The document presents research on the effect of potassium chloride (KCl) on blended cement concrete (BCC). Tests were conducted on BCC with KCl concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 14 g/l added to deionized water. The results showed that increasing KCl concentration caused retardation of initial and final cement setting times. Compressive strengths of BCC at 28 and 90 days generally increased with higher KCl concentrations, with a significant strength increase observed at 10 g/l KCl. Chloride ion permeability of BCC decreased as KCl concentration increased. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on BCC with 10 g/l KCl to deionized water.
This document presents the results of a study on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with three different cement types: ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), and Portland slag cement (PSC). Specimens were cured in normal water or artificial seawater for periods up to 365 days. The study found that PPC and PSC concretes experienced lower drying shrinkage compared to OPC concrete in both curing conditions. Additionally, blended cement concretes exhibited better workability than OPC concrete. The improved performance of blended cement composites is attributed to the pozzolanic reactions and filler effect of supplementary cementitious materials in PPC and PSC.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of salt water on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were cast using both fresh water and salt water (35g of salts per liter of water), and cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength was then tested. The results showed that concrete cubes cast and cured with salt water had slightly higher compressive strengths compared to those cast and cured with fresh water at all ages. At 28 days, the compressive strengths were 39.12 MPa for fresh water cubes and 41.34 MPa for salt water cubes. The study concluded that there is no reduction and even a small increase in compressive strength when salt water is used for casting and
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON USAGE OF GREY WATER IN CONCRETE PRODUCTIONAbdulRazakBH
Abstract - An experimental study has been carried out to study the workability and strength behavior of concrete made using grey water and conventional concrete both in fresh and hardened states. To conduct the study, treated water from a treatment plant at two different stages of treatment has been collected and its effect on workability and strength of a mix M20 was studied. Workability was checked by slump and compaction factor method for each set of preparation of the samples. Strength behavior was studied with reference to compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete specimens by destructive methods. The result confirms that the use of secondary treated water will not alter fresh and hardened properties of the concrete significantly when compared with that prepared with potable water. The study also concludes that there may be possibilities of corrosion of reinforcement due to the organic and inorganic impurities present in the grey water. Hence concrete made using grey water is suitable for plain concrete. Key Words: Grey Water, Manufactured sand
This document discusses how the pore size distribution affects drying shrinkage in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC). The main points are:
1) AASC exhibited higher drying shrinkage than OPCC even though OPCC lost more moisture during drying.
2) The pore size distribution of AASC pastes showed a much higher proportion of pores in the mesopore region compared to OPC pastes.
3) The radius of pores where the meniscus forms during drying seems to be a more important factor for shrinkage than the total moisture loss. This supports the theory that capillary tensile forces from drying cause shrinkage.
Concrete is one of the reliable, durable, economical and acceptable construction materials among the building and construction stakeholders worldwide. Performance of concrete could be threatened especially reinforced concrete by some processes such as corrosion, sulfate attack among others. Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete can be induced by carbonation process. Even though carbonation initiates corrosion, it has been gathered that carbonation could still be of immense benefits to building and construction industries if its mechanism of operation is understudied. This research work has therefore investigated the effect of carbonation on some selected mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes. Concrete cubes and beams of M15 grade with 0.5 % water-cement ratio were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes were determined in accordance with the relevant standards. The outcomes show that carbonation improves all the mechanical properties investigated. The use of carbonation can be positively explored in reinforced concrete provided there is adequate nominal cover.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the durability of geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete when exposed to seawater. Two geopolymer concrete mixes using 8M and 14M sodium hydroxide solutions and one ordinary Portland cement concrete mix were prepared. Beams and cylinders made with each concrete mix were partially submerged in seawater and an accelerated corrosion test was performed on the reinforced beams by applying a voltage to induce corrosion. The time until cracking occurred due to corrosion was recorded and used to evaluate the durability performance of the different concrete mixes. The test results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibited better resistance to chloride attack compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This document analyzes the effects of alkaline and acid solutions on the mechanical properties of glass/epoxy composites. It finds that:
1) Immersion in hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions decreases the flexural strength and modulus of the composites over time.
2) The alkaline sodium hydroxide solution promotes a higher decrease in flexural properties than the acid hydrochloric solution.
3) Both solutions also decrease the impact strength of the composites with increased exposure time, with the alkaline solution again having a greater effect.
This document presents the results of a study on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with three different cement types: ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), and Portland slag cement (PSC). Specimens were cured in normal water or artificial seawater for periods up to 365 days. The study found that PPC and PSC concretes experienced lower drying shrinkage compared to OPC concrete in both curing conditions. Additionally, blended cement concretes exhibited better workability than OPC concrete. The improved performance of blended cement composites is attributed to the pozzolanic reactions and filler effect of supplementary cementitious materials in PPC and PSC.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of salt water on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were cast using both fresh water and salt water (35g of salts per liter of water), and cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength was then tested. The results showed that concrete cubes cast and cured with salt water had slightly higher compressive strengths compared to those cast and cured with fresh water at all ages. At 28 days, the compressive strengths were 39.12 MPa for fresh water cubes and 41.34 MPa for salt water cubes. The study concluded that there is no reduction and even a small increase in compressive strength when salt water is used for casting and
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON USAGE OF GREY WATER IN CONCRETE PRODUCTIONAbdulRazakBH
Abstract - An experimental study has been carried out to study the workability and strength behavior of concrete made using grey water and conventional concrete both in fresh and hardened states. To conduct the study, treated water from a treatment plant at two different stages of treatment has been collected and its effect on workability and strength of a mix M20 was studied. Workability was checked by slump and compaction factor method for each set of preparation of the samples. Strength behavior was studied with reference to compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete specimens by destructive methods. The result confirms that the use of secondary treated water will not alter fresh and hardened properties of the concrete significantly when compared with that prepared with potable water. The study also concludes that there may be possibilities of corrosion of reinforcement due to the organic and inorganic impurities present in the grey water. Hence concrete made using grey water is suitable for plain concrete. Key Words: Grey Water, Manufactured sand
This document discusses how the pore size distribution affects drying shrinkage in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC). The main points are:
1) AASC exhibited higher drying shrinkage than OPCC even though OPCC lost more moisture during drying.
2) The pore size distribution of AASC pastes showed a much higher proportion of pores in the mesopore region compared to OPC pastes.
3) The radius of pores where the meniscus forms during drying seems to be a more important factor for shrinkage than the total moisture loss. This supports the theory that capillary tensile forces from drying cause shrinkage.
