials in concrete construction.
This document summarizes a research study on the prospects of using recycled coarse aggregate for concrete production in Nigeria. The study replaced the coarse aggregate component of normal concrete with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% recycled coarse aggregate. Results showed that workability, density, compressive strength and flexural strength decreased with increased recycled coarse aggregate content. However, concrete with 100% recycled coarse aggregate met the minimum strength requirements for plain low-strength concrete elements without additives. The study recommends using recycled coarse aggregate concrete for plain, low-strength concrete building elements. This could help reuse demolished construction waste and reduce environmental and health risks from extracting new aggregates.
Performance of Soft Soil Stabilized by Fly Ash with Natural Fiber Reinforceme...AM Publications
The use of clay as a landfill cover system is a choice of alternative materials that are widely used in almost all the existing landfill system in Indonesia and in the world. In addition to the relatively low cost of procurement is also available in almost all regions in Indonesia. However, alternative reliable overburden landfills has not been much discussed and researched. The purpose of this study is to design an ideal final cover layer landfill technically and mechanically. The results showed that the addition of fly ash and palm oil fiber (POF) between 10% of fly ash and 0.5% of POF can enhance the mechanical value of soils. the compressive strength of soils increase from 39.4 kPa to 89.0 kPa or rose by 129%, decreasing the value of soil hydraulic conductivity is to be 1,2x10-7 from the initial value of 1,17x10-6 or decreased by 850.4%, increase in soil friction angle of 8.55° to 24 °, and lowering the soil liquid limit of 33.48% to 24.5%, decreasing of swelling potential of 8 % to only 1.5% at the end of the wetting cycle, reduce the cracking intensity factor (CIF) from 1.96% to zero cracks. Mechanical behavior is heavily influenced by the nature of fly ash which has of a small water absorption and change the water in the soil for the pozzolanic reaction and produce calcium hydrate silica (CSH), in which the reaction is to form granules (binder) in the soil so that the soil becomes dense and hard, while palm oil fiber have cellulose and lignin as dominant compounds that tend to have high water absorption but serves to strengthen the fiber tensile force between the fibers and the soils surface due to adhesion forces so that the soil is not easily collapse and reduce the potential shrinkages and cracking of the soils.
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Utilization of waste paper sludge in construction industry
1. A report on
“UTILIZATION OF WASTE PAPER SLUDGE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY”
In partial completion of course on
Recent Advances in Construction Materials (CEL768)
Submitted by
Sandeep Jain (2014CET2226)
Submitted to
Dr. Shashank Bishnoi
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi
2. 1. Synopsis
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on
characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties,
activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible
utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture,
partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production
of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order
to encash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
2. Introduction
Due to exponential growth of population in recent years, resulting in greater demand for
construction and thus increasing pressure on utilization natural resources causing their acute
shortage. Cement is one of the main materials used by construction industry in large volumes and
its production leads to significant emission of carbon-dioxide; production of one ton of cement
emits approximately one ton of carbon-dioxide. Various researches are being carried in order to
achieve some replacement of cement clinker with other industrial by-products having pozzolanic
properties and hydraulic activity as supplementary cementitious admixtures (Segui et al., 2012).
Some of the successfully tested and used industrial wastes are fly ash, ground granulated blast
furnace slag, silica fume, etc. which offers benefits like potential savings in natural resources and
energy, reduction in impact of CO2 emission, and re-use of wastes which otherwise would have
been used as landfill and might require a waste management program.
One such industrial by-product is waste paper sludge from the paper manufacturing. This is
also commonly known by the names like paper de-inking sludge (García et al., 2007),
wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) (Segui et al., 2012), and hypo-sludge (Pitroda et al., 2013). The
Fig.1 shows global paper production (region-wise) in the year 2013. Bajpai P. (2015) has
reported that about 300 kilograms of dry sludge is generated in manufacturing of one tonne of
paper, and this amount greatly varies within different regions, due to change in recycling rates.
García et al. (2007) suggests that recycling to manufacture new paper is only possible for three to
eight cycles, residual sludge obtained beyond which must be discarded. At present, this residual
sludge is generally deposited in landfills causing disposal and environmental pollution problem
or is incinerated for recovery of energy, and is also used by ceramic industry and as agriculture
compost.
3. Fig. 1. Global Paper Production 2013 (By Region) (Source: PPI)
Owing to such a high volume of waste and its potential for re-use, the construction industry
presents a large forefront in recycling and reusing of waste paper sludge; which shall not only
solve the waste management problem, but may also serve as new resource for construction
industry.