Concrete is one of the reliable, durable, economical and acceptable construction materials among the building and construction stakeholders worldwide. Performance of concrete could be threatened especially reinforced concrete by some processes such as corrosion, sulfate attack among others. Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete can be induced by carbonation process. Even though carbonation initiates corrosion, it has been gathered that carbonation could still be of immense benefits to building and construction industries if its mechanism of operation is understudied. This research work has therefore investigated the effect of carbonation on some selected mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes. Concrete cubes and beams of M15 grade with 0.5 % water-cement ratio were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes were determined in accordance with the relevant standards. The outcomes show that carbonation improves all the mechanical properties investigated. The use of carbonation can be positively explored in reinforced concrete provided there is adequate nominal cover.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the durability of geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete when exposed to seawater. Two geopolymer concrete mixes using 8M and 14M sodium hydroxide solutions and one ordinary Portland cement concrete mix were prepared. Beams and cylinders made with each concrete mix were partially submerged in seawater and an accelerated corrosion test was performed on the reinforced beams by applying a voltage to induce corrosion. The time until cracking occurred due to corrosion was recorded and used to evaluate the durability performance of the different concrete mixes. The test results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibited better resistance to chloride attack compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This document analyzes the effects of alkaline and acid solutions on the mechanical properties of glass/epoxy composites. It finds that:
1) Immersion in hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions decreases the flexural strength and modulus of the composites over time.
2) The alkaline sodium hydroxide solution promotes a higher decrease in flexural properties than the acid hydrochloric solution.
3) Both solutions also decrease the impact strength of the composites with increased exposure time, with the alkaline solution again having a greater effect.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of sulphuric acid in water on the strength of blended cement concrete. Concrete cubes were produced using mixing and curing water with varying concentrations of sulphuric acid from 100-900 mg/L. The compressive strengths at 28 and 90 days were evaluated and decreased with increasing acid concentration. Regression models were developed that can predict the compressive strength based on the sulphuric acid concentration in water. The setting times of the blended cement also increased significantly with concentrations over 300 mg/L. In conclusion, higher sulphuric acid concentrations in water were found to reduce the strength of blended cement concrete.
Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
This document summarizes a study on the strength and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) placed in a large concrete column. Key findings include:
1) The AASC had improved workability over time compared to ordinary portland cement concrete, with minimal slump loss over 2 hours.
2) The temperature development in the AASC column was similar to a blended cement column and slower than an ordinary portland cement column, with a smaller temperature difference between the interior and exterior.
3) The compressive strength of the AASC column was identical to ordinary portland cement concrete and stronger than blended cement concrete at 28 and 91 days.
4) Embedded strain gauges
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CARBONATION OF SEA WATER CURED BLENDED CONCRETE IAEME Publication
This paper investigates the influence of sea water on pre-cast concrete containing
industrial by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silpozz. The mix design is targeted for
M30 grade concrete. Ten concrete mixtures were designed to have the same degree of
workability with water to cementitious material ratio of 0.43. The studied parameters include
the compressive strength of normal water curing (NWC) and sea water curing (SWC) samples
after 28 days of NWC for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days curing period. The carbonation depth of
concrete samples for 28, 90, 180 and 365 days SWC after 28 days of NWC was measured. It
was found that the higher the FA content the higher is the carbonation process occurred. The
percentage increase in compressive strength for blended cement concrete in NWC is better
than the samples in SWC after 28 days of NWC
This document summarizes a study on the durability and strength properties of high performance self-compacting concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fumes. Seven concrete mixes were prepared with different replacement levels of GGBS (10-30%) and silica fumes (3-9%). Tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, mechanical strength, and rapid chloride permeability of the hardened concrete at various ages. The results showed that the addition of GGBS and silica fumes improved the density and reduced permeability of the self-compacting concrete, leading to enhanced durability, while maintaining adequate compressive and tensile strengths.
The document presents research on the effect of adding silica fume on the strength properties of concrete with partially recycled coarse aggregate. Tests were conducted on M20 and M25 grade concrete with 25% and 50% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. Silica fume was added at levels of 5%, 8%, and 12% as a replacement of cement by weight. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of rupture were tested at various curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength initially increased with up to 8% silica fume then decreased with more silica fume. Concrete with 25% recycled aggregate and 8% silica fume achieved the highest strengths
Effects of Water Quality on Strength Properties of ConcreteIJCMESJOURNAL
This research investigated the effect of different sources of water on the compressive strength of concrete. The waters samples used for the analysis were rain, river and potable water.The chemical compositions of these water qualities and sources were determined, while 18 concrete cubes were produced in the ratio of 1:2:4 using each water quality type. The cubes were cured and crushed at 7, 14 and 28 days using the Farnell Crushing Machine. The compressive strength test was carried out on the cubes and the findings were statistically processed.It was observed that the concrete produced with potable water and river water had their compressive strengths gradually increased with age while the concrete produced with rain water gradually increased too but later decreased in strength at 28 days age. The results indicated that sources of water used in mixing concrete have a significant impact on the compressive strength of the resulting concrete. It concluded by suggesting that potable water is the best water type for concrete production since the concrete cubes obtained from it gained appreciable strength with age. River water could be used for mixing where potable water is scarce. However, other properties such as durability and shrinkage should be considered before use. It was recommended that potable water and water without obvious concrete-inimical substances be used in concrete production.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation on Durability Studies of Concrete by usi...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the durability of concrete made with different types of cements (OPC, PPC, PSC) when cured under normal water, sea water, acid attack, and sulphate attack. Compressive strength was tested at various ages for concrete specimens made with each cement and cured under each condition. For all curing conditions, PSC concrete exhibited the highest compressive strengths compared to OPC and PPC concrete. Under normal water curing, strengths increased with time for all cements, with PSC reaching 38.92 MPa at 120 days. Sea water curing resulted in lower strengths than normal curing. Acid and sulphate attack reduced strengths compared to other curing
This document presents a proposed method for designing high-strength concrete mixes containing silica fume. The method aims to determine mix proportions that achieve compressive strengths between 41-90 MPa, with maximum aggregate sizes of 14-25 mm and silica fume replacements of 5-15% by weight of cement. The method involves fixing the cementitious material at 520 kg/m3 and determining initial superplasticizer dosages, water-cement ratios, and aggregate contents needed to achieve the target strengths through a series of trial mixtures. Forty-five initial trials were used to establish superplasticizer dosages, followed by additional trials to refine the relationships between water-cement ratio, aggregate size and amount, and achieved compress
Effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance ...Ghassan Alhamdany
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Four types of geopolymer concrete with two types of fly ash, with and without nano-silica, were produced and subjected to sulfuric acid, magnesium sulfate, and seawater solutions. The study found that fly ash-based geopolymer concretes showed superior resistance to chemical attacks compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. Among the chemical environments, sulfuric acid was the most aggressive. The addition of nano-silica improved both the durability and residual mechanical strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concretes due to lower porosity
This document contains a declaration for a thesis submitted by Ng Ping Chew in fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree in Civil Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Ng declares that the thesis titled "Comparison of Creep and Shrinkage Using Different Code of Practice" does not contain any confidential information and agrees for it to be published as open access. The declaration is certified by Ng's supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Wahid Omar.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DURABILITY TEST ON POLYMER CONCRETE(PCAshik97
Polymer concretes are a type of concrete that use polymers to replace lime-type cements as a binder.
The polymer is used in addition to portland cement to form Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC).
The composites do not contain hydrated cement phase,although Portland cement used as an aggregate or filler.
Effect of Relative Proportion of Pozzolana on Compressive Strength of Concret...CSCJournals
In this experimental and analytic research, the effect of curing regime on various combinations of silica fume and fly ash was investigated in terms of development of compressive strength. Over 24 mixes were prepared with the water-to-binder ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.25 and with differing percentage of additives used as a combination of 2 or 3 binders. The specimens were subjected to five different curing regimes ranging from continuously water cured to continuously air cured. Results show that it is economical to use a combination of silica fume and fly ash rather than using only silica fume for attaining the same strength level. Poor curing condition adversely affect the strength characteristics of pozzolanic concrete than that of OPC concrete. For silica fume concrete, it is necessary to apply water curing for the initial 7 days to explore pozzolainc activity but it is imperative to cure the fly ash concrete for an extended period to utilize its full potential.
This document studies the suitability of using incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) to produce geopolymer concrete as a partial replacement for fly ash. Key findings include:
1) XRF testing showed that ISSA has high concentrations of SiO2 and Al2O3 similar to fly ash, making it a potential candidate for geopolymer concrete.
2) Concrete made with only ISSA did not develop significant strength, but strength decreased gradually as ISSA percentage increased in mixes partially replacing fly ash up to 20%.
3) Concrete with up to 15% ISSA replacement was considered average quality and absorption, allowing potential use for less strength-critical applications.
4)
IRJET- Evaluation of Water Absorption and Sorptivity Properties of Fly Ash, G...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the water absorption and sorptivity properties of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete with different volume fractions of glass fibers added.
2) Specimens were tested for water absorption at 30 minutes and 24 hours by measuring their saturated and dry masses. Addition of glass fibers decreased absorption rates compared to control geopolymer concrete.
3) Sorptivity testing involved measuring mass changes of specimens exposed to water over time. Sorptivity values, calculated from the slope of mass change vs square root of time, decreased with glass fiber addition, indicating a denser microstructure with fewer interconnected pores.
O documento apresenta o Programa EDUCIMAT, coordenado pela Universidade Federal do Pará, que tem como objetivo a formação continuada de professores de educação básica em ciências e matemática. O programa capacita professores tutores e oferece cursos de formação a distância abordando temas como educação infantil, séries iniciais, ciências e matemática. O programa visa melhorar o ensino nessas áreas no estado do Pará e em outras regiões.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document is a resume for Jason C. Green, who has over 9 years of experience as a directional driller and MWD field engineer specializing in vertical, directional, and horizontal drilling. He has extensive experience manually calculating drilling parameters and monitoring downhole tools. His objective is to obtain a challenging position to further enhance his technical and management skills.
This document discusses the potential for low-cost carriers (LCCs) in Africa. It notes that LCCs have seen slow growth in Africa until recently. Recent developments like new LCCs starting operations and the expansion of existing ones are promising signs. Factors driving this include a changing mindset among African consumers embracing LCC models, legacy carriers recognizing the need to reach more people at lower costs, and the high cost of international travel within Africa previously. If LCCs can profitably serve Africa's growing middle class while managing costs in the region, the future for LCCs in Africa looks positive as governments also recognize their potential to boost access. However, sustained government support and consumer acceptance will be key.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of sulphuric acid in water on the strength of blended cement concrete. Concrete cubes were produced using mixing and curing water with varying concentrations of sulphuric acid from 100-900 mg/L. The compressive strengths at 28 and 90 days were evaluated and decreased with increasing acid concentration. Regression models were developed that can predict the compressive strength based on the sulphuric acid concentration in water. The setting times of the blended cement also increased significantly with concentrations over 300 mg/L. In conclusion, higher sulphuric acid concentrations in water were found to reduce the strength of blended cement concrete.
Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
This document summarizes a study on the strength and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) placed in a large concrete column. Key findings include:
1) The AASC had improved workability over time compared to ordinary portland cement concrete, with minimal slump loss over 2 hours.
2) The temperature development in the AASC column was similar to a blended cement column and slower than an ordinary portland cement column, with a smaller temperature difference between the interior and exterior.
3) The compressive strength of the AASC column was identical to ordinary portland cement concrete and stronger than blended cement concrete at 28 and 91 days.
4) Embedded strain gauges
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CARBONATION OF SEA WATER CURED BLENDED CONCRETE IAEME Publication
This paper investigates the influence of sea water on pre-cast concrete containing
industrial by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silpozz. The mix design is targeted for
M30 grade concrete. Ten concrete mixtures were designed to have the same degree of
workability with water to cementitious material ratio of 0.43. The studied parameters include
the compressive strength of normal water curing (NWC) and sea water curing (SWC) samples
after 28 days of NWC for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days curing period. The carbonation depth of
concrete samples for 28, 90, 180 and 365 days SWC after 28 days of NWC was measured. It
was found that the higher the FA content the higher is the carbonation process occurred. The
percentage increase in compressive strength for blended cement concrete in NWC is better
than the samples in SWC after 28 days of NWC
This document summarizes a study on the durability and strength properties of high performance self-compacting concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fumes. Seven concrete mixes were prepared with different replacement levels of GGBS (10-30%) and silica fumes (3-9%). Tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, mechanical strength, and rapid chloride permeability of the hardened concrete at various ages. The results showed that the addition of GGBS and silica fumes improved the density and reduced permeability of the self-compacting concrete, leading to enhanced durability, while maintaining adequate compressive and tensile strengths.
The document presents research on the effect of adding silica fume on the strength properties of concrete with partially recycled coarse aggregate. Tests were conducted on M20 and M25 grade concrete with 25% and 50% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. Silica fume was added at levels of 5%, 8%, and 12% as a replacement of cement by weight. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of rupture were tested at various curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength initially increased with up to 8% silica fume then decreased with more silica fume. Concrete with 25% recycled aggregate and 8% silica fume achieved the highest strengths
Effects of Water Quality on Strength Properties of ConcreteIJCMESJOURNAL
This research investigated the effect of different sources of water on the compressive strength of concrete. The waters samples used for the analysis were rain, river and potable water.The chemical compositions of these water qualities and sources were determined, while 18 concrete cubes were produced in the ratio of 1:2:4 using each water quality type. The cubes were cured and crushed at 7, 14 and 28 days using the Farnell Crushing Machine. The compressive strength test was carried out on the cubes and the findings were statistically processed.It was observed that the concrete produced with potable water and river water had their compressive strengths gradually increased with age while the concrete produced with rain water gradually increased too but later decreased in strength at 28 days age. The results indicated that sources of water used in mixing concrete have a significant impact on the compressive strength of the resulting concrete. It concluded by suggesting that potable water is the best water type for concrete production since the concrete cubes obtained from it gained appreciable strength with age. River water could be used for mixing where potable water is scarce. However, other properties such as durability and shrinkage should be considered before use. It was recommended that potable water and water without obvious concrete-inimical substances be used in concrete production.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation on Durability Studies of Concrete by usi...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the durability of concrete made with different types of cements (OPC, PPC, PSC) when cured under normal water, sea water, acid attack, and sulphate attack. Compressive strength was tested at various ages for concrete specimens made with each cement and cured under each condition. For all curing conditions, PSC concrete exhibited the highest compressive strengths compared to OPC and PPC concrete. Under normal water curing, strengths increased with time for all cements, with PSC reaching 38.92 MPa at 120 days. Sea water curing resulted in lower strengths than normal curing. Acid and sulphate attack reduced strengths compared to other curing
This document presents a proposed method for designing high-strength concrete mixes containing silica fume. The method aims to determine mix proportions that achieve compressive strengths between 41-90 MPa, with maximum aggregate sizes of 14-25 mm and silica fume replacements of 5-15% by weight of cement. The method involves fixing the cementitious material at 520 kg/m3 and determining initial superplasticizer dosages, water-cement ratios, and aggregate contents needed to achieve the target strengths through a series of trial mixtures. Forty-five initial trials were used to establish superplasticizer dosages, followed by additional trials to refine the relationships between water-cement ratio, aggregate size and amount, and achieved compress
Effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance ...Ghassan Alhamdany
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Four types of geopolymer concrete with two types of fly ash, with and without nano-silica, were produced and subjected to sulfuric acid, magnesium sulfate, and seawater solutions. The study found that fly ash-based geopolymer concretes showed superior resistance to chemical attacks compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. Among the chemical environments, sulfuric acid was the most aggressive. The addition of nano-silica improved both the durability and residual mechanical strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concretes due to lower porosity
This document contains a declaration for a thesis submitted by Ng Ping Chew in fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree in Civil Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Ng declares that the thesis titled "Comparison of Creep and Shrinkage Using Different Code of Practice" does not contain any confidential information and agrees for it to be published as open access. The declaration is certified by Ng's supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Wahid Omar.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DURABILITY TEST ON POLYMER CONCRETE(PCAshik97
Polymer concretes are a type of concrete that use polymers to replace lime-type cements as a binder.