3. Background
Although many possible re-uses of waste paper sludge in construction industry are reported in
the literature, the foremost use of this by-product is reported as a supplementary cementitious
material for partial replacement of cement in concrete production. In this portion of the report, an
overview is provided on characterization of waste paper sludge, activation mechanisms,
pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinetics and its effect on durability of concrete. An effort is also
made to dwell upon the other possible re-uses of waste paper sludge.
3.1. Characterization of waste paper sludge
As waste paper sludge produced at source has a high water content ranging from 40-70%, and
must be dried before processing to resolve handling, incineration and shipping issues. The
composition of waste paper sludge varies largely depending on the grade of paper, raw material,
processing technique, quantity and quality of recycled paper used. Segui et al. (2012) carried out
characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties
as generalized below.
3.1.1. Physical Properties
To be able to re-use waste paper sludge in any application, it becomes prudent to know its
various physical characteristics like specific gravity, and fineness, particle size distribution. The
specific gravity is determined by hydrostatic weighting in kerosene (non-reactive liquid) found to
be in the range of 2.5 to 3 g/cm3. Blaine fineness shows widely varying results from 3000 to
4. 6000 cm2/g. The particle size distribution can be determined by using wet sieving and highly
inconsistent and dependent on grinding. The color is light to medium gray and may vary as per
raw composition.
As per the SEM observations (Fig.2a) by Segui et al. (2012) and (Fig.2b) by García et al.
(2007), the particles of waste paper sludge are highly porous. Various other researchers have also
observed that the particle were porous and gets agglomerated. This porosity of waste paper
sludge could lead to the increased water and plasticizer demand causing workability issues if
used in concrete production.
Fig. 2a & 2b. SEM Observation for Waste Paper Sludge by Segui et al. (2012) and García et al. (2007) respectively
3.1.2. Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of waste paper sludge is compiled in Table 1 based on the finding
of literature review. Dry waste paper sludge is formed mainly of calcium oxide (CaO), silica
(SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3) constituting to about 40-50% of total, with other oxides constituting
even less than 2% of total, except magnesium oxide (MgO) with a content of 4%. Some traces of
chloride ions and other metals like zinc; copper; lead; barium and chromium may also be present
sometimes depending upon the industrial whitening method used. All the authors have reported
significant amount of loss on ignition (LOI). The chemical composition is found to be dependent
on the temperature and time of calcination.
3.1.3. Mineralogical Composition
XRD techniques are generally employed for characterization of mineralogical composition of
waste paper sludge. The mineralogical composition consists of 2 fractions as organic and
5. inorganic. Organic part is cellulose (C12H20O10), and inorganic part comprises mainly of
crystalline mineral compounds like calcite (CaCO3), kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O), free lime
(CaO), quartz (SiO2) and talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (Frías et al., 2014) (Fig. 4). Gluth et al. (2013)
and Segui et al. (2012) also detected gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) as main crystalline mineral phase
and presence of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is confirmed by Gluth et al. (2013) (Fig. 5a and 5b).
Table 1: Chemical Composition of Waste Paper Sludge
Oxide (%) CaO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 TiO2 Na2O SO3 K2O P2O5 LOI
Frías et al. (2014)
700˚C/2h
40.2 22.3 14.6 2.4 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 18.52
Gluth et al. (2013)
*
44.18 22.33 11.97 2.42 0.59 0.36 0.24 3.64 0.40 - 13.34
Segui et al. (2012)
850˚C
45.5 28.0 13.2 4.0 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.4 5.7
García et al. (2007)
700˚C/2h
47.1 13.9 8.3 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 26.7
* Temperature not given by author.
Fig. 3. Ternary diagram for Waste Paper Sludge (Segui et al., 2012)
6. Fig. 4. XRD patterns showing mineralogical composition Waste Paper Sludge at different calcination temperature
(Frías et al., 2014)
Fig. 5a. XRD patterns for un-hydrated Waste Paper Sludge. T: talc, CH: portlandite, Q: quartz, Cc: calcite, G: gehlenite,
C: lime, C3A: tricalcium aluminate, C2S: belite (Gluth et al., 2013)
7. Fig. 5b. XRD patterns for Waste Paper Sludge. α: calcium silicate, c: calcite, g: gehlenite, L: free lime, m: merwinite,
M: mayenite (Segui et al., 2012)
4. Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Concrete production
The foremost application of waste paper sludge in construction industry is in concrete
production; as a supplementary cementitious material, or as partial replacement of binder or as
hydraulic mineral admixture.