The polymer is used in addition to portland cement to form Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC).
The composites do not contain hydrated cement phase,although Portland cement used as an aggregate or filler.
Effect of Relative Proportion of Pozzolana on Compressive Strength of Concret...CSCJournals
In this experimental and analytic research, the effect of curing regime on various combinations of silica fume and fly ash was investigated in terms of development of compressive strength. Over 24 mixes were prepared with the water-to-binder ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.25 and with differing percentage of additives used as a combination of 2 or 3 binders. The specimens were subjected to five different curing regimes ranging from continuously water cured to continuously air cured. Results show that it is economical to use a combination of silica fume and fly ash rather than using only silica fume for attaining the same strength level. Poor curing condition adversely affect the strength characteristics of pozzolanic concrete than that of OPC concrete. For silica fume concrete, it is necessary to apply water curing for the initial 7 days to explore pozzolainc activity but it is imperative to cure the fly ash concrete for an extended period to utilize its full potential.
This document studies the suitability of using incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) to produce geopolymer concrete as a partial replacement for fly ash. Key findings include:
1) XRF testing showed that ISSA has high concentrations of SiO2 and Al2O3 similar to fly ash, making it a potential candidate for geopolymer concrete.
2) Concrete made with only ISSA did not develop significant strength, but strength decreased gradually as ISSA percentage increased in mixes partially replacing fly ash up to 20%.
3) Concrete with up to 15% ISSA replacement was considered average quality and absorption, allowing potential use for less strength-critical applications.
4)
IRJET- Evaluation of Water Absorption and Sorptivity Properties of Fly Ash, G...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the water absorption and sorptivity properties of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete with different volume fractions of glass fibers added.
2) Specimens were tested for water absorption at 30 minutes and 24 hours by measuring their saturated and dry masses. Addition of glass fibers decreased absorption rates compared to control geopolymer concrete.
3) Sorptivity testing involved measuring mass changes of specimens exposed to water over time. Sorptivity values, calculated from the slope of mass change vs square root of time, decreased with glass fiber addition, indicating a denser microstructure with fewer interconnected pores.
O documento apresenta o Programa EDUCIMAT, coordenado pela Universidade Federal do Pará, que tem como objetivo a formação continuada de professores de educação básica em ciências e matemática. O programa capacita professores tutores e oferece cursos de formação a distância abordando temas como educação infantil, séries iniciais, ciências e matemática. O programa visa melhorar o ensino nessas áreas no estado do Pará e em outras regiões.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document is a resume for Jason C. Green, who has over 9 years of experience as a directional driller and MWD field engineer specializing in vertical, directional, and horizontal drilling. He has extensive experience manually calculating drilling parameters and monitoring downhole tools. His objective is to obtain a challenging position to further enhance his technical and management skills.
This document discusses the potential for low-cost carriers (LCCs) in Africa. It notes that LCCs have seen slow growth in Africa until recently. Recent developments like new LCCs starting operations and the expansion of existing ones are promising signs. Factors driving this include a changing mindset among African consumers embracing LCC models, legacy carriers recognizing the need to reach more people at lower costs, and the high cost of international travel within Africa previously. If LCCs can profitably serve Africa's growing middle class while managing costs in the region, the future for LCCs in Africa looks positive as governments also recognize their potential to boost access. However, sustained government support and consumer acceptance will be key.
How to build up UX in a company? We are seeking for methods to encounter this challange. But we carry the best methods to do so in our backpack: it's all about user centered design methods.
El documento describe cómo el sueño ayuda a fortalecer los recuerdos adquiridos durante el día a través de dos procesos: 1) estableciendo relaciones y significado entre las memorias, y 2) fortaleciendo los recuerdos específicos a través de un proceso llamado "potenciación a largo plazo". También explica que tanto la fase REM como la fase de ondas cortas del sueño son importantes para este proceso de consolidación de la memoria.
The Great South West Tour was a 4-day scooter camping trip organized by the Paradise Lost Scooter Club. 30 members rode over 1200km through the scenic southwestern regions of Western Australia, including Margaret River, the Great Southern Forests, and the rugged south coast. The trip got off to a rough start with some early breakdowns, but riders worked together to solve issues and continue on. They camped each night, enjoying scenic stops, meals together, and bonding over their shared passion for scootering. Though not without some additional mechanical hiccups along the way, the group successfully completed the tour, taking in beautiful countryside and fellowship on two wheels.
Beautifulppt.com provides free PowerPoint templates to help users create professional presentations. The website offers a wide variety of template designs across many categories that can be downloaded and customized. Users can browse templates sorted by topics like business, education, photography to find the right template for their presentation needs.
kurtuluş bosch klima servis sektöründe profesyonel kadrosu ve tecrübeli ustalarıyla, her türlü servis ihtiyacına cevap verecek
şekilde hazırlanmış araçlarıyla kurtuluş'ün tüm semtlerine klima servisi hizmeti sağlamaktadır.
Klima servisi konusunda donanımlı hizmet birimlerimiz, haftanın 7 günü kurtuluş bosch klima servisi hizmeti vermekte ve
kalitesinin getirdiği ,tecrübeye dayanarak hergün büyümeye devam etmektedir.
kurtuluş bosch servisi bosch markalı klimalarınıza servis, bakım, onarım, montaj, demontaj, yer değişimi, bakır boru
tesisatı, soğutucu gaz ölçümü hizmetleri sunmaktadır. bosch klima servisi hizmeti veren firmamız ayrıca bosch klima
kumandası, bosch klima electronik ve power kart tamiri servisi vermekteyiz.
KLIMA SÖKME VE TAKMA İŞLEMLERI
bosch klimalarınızın söküm ve takım işlemleri kurtuluş bosch Klima servisi güvencesiyle özenle yapılır. bosch klima servis
hakkında biboschi alabilirsiniz.
KLIMA BAKIMI
bosch klimalarınızın zaman içerisinde oluşan yıllık bakım ihtiyaçları çeşitli ve tehlikeli hastalıklara yol açar bosch
klimalarınızın bakımlarını servisimizde yaptırınız.
KLIMA TAMIRI
bosch klimalarınızda yaşayacağınız herhangi bir arıza durumunda bizleri arayabilirsiniz. bosch klima servis hizmeti
alabilirsiniz.
Diğer kurtuluş bosch Servis Hizmetleri
kurtuluş bosch Servisi
kurtuluş bosch Kombi Servisi
kurtuluş bosch Beyaz Eşya Servisi
kurtuluş bosch KLIMA SERVISI NOKTALARI
kurtuluş bosch Klima Servisi
kurtuluş bosch Klima Servisi
LugLess is now easier than ever for travelers who are fed up with ridiculous airline baggage fees, crowded check in and baggage claim areas, lost luggage, TSA, long and annoying security lines, and the overall nightmare of travelling with baggage.
This document summarizes trends observed at SXSW 2013 across several categories including themes, apps and sites, organization/collaboration tools, multimedia, storytelling and content platforms, networks and platforms, and event tools. Key trends included increased use of 3D printing, wearable tech, apps for organizing contacts and schedules like Mailbox and Evernote Hello, collaboration tools like Trello and Dropmark, multimedia platforms like Vine and Takes, content platforms like Flipboard and Meograph, social networks like Path and Sulia, and event monitoring tools like Ban.jo and Highlig.ht.
This document provides guidelines for organizations to become faster, better, and leaner by adopting a new database like MongoDB. It discusses how companies like MetLife and Telefonica have successfully used MongoDB. MetLife built a 360-degree view of customers in 3 months using MongoDB, saving significant time and money compared to a relational database. Telefonica improved performance by 100x and time to market by 4x using MongoDB to consolidate subscriber data. The document then provides a playbook for organizations, including prioritizing strategic projects, adopting agile development, embracing failure, using technology to recruit, and participating in open source communities.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE ON STRENGTH PARAMETERS O...IAEME Publication
This study presents the effects of Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) on plain concrete. Potassium carbonate as depressant admixture was added in different percentages by weight of cement. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths and the results
obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The optimum percentage of admixture that could be used without harming the properties of concrete was also assessed. The results concluded permissibility of using admixture (K2CO3) up to 2.6% by weight of cement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of sulphuric acid in water on the strength of blended cement concrete. Concrete cubes were produced using mixing and curing water with varying concentrations of sulphuric acid from 100-900 mg/L. The compressive strengths at 28 and 90 days were evaluated and decreased with increasing acid concentration. Regression models were developed that can predict the compressive strength based on the sulphuric acid concentration in water. The setting times of the blended cement also increased significantly with acid concentrations over 300 mg/L. In conclusion, higher sulphuric acid levels in water were found to reduce the strength of blended cement concrete.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of sulphuric acid in water on the strength of blended cement concrete. Concrete cubes were produced using mixing and curing water with varying concentrations of sulphuric acid from 100-900 mg/L. The compressive strengths at 28 and 90 days were evaluated and decreased with increasing acid concentration. Regression models were developed that can predict the compressive strength based on the sulphuric acid concentration in water. The setting times of the blended cement also increased significantly with acid concentrations over 300 mg/L. In conclusion, higher sulphuric acid levels in water were found to reduce the strength of blended cement concrete.
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Journals
Abstract The impurities in water play a major role in application of concrete. This paper assesses the setting times and compressive strength of natural admixture cements and silica fume is used as an admixture. This study introduces the effect of strong alkalines (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) on setting time and compressive strength of natural admixture cements (PPC+SF) is assessed under laboratory conditions. The research programme included tests of soundness, setting times, compressive strength of short and long term and powdered x-ray diffraction analysis. As the experimental results show that Na2CO3 in deionised water accelerates the intial and final setting times where as the other compound NaHCO3 retards the intial and final setting times for all concentrations. Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in deionised water increase the compressive strength at early age (3-day and 7-day) and decrease significantly from28-day, 60-day, 90-day, 180-day, 1year and 2years.Comparison of the strong alkaline substances with those of control mix levels that both carbonates decrease compressive strength. The rate of decrease is increasing with increase in concentration .The present work analyses the hydration characteristics of admixture cement using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and useful conclusions are obtained regarding the influence of alkaline substances. Key words: PPC, Silica fume, setting times, strength development, X-ray diffraction
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
The usage of an extensive group of industrial mineral residues (silica fume and fly ash) and other products significantly increases the rheological performance of concrete. This research is supposed to take a look at Rheology and Strengthened Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica fume. This examination commenced with 4 groups of Self Compacting Concrete changed with diverse probabilities of Silica fume (5%, 10%,15%, and 20%). The rheological properties of self-compacting concrete are investigated experimentally using the slump flow diameter, the U box test, the V funnel test, and the L box test. Compressive strength and flexural strength are the strengthened properties experimentally examined. In this study, we observed the suitable percent of silica fume, which offers advanced rheological characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete as equated to Conventional Self Compacting Concrete. Our experimental results show, by the replacing 15% of silica fume with the weight of cement will increase both Rheological Properties and strengthened Properties of SCC.
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of silica fume on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. Five concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with silica fume. Tests were performed to evaluate the fresh properties like slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, and U-box, as well as the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the 15% silica fume mix met requirements for self-compacting concrete and provided improved rheological and mechanical properties compared to the control mix without silica fume. Replacing 15% of cement with
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
The document discusses the effects of micro silica particle size and dosage on the compressive strength of concrete. 240 concrete cube specimens were made with micro silica particle sizes of 20, 45, 90, 125, and 250 microns and replacement levels of cement of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Testing found that compressive strength increased as particle size decreased and was highest for 20 micron particle size and 20% cement replacement. The optimum strength was 42% higher than the control mix at 28 days. Smaller particle size provides a greater surface area and allows better accommodation in the cement porous structure.
Size Anddosageof Micro Silica Fume Behaviour for Partial Replacement of Cemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of Non Chloride Accelerator in Cement Concreteirjes
The present experimental work explains the combined effect of a commercial non-chloride
hardening accelerator and method of curing in the strength development of concrete. Ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) was used to produce concrete mixtures. Concrete mixtures were designed as per the guidelines of
IS 10262:2009. Compressive strength of standard cube specimens (150 mm) at early and later- age, cured with
water were studied. Performance of accelerator at a given age of concrete was assessed based on the
maximum percentage increase in the compressive strength. The strength of control mix cured with water is
taken as reference. Among various types of chemical admixtures, Non Chloride Accelerator Admixture (NCA)
is chosen. The non chloride accelerator admixture is added with normal mix of the concrete in the nominal
dosage and the effects are studied. 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% of non chloride accelerators were mixed with various
grades of concrete such as M20& M25. The optimum level of high early development strength was analyzed.