Outcomes of various research shows that waste paper sludge when calcined for two hours at
around 650-750ºC, facilitate the production of metakaolin; which is highly reactive in nature and
having pozzolanic properties.
García et al. (2007) studied the pozzolanic properties of paper sludge waste and carried out
experiments by comparing the pure OPC with blend of 90% OPC plus 10% waste paper sludge.
They concluded that at calcination temperature and time of 700ºC and 2 hour respectively,
organic matter disappear and waste paper sludge become active by transforming kaolinite into
metakaolinite. They compared their results at varying calcination temperature and time period
with commercially available metakaolin (Fig. 6). This calcined product exhibit high pozzolanic
reactivity. The results also shows significant increase in compressive strength by 10%
replacement as waste paper sludge (Fig. 7), accelerated initial setting period, reduction in SO3
percentage.
8. Waste paper sludge has also shown positive results as hydraulic binder. Segui et al. (2012) has
experimented on utilization of waste paper sludge as hydraulic binder by preparing a paste with
water with water to binder ratio of 0.5. The result shows satisfactory 28 days strength
development with hydration of waste paper sludge leading to setting and hardening of paste.
They have further concluded that first the lime gets hydrated to calcium hydroxide resulting in
favorable alkaline environment for other phases to react to form C-S-H gel. Although some
limitations are also highlighted like presence of metallic aluminium may lead to expansion, also
presence of free lime could result in unsoundness.
Fig. 6. Pozzolanic activity of calcined Waste Paper Sludge with commercial metakaolin (García et al., 2007)
Fig. 7. Comparison of Compressive Strength (García et al., 2007)
Gluth et al. (2013) carried out extensive research on reaction products and strength
development of waste paper sludge activated with water and alkalis (NaOH and KOH) and found
that monocarboaluminate (CO3-AFm) is the principle reaction production in both the cases.
Small amount of CSH is also detected. Strength gain and formation of monocarboaluminate is
rapid for waste paper sludge activated by alkalis for 1 day curing but slower thereafter. Whereas
9. for water activated waste paper sludge the compressive strength is found to be twice higher for
28 days of curing while flexural strength is almost the same (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Strength of Waste Paper Sludge mortars: (a) Compressive (b) Flexural (Gluth et al., 2013)
In the recent review paper published by Frías et al. (2014), efforts are made to utilize waste
paper sludge as an eco-friendly and economical viable supplementary cementitious material in
cement production. They also highlighted the influence of activation condition on pozzolanic
properties, dependency of reaction kinetics on time and content of waste paper sludge, and
durability of cement blended with waste paper sludge. Their results are in-line with the finding of
other researchers like with varying temperature and calcination time the mineralogical
composition varies (Fig. 4). They reported that waste paper sludge when activated by calcination,
exhibits comparatively high pozzolanic reactivity (Fig. 9) than silica fume (SF), metakaolin
(MK), and fly ash (FA). Their result for rheological properties of blended cements with activated
waste paper sludge shows a considerable reduction in workability primarily due to presence of
free lime and calcite content, confirming the increased plasticizer and water demand, more
intensely with increasing calcination temperature and time period. Also a significant reduction in
initial setting time is noticed for blended cement (Fig. 10). Efforts are also made to determine the
effects of blending of waste paper sludge on mechanical strength and an improvement is
recorded up to 20% addition of activated waste paper sludge (Fig. 11). Other than physical and
mechanical properties, they also carried out durability assessment against chemically aggressive
environment, and blends shows improved resistance. Freeze-thaw resistance is also found to be
highly improved by use of activated waste paper sludge with cement (Fig. 12).
10. Fig. 9. Pozzolanic reactivity of Waste Paper Sludge (Frías et al., 2014)
Fig. 10. Initial setting time variation for 10% blended cement (Frías et al., 2014)
Fig. 11. Relative Compressive strength vs. curing duration for paste containing 0%, 10%, and 20% Waste Paper Sludge
(Frías et al., 2014)
11. Fig. 12. Improved resistance to freeze-thaw cycles for blended cement with Waste Paper Sludge (Frías et al., 2014)
5. Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Structural Ceramic and Clay Brick production
Another feasible alternative for utilization of waste paper sludge is possible in production of
clay bricks or structural ceramic. In the recent analysis carried out by Cusidó et al. (2015),
confirmed that clay brick production with partial addition of waste paper sludge is a technically
feasible solution. They used binary mixture of clay and waste paper sludge under various
formulations to study the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the new material. The
waste paper sludge used by them has almost similar properties as described above. The outcome
for the research shows improvement in the thermal and acoustical insulation of material, which
can be attributed to the porous structure of waste paper sludge due to high presence of organic
compound like cellulose and also to presence of free lime (CaO). Results of compressive
strength for various blends ranging from 0% to 25% replacement with an interval of 5%, exceeds
10MPa (recommended) mark with an average strength of 39Mpa but overall decrease in
mechanical strength. However this fragility can be compensated by increased ductility of new
product. The thermal conductivity of material decreased with increment in percentage
replacement with extreme reduction of 38%, although the study shows drastic increment (300%
increment) of water absorption in new product. The new product does not emit any inorganic and
volatile organic compounds (VOC) material and has similar quality as conventional product.