Average efficiency of the curing compound for the given age was calculated as the ratio of average compressive
strength of concrete cured with NCA to that cured with water. The test results revealed that, the type of
curing affected the optimum performance of accelerator in concrete mixtures. Average efficiency of the curing
compound was found to be more at early- age of the concrete mixtures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the tensile characteristics of no aggregate concrete. Testing found that no aggregate concrete has lower tensile strength than normal concrete, around 5-6% of its compressive strength compared to 10% for normal concrete. Replacing some fly ash with cement can increase tensile strength of no aggregate concrete. Density is also lower than normal concrete and decreases over time. The elastic modulus of no aggregate concrete is around 11 GPa compared to 26 GPa for normal concrete, and it exhibits more brittleness. Increasing cement content or decreasing fly ash content can respectively increase or decrease tensile strength. While no aggregate concrete has benefits, full replacement of aggregates is not recommended.
IRJET-Partial Replacement of Cement with Different Additives in ConcreteIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses partial replacement of cement with different additives in concrete such as carbon black powder, calcium sulphate, and rice husk ash. Concrete cubes and cylinders were cast with different percentage replacements to study the effect on properties.
2. Testing showed that using these additives as fillers and desiccants can enhance concrete properties like density, strength, and resistance to atmospheric attack by decreasing pores in the concrete.
3. The optimum percentages of addition of these additives found to improve compressive strength were 2-5% for carbon black and up to 15% for silica fume.
Locally available Red soil were used for the experimental analysis to study the
effects of seawater impact in concrete structures with comparison of normal water in
terms of its strength properties and changes on the behavior of Red soil. M-20 & M-
30 concrete cubes were casted with 0.45 water-cement ratio. Casted Concrete cubes
are buried in red Soil near Costal zone to observe the Compressive strength and NDT
during 28th day and 84th day with addition of fly ash class-C of two different
proportions 20% & 30%. Totally 72 specimen were cast with normal water. The
highest value of compressive strength obtained is 35.13N/Sq.mm during 84th day for
Seawater curing in addition of fly ash class-C and lowest value is 15.57N/Sq.mm
during 84th day for seawater curing without fly ash
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Two series of geopolymer concrete with different molar concentrations (8M and 14M) of sodium hydroxide were tested. For each series, 15 concrete cube specimens were prepared and tested for compressive strength at ages of 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased with higher sodium hydroxide concentration. At 7 days the strength was around 90% of the 28-day strength. The aggregate impact and crushing values of the RCA were also reported. The study concluded that higher sodium hydroxide concentration leads to higher geopolymer concrete strength due
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate. Two series of geopolymer concrete specimens were prepared with different molar concentrations of sodium hydroxide (8M and 14M). A total of 30 cube specimens were tested to determine the compressive strength at various ages. The results showed that compressive strength increased with higher molarity of sodium hydroxide and that at 7 days the strength was around 90% of the 28-day strength. Using a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide produced a stronger bond between the aggregate and paste in the geopolymer concrete.
1) The document presents a study on the mix design parameters of high strength concrete using iso-strength lines.
2) Sixteen concrete mixes were designed with water-binder ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.42 and silica fume replacements ranging from 0 to 15%.
3) Regression analysis was used to develop relationships between slump, water content, and compressive strength at various ages for the different mixes. Iso-strength lines were plotted to predict strength based on water-binder ratio and silica fume content.
An Experimental Study on Structural Grade Concrete Using Multi Mineral Admixt...IJERD Editor
Supplementary cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag
sand silica fume are extensively used in construction. A partial replacement of cement by mineral admixtures
such as, fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume (SF) in concrete mixes would help to overcome these problems and lead to
improvement in the durability of concrete. In this thesis of work, an attempt has been made to study the
mechanical properties of structural grade concrete using ternary blend.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on Blockchain
Ax4102365370
1. D. Pavan Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.365-370
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Effect of Potassium Chloride on Fly Ash Based Blended Cement
Concrete
Dr. B. Madhusudhana Reddy1, D. Pavan Kumar2 and Prof.C.Sashidhar3
1
Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006, India
Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, JNT University, Anantapur, India
2
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the effect of potassium chloride (KCl) on blended cement concrete (BCC). The BCC was
prepared with KCl concentrations of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 g/l b y a d d i n g in deionised water. In
addition to this, control specimen was prepared with deionised water (without KCl) for the p urp o se o f
co mp ari so n . The setting times and compressive strength were evaluated for 28 and 90 days apart from
studying rapid chloride ion permeability. The results show that, as KCl concentration increases, there is
retarding in initial and final setting of b le nd ed cement (BC). The compressive strength of BCC increases
as the concentration of KCl goes up at both 28 and 90 days. Compressive strengths of BCC show a
significant increase at 10 g/l when compared with the control specimens. It was also observed that chloride ion
permeability has decreased with an increase in the concentration of the KCl. X-ray diffraction analysis has been
carried out for BCC specimens at KCl concentration of 10 g/l in deionised water.
KEYWORDS: KCl, Setting time, Compressive strength, Chloride ion permeability, X-ray diffraction
I.
INTRODUCTION
Water is a n important ingredient of
concrete, in both fresh and hardened state of concrete.
Cement is a mixture of complex compounds, the
reaction of cement with water leads to setting and
hardening. All the compounds present in the cement
are anhydrous, but when brought in contact with
water, they get hydrolyzed, forming hydrated
compounds. Since water helps to form the strength
giving cement gel, the quality of water is to be
maintained equally during the process of concrete
making. Natural water is available abundantly in
universe as a good solvent, but there are more
chances of containing large number of impurities
ranging from less to very high concentration of them.
Many studies show more importance on properties
of cement and aggregate, but the quality of water is
often neglected.
A normal indicator to the suitability of
water for mixing concrete is that, if it is fit for
drinking, it is fit for making concrete. This doesn’t
appear to be a true statement for all conditions.
Sometimes, water contains a small amount of sugar
would be suitable for drinking, but not for making
concrete and conversely water suitable for making
concrete may not be necessarily be fit for drinking,
especially if the water contains pathogenic microbial
contaminants. Research work has been carried out on
effect of polluted/chemical water on hardened
concrete strength and durability. The damage impact
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of various deicing chemicals and exposure
conditions on concrete materials were studied by
Kejin et al., and results indicated that the various
deicing chemicals penetrated at different rates in to a
given paste and concrete resulting in different
degree of damages [1]. Gorniniski et al., presented
an assessment of the chemical resistance of eight
different compositions of polymeric mortars [2].
Adnan et.al., reported the effects of environmental
factors on the addition and durability characters of
epoxy bonded concrete prisms [3]. Fikret et al.,
investigated the resistance of mortars to magnesium
sulphate attack and results reported that there is a
significant change in compressive strength properties
[4]. Venkateswara Reddy et al., studied the influence
of strong alkaline substances (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3)
in mixing water on strength and setting properties of
concrete [5]. In many places ground water and surface
water contains the impurities, more than that of limits
specified by the IS 456:2000 [6]. Ali Reza Bagheri et
al., in their study on the effect of incorporation of
silica fume in enhancing strength development rate
and durability characteristics of binary concretes [7].
Erhan Guneyisi et al., investigated the effectiveness of
metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) on the
mechanical properties, shrinkage, and permeability
related to durability of high performance concretes [8].
1.1 Research Significance
As there is scarcity of potable water in many
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2. D. Pavan Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.365-370
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places, this impure water is being used for mixing as
well as curing of concrete in the civil engineering
constructions. Hence an attempt is made to study the
effect of water containing KCl at various
concentrations in cements and their concretes.
size 150 mm were cast and tested as per IS 516:1959
[12]. Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) was
used as per ASTM C 1202 [13] to determine the
chloride ion permeability of concrete, for which 15
specimens of size 100 mm x 50 mm were cast.
1.2 Outline of This Paper
This paper includes the experimental
program, selection of materials and test methods.
Discussion of results and conclusions are presented.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 KCl effect on setting time of blended cement
The effect of KCl on initial and final setting
times is shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1, from which it is
observed that both initial and final setting times have
got retarded with an increase in KCl concentration in
deionised water. IS 456:2000 (Clause 5.4.1.3) [6]
stipulates that, when the difference in setting time(s) is
less than 30 minutes, the change is considered to be
negligible or insignificant and if it is more than 30
minutes, the change is considered to be significant.
From the experimentation work it is observed that,
when the KCl concentration exceeded 10 g/l, the
acceleration of initial and final setting times of BC
was significant (i.e., more than 30 minutes). When
KCl content is 14 g/l (maximum), initial setting time
was 177 minutes which is 44 minutes greater than that
of control mix. Similarly, a significant difference of 43
minutes was observed in the case of final setting time.
II.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The influence of KCl at different
concentrations was studied when the KCl is spiked
with deionised water. Test samples were compared
with the control samples. This comparison may not be
possible in case of control samples made with locally
available potable water since it varies in chemical
composition from place to place. With the above
reason, KCl was mixed with deionised water as per the
dosage mentioned above. This water was used for
preparation of test samples for determining the setting
times (initial and final) of BC and compressive
strength of BCC.
2.1. Materials
Portland Pozzolana cement containing 30%
of fly ash was used in this investigation. The major
chemical composition of cement used in the present
study is presented in the Table 1. Locally available
river sand was used as fine aggregate. Machine
crushed granite stones of maximum size 20 mm
confirming to IS 383:1970 [9] was used as coarse
aggregate. Deionised water was spiked with KCl at
different concentrations of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and
14 g/l.
Table 1. Chemical composition of blended cement
Sl.
Parameter
Result
No
1
Insoluble Material (% by mass)
18.90
2
Magnesia (% by mass)
0.99
3
Sulphuric Anhydride (% by mass)
2.67
4
Loss on Ignition (% by mass)
Table 2. Setting times of blended cement (BC)
corresponding to KCl concentrations
Setting time in minutes &
Percentage change
Sl.No
Water sample
Init
%
%
Final
ial change
change
Deionised water
1
133
00
361
00
(Control)
2
0.5 g/l
138
3.74
372
2.91
3
2 g/l
142
6.45
378
4.75
4
4 g/l
146
9.99
382
5.83
5
6 g/l
153 14.96
385
6.62
6
8 g/l
160 20.47
389
7.69
7
10 g/l*
166 24.74
393
8.88
8
12 g/l
170 27.93
397
10.02
9
14 g/l
177 32.76
404
11.84
*Significant
2.04
400
5
Total Chlorides (% by mass)
0.001
2.2. Test Methods
The IS 10262:2009 [10] mix design was
adopted for concrete mix. For determining the initial
and final setting times of cement, Vicat apparatus was
used as per IS 4031:1988 [11]. To assess the
compressive strength of concrete, 30 concrete cubes of
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Setting time (mins)
350
300
BC-Initial setting time
BC-Final setting time
Line of significance
OPC-Initial setting time (Reddy, 2004)
OPC-Final setting time (Reddy, 2004)
250
200
150
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Concentration of KCl (g/l)
Fig. 1. Setting times of blended cement vs KCl
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3. D. Pavan Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.365-370
concentrations
3.2. KCl effect on compressive strength of blended
cement concrete
The effect of KCl concentration on the
compressive strength of BCC is presented in Table 3
and Fig. 2. The degree of variation in compressive
strength is also presented in
Fig. 3. The results
indicated that there is a gain in compressive strength
of the BCC irrespective of KCl concentration. In case
of BCC, marked increase in 28 days and 90 days
compressive strength is observed with increase in
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concentration of KCl. Compressive strength for BCC,
with KCl concentration from 0.5 to 14 g/l, has
increased from 23.89 to 27.55 and 27.47 to 31.49 for
28 and 90 day aged specimen respectively. The result
is significant when the concentration of KCl is equal
to 10 g/l. When KCl concentration is maximum, i.e.,
14 g/l the increase in compressive strength is 15.32%
for both 28 days age and 14.65% for 90 days age when
compared with that of cubes prepared with the
deionised water (control test sample).
Table 3. Compressive strength of BCC corresponding to KCl concentrations
Sl.
No
Blended Cement Concrete (BCC)
Compressive Strength
% variation
(N/mm2)
28 days
90 days
28 days
90 days
Water
Sample
2
Deionised
Water
(Control)
0.5 g/l
3
2 g/l
24.71
27.88
3.44
1.48
4
4 g/l
25.25
28.80
5.69
4.83
5
6 g/l
25.69
28.98
7.54
5.49
5
8 g/l
26.15
29.66
9.48
7.98
6
10 g/l*
26.48
30.29
10.83
10.25
7
12 g/l
26.78
31.00
12.08
12.85
8
14 g/l
27.55
31.49
15.32
14.65
1
23.89
27.47
24.14
--
--
27.70
1.04
0.82
*Significant
32
31
16
30
% variation in comp. strength
2
Compressive strength (N/mm )
14
29
28
27
26
25
BCC-28 days
BCC-90 days
OPCC-28 days (Reddy , 2004)
OPCC-90 days (Reddy , 2004)
24
23
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
12
10
8
6
4
BCC-28 days
BCC-90 days
OPCC-28 days (Reddy , 2004)
OPCC-90 days (Reddy , 2004)
2
Concentration of KCl (g/l)
Fig. 2. Compressive strength of BCC vs KCl
concentrations
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Concentration of KCl (g/l)
Fig. 3. % variation in compressive strength of BCC vs
KCl concentrations
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4. D. Pavan Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.365-370
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Table 4. Chloride ion permeability in terms of
coulombs passed in BCC corresponding to KCl
concentrations
Coulombs passed
Water
Sl.No
28
%
90
sample
% change
days change days
Deionised
1
water
2036
1187
(Control)
2
0.5 g/l
2008
-1.36
1162
-2.08
3
2 g/l
1958
-3.82
1152
-2.98
4
4 g/l
1918
-5.79
1144
-3.64
5
6 g/l
1868
-8.24
1133
-4.57
6
8 g/l
1838
-9.72
1076
-9.37
7
10 g/l
1784 -12.36 1038
-12.54
8
12 g/l
1747 -14.21 1018
-14.26
9
14 g/l
1703 -16.34 1001
-15.69
3.3. KCl effect on Chloride ion Permeability of
Blended cement concrete
The rapid chloride permeability levels in
terms of coulombs passed through BCC observed are
tabulated and listed in the Table 4 and Fig. 4. A glance
at the said results establishes that the chloride ion
permeability of the concrete studied has come down
with the increase in the concentration of KCl up to 14
g/l which is the maximum experimented
concentration. Quantum of variation in coulombs
passed is 16.34% at 28 days for BCC when compared
with the control sample i.e., it has decreased from
2036 to 1703 coulombs. The degree of variation in
compressive strength is also presented in Fig. 5.