This study thus depicts and paves the way for future research work for utilization of waste paper
sludge in various other applications in construction industry and can significantly economize the
production of various construction materials.
12. 6. Conclusions
The paradigm of information reported hereunder regarding the utilization of waste paper
sludge by construction industry, shows a strong technical feasibility for its re-use especially in
production of concrete as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial
replacement of cement, in ternary blends cements as activator, and also as raw material for clay
brick manufacturing, production of structural ceramics, soil stabilization in road works etc.
Based on the limited understanding of waste paper sludge, following sets of conclusion can be
drawn from the foregoing.
1. Based on the characterization by various researchers, waste paper sludge has highly varying
chemical and mineralogical composition, primarily contains calcium oxide (CaO), silica
(SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3) and presence of other mineral and metal oxides depends on raw
material, processing technique, grade of paper, quality and quantity of recycled paper used.
2. It has porous structure which can be attributed to presence of free lime and alumina. On one
hand this high porosity can be a worrying characteristic if waste paper sludge is used for
concrete production and might cause workability issues, increased water and plasticizer
demand, and on other hand could enable the utilization of waste paper sludge for soil
stabilization in road works and can drastically improve the thermal and acoustic insulation
when used in production of clay bricks. Hydrogen generated by reaction of metallic
aluminium causes expansion in cement based material. It also shows a higher loss on ignition
(LOI) value.
3. Researchers report that activation of waste paper sludge is highly dependent on activation
temperature and time period of activation. However once perfectly activated, it shows high
hydraulic and pozzolanic reactivity (both for water-activated and alkali-activated) fairly
comparable to commercially available metakaoline, and silica fume. Presence of portlandite is
also reported and successful use of such waste paper sludge is demonstrated for self-activation
and activator for other pozzolanic materials like GGBS in ternary blend cements.
4. Depending on the activation condition and quantum of replacement, waste paper sludge shows
dual behavior on compressive strength of concrete. However, a judicious use up to 10% to
20% has shown significant gain in compressive strength. Initial setting time is also found to
be accelerated with utilization of waste paper sludge and can be attributed to presence of
organic matters like cellulose.
13. 5. From the durability point of view, it show improved resistance to aggressive chemical
environment and resistance against freeze-thaw cycles has also increase significantly.
Finally, it can be concluded that the re-use of waste paper sludge can significantly economize
the production of various construction materials and shall mutually benefit both the paper and
construction industry. Its judicious use can facilitate both socio-economic and environmental
benefits by reducing pressure on degrading natural resources.
7. References
Bajpai, P. (2015) “Generation of Waste in Pulp and Paper Mills”, Springer International
Publishing Switzerland (2015) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11788-1_2
Cusidó, J.A.; Cremades, L.V.; Soriano, C.; Devant, M. (2015) “Incorporation of Paper Sludge in
Clay Brick Formulation: Ten years of Industrial Experience”, Applied Clay Science, Vol. 108
(2015) 191–198
Frías, M.; Rodríguez, O.; Sánchez de Rojas, M.I. (2014) “Paper Sludge, an Environmentally
Sound Alternative Source of MK-based Cementitious Materials. A review”, Construction and
Building Materials, Vol. 74 (2015) 37–48
Gluth, J.G.G.; Lehmann, C.; Rübner K.; Kühne H. (2013) “Reaction Products and Strength
Development of Wastepaper Sludge Ash and the Influence of Alkalis”, Cement & Concrete
Composites, Vol. 45 (2014) 82–88
Segui, P.; Aubert, J.E.; Husson, B.; Measson, M. (2012) “Characterization of Wastepaper Sludge
Ash for its Valorization as a Component of Hydraulic Binders”, Applied Clay Science, Vol.
57 (2012) 79–85
García, R.; Vigil de la Villa, R.; Vegas, I.; Frías, M.; Sánchez de Rojas, M.I. (2007) “The
Pozzolanic Properties of Paper Sludge Waste”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22
(2008) 1484–1490