2200
Charged passed (coulombs)
2000
1800
28 days BCC
90 days BCC
28 days SFBCC
90 days SFBCC
28 days OPCC
90 days OPCC
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Concentration (g/l)
Fig. 4. Charge passed vs KCl concentrations
0
28 days BCC
90 days BCC
28 days SFBCC
90 days SFBCC
28 days OPCC
90 days OPCC
-2
Charged passed (coulombs)
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Concentration (g/l)
Fig. 5. %variation in Charge passed vs KCl concentrations
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5. D. Pavan Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.365-370
3.4. Powder X- ray diffraction analysis on Blended
Cement Concrete spiked with KCl
The setting times and compressive strengths
are significant at 10g/l concentration of KCl. The
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to
know the behavior and probable chemical reaction(s)
for the concrete. Fig. 6 depicts the Powder X-ray
Diffraction patterns for BCC prepared with deionised
water and the Powder X-ray Diffraction patterns for
BCC with mixing water containing KCl concentration
of 10 g/l are presented in Fig. 7.
Fig. 6. XRD pattern of BCC sample prepared with
deionised water
mixing water with cement are given below. The XRD
patterns indicate that the peak of C-S-H at in KCl is
higher than the peaks of C-S-H of control sample,
which indicate the strength of the KCl added samples
has increased when compared with the control sample.
2KCl + Ca(OH)2 → 2KOH + CaCl2
CaCl2
+
3
CaO.Al2O3
+
10H2O
→
3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O (Friedel’s salt)
IV.
REFERENCES
[2]
[3]
[4]
Upper portion of the said graph, at Fig.7,
indicates the XRD pattern of the control sample
prepared with deionised water. Perusal of the said
graphs establishes that the compounds such as
3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O (Friedel’s salt), C2S, C3S,
Calcium Hydroxide (CH), CaCl2 and C-H-S are found
at 11.90, 160, 170, 210, 28.20 and 370 respectively.
Comparing with control sample, the sample of KCl
additionally consists of Friedel’s salt and Calcium
Chloride.
Compressive strength has increased with an
increase in the concentration of KCl. Same
observations were reported by Lee and Van Deventer
(2002). Chemical equations when KCl is added in
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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in the present
investigation the following conclusions can be drawn:
I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t as KCl concentration
increases, there is aretarder in initial and final
setting of b le nd ed cement (BC). The compressive
strength of BCC increases as the concentration of KCl
increases at both 28 and 90 days. Compressive
strengths of BCC show a significant increase at 10 g/l
when compared with the control specimens. It is also
observed that chloride ion permeability has decreased
with an increase in the concentration of the KCl.
[1]
Fig. 7. XRD pattern of BCC sample spiked with KCl
(10 g/l) in deionised water
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[5]
[6]
[7]
Kejin W, Daniel EN and Wilfrid AN (2006).
Damaging effects of deicing chemicals on
concrete materials, Cement and Concrete
Composites 28(2) 173-178.
Gorninsi JP, Dal MDC and Kazmierczak CS
(2007). Strength degradation of polymer
concrete in acidic environments, Cement and
Concrete Composites 29(8) 637-645.
Adnan C, Turgay C and Ahmet EB (2009).
Effects of environmental factors on the
adhesion and durability characteristics of
expoxy bonded concrete prisms, Construction
and Building materials 23(2) 758-767.
Fikret T, Fevziye A, Sema K and Nabi Y
(1997). Effects of magnesium sulfate
concentration on the sulfate resistance of
mortars with and without silica fume, Cement
and Concrete Research 27(2) 205-214(1997)
Venkateswara Reddy V, Sudarshan Rao H
and Jayaveer KN (2006). Influence of strong
alkaline substances (sodium carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate) in mixing water on
strength and setting properties of concrete,
Indian Journal of Engineering and Material
Sciences 13(2) 123- 128.
IS: 456-2000. Plain and reinforced concrete
code for practice. Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi (India).
Ali Reza Bagheri, Hamed Zanganeh,
Mohamad
Mehdi
Moalemi(2012).
Mechanical and durability properties of
ternary concretes containing silica fume and
low reactivity blast furnace slag, Cement &
Concrete Composites, 34, 663–670.
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Erhan Guneyisi, Mehmet Gesoglu, Seda
Karaoglu, Kasım Mermerdas, Strength,
permeability and shrinkage cracking of silica
fume and metakaolin concretes, Construction
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120–130
IS: 383-1970. Specification for coarse and
fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi (India).
IS: 10262-2009. Concrete Mix ProportioningGuidelines. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi (India).
IS 4031-1988. Methods of physical tests for
hydraulic cement: Part 5 – Determination of
initial and final setting times. Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 516-1991. Methods of tests for strength of
concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi (India).
ASTM C 1202-07. Standard Test Method for
Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to
Resist Ion Penetration.
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JNTUACEA and Presently he is working as
Additional Controller of Examinations at JNT
University, Ananatapur, Andhra Pradesh.
AUTHORS
B. Madhusudhana Reddy has received
B.Tech in Civil Engineering from SV
University, Tirupati and M.Tech in
environmental engineering from Mysore
University in the year 1990. He has
completed Ph. D in civil Engineering
from JNT University, Anantapur. He has a vast
experience of more than 22 years in the field of
pollution control and environment management.
Presently working as Senior Environmental Engineer
in Delhi Pollution Control Committee, Govt. of Delhi,
Delhi.
D.Pavan Kumar has received B.Tech in
Civil Engineering from J. N. T.
University, Anantapu and M. Tech in
Structural
engineering
from
J.N.T.University in the year 2012. He
has more than 3 years of teaching
experience. Presently he is working as lecturer in Civil
Engineering Department at JNT University,
Ananatapur, Andhra Pradesh
C.Sashidhar is Professor in the
Department of Civil Engineering,
JNTUA, Anantapur. He received M.Tech
and Ph.D from J.N.T. University,
Hyderabad. His research interests include
FRC, SIFCON, HPC and Non Destructive Test
Evaluation. He has more than 15 years of teaching
experience and guiding research scholars. Formerly he
worked as Head of the civil engineering department,
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