This document presents a case study on calculating technical and non-technical losses for an 11kV feeder in Punjab, India. It describes the methodology used, which involves collecting consumption data for the feeder, calculating total incoming and billed energy, and finding the distribution losses. Technical losses are then calculated using load flow analysis software, taking into account transformer and transmission line data. Non-technical losses are derived by subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses. Some proposals are made to minimize non-technical losses, such as checking unauthorized connections and improving load management.
Energy Saving and Water Cooling Facility in an Industry Using Prgrammable Log...IJERA Editor
This project gives the idea about how to reduce the power loss in an industry, which are being wasted by the
fans and pumps in operating condition as well as to get water as per the necessity by an industry with proper
quality. This can be done by proper switching and speed control of motors used in fans and pumps. As the
power consumed is directly proportional to the cube of speed so by reducing the speed energy can be saved. An
attempt is also made to connect the power factor improving capacitor for energy saving. By using this concept
the industry can save huge amount of energy and can be able to reduce the electricity bill.
Massive Energy Saving Systems and Strategies at Equipment Level in the Highes...IJERA Editor
The document discusses strategies implemented by Grameenphone in Bangladesh to reduce operational expenditures through energy savings. Some key techniques discussed include:
1. Installing DC ventilation systems in base stations to reduce reliance on energy-intensive air conditioners for cooling, saving over 50% of energy costs.
2. Using energy saving controllers that shut off commercial power during peak pricing hours and instead use stored battery power, cutting energy bills by 15%.
3. Developing voltage dependent timer circuits to reduce generator run-hours by 30% and fuel costs.
4. Incorporating solar power systems to provide up to 20% of daily energy needs and reduce reliance on diesel generators.
5. Optimizing
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Operational Cost Avoidance through Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Environm...Schneider Electric
Industrial sites suffer from margin erosion because operations and equipment costs are not efficiently controlled. Such costs can be avoided if the proper harmonic mitigation solution is implemented. This paper reviews several approaches to harmonic mitigation and identifies best practices.
Active power and frequency analysis of a smart grid – using matlabsimulink ap...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a simulation of a smart grid model using MATLAB/SIMULINK to analyze active power and grid frequency. The smart grid model integrates 4 units of thermal power plants with a total capacity of 3600 MW and 6 units of wind power plants with a total capacity of 72 MW. The simulation analyzes the impact of load variations at different buses on frequency and active power. Under initial load conditions, the maximum and minimum frequencies were 50.29 Hz and 49.9 Hz, indicating stable operation. As loads increased, frequencies remained stable but active power values varied more. The analysis identifies load ranges that allow stable operation of the smart grid in terms of frequency deviation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a distributed generation (DG) interfacing scheme using a dual active power filter (APF) configuration. The scheme involves a DG inverter that initially acts as an inverter to feed 5KW of active power from the DG source to the grid. At 0.2 seconds, the DG inverter then acts as an APF along with the dual APF setup to provide harmonic compensation. Control strategies are presented for operating the DG inverter in inverter and APF modes using simple control techniques. Instantaneous active and reactive power (PQ) theory is used to control the dual APF configuration. Simulation results are shown verifying the DG inverter can
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy PID controller for induction heating systems with LLC voltage source inverters. It begins with an overview of induction heating systems and typical PID control approaches. It then describes the design and tuning of a conventional PID controller for the system. Next, it presents the design of a fuzzy PID controller, including definitions of its input and output variables, membership functions, and rule base. Simulation results show that the fuzzy PID controller improves the system's step response over a conventional PID controller by reducing overshoot and settling time. Performance indices further indicate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy approach.
Energy Saving and Water Cooling Facility in an Industry Using Prgrammable Log...IJERA Editor
This project gives the idea about how to reduce the power loss in an industry, which are being wasted by the
fans and pumps in operating condition as well as to get water as per the necessity by an industry with proper
quality. This can be done by proper switching and speed control of motors used in fans and pumps. As the
power consumed is directly proportional to the cube of speed so by reducing the speed energy can be saved. An
attempt is also made to connect the power factor improving capacitor for energy saving. By using this concept
the industry can save huge amount of energy and can be able to reduce the electricity bill.
Massive Energy Saving Systems and Strategies at Equipment Level in the Highes...IJERA Editor
The document discusses strategies implemented by Grameenphone in Bangladesh to reduce operational expenditures through energy savings. Some key techniques discussed include:
1. Installing DC ventilation systems in base stations to reduce reliance on energy-intensive air conditioners for cooling, saving over 50% of energy costs.
2. Using energy saving controllers that shut off commercial power during peak pricing hours and instead use stored battery power, cutting energy bills by 15%.
3. Developing voltage dependent timer circuits to reduce generator run-hours by 30% and fuel costs.
4. Incorporating solar power systems to provide up to 20% of daily energy needs and reduce reliance on diesel generators.
5. Optimizing
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Operational Cost Avoidance through Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Environm...Schneider Electric
Industrial sites suffer from margin erosion because operations and equipment costs are not efficiently controlled. Such costs can be avoided if the proper harmonic mitigation solution is implemented. This paper reviews several approaches to harmonic mitigation and identifies best practices.
Active power and frequency analysis of a smart grid – using matlabsimulink ap...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a simulation of a smart grid model using MATLAB/SIMULINK to analyze active power and grid frequency. The smart grid model integrates 4 units of thermal power plants with a total capacity of 3600 MW and 6 units of wind power plants with a total capacity of 72 MW. The simulation analyzes the impact of load variations at different buses on frequency and active power. Under initial load conditions, the maximum and minimum frequencies were 50.29 Hz and 49.9 Hz, indicating stable operation. As loads increased, frequencies remained stable but active power values varied more. The analysis identifies load ranges that allow stable operation of the smart grid in terms of frequency deviation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a distributed generation (DG) interfacing scheme using a dual active power filter (APF) configuration. The scheme involves a DG inverter that initially acts as an inverter to feed 5KW of active power from the DG source to the grid. At 0.2 seconds, the DG inverter then acts as an APF along with the dual APF setup to provide harmonic compensation. Control strategies are presented for operating the DG inverter in inverter and APF modes using simple control techniques. Instantaneous active and reactive power (PQ) theory is used to control the dual APF configuration. Simulation results are shown verifying the DG inverter can
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy PID controller for induction heating systems with LLC voltage source inverters. It begins with an overview of induction heating systems and typical PID control approaches. It then describes the design and tuning of a conventional PID controller for the system. Next, it presents the design of a fuzzy PID controller, including definitions of its input and output variables, membership functions, and rule base. Simulation results show that the fuzzy PID controller improves the system's step response over a conventional PID controller by reducing overshoot and settling time. Performance indices further indicate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy approach.
Power electronic control of induction generator used in small hydro power systemIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a paper that examines power electronic control techniques for induction generators used in small hydro power systems. It discusses how induction generators are commonly used for their low cost and maintenance. Various power electronic control methods are described, including electronic load control, decoupled voltage and frequency control, and STATCOM-based control, which aim to maintain a constant output voltage and frequency under changing load conditions. The paper also presents simulation results using MATLAB that analyze the performance of an induction generator connected to both linear and non-linear loads under different load values. The results demonstrate variations in output voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion based on the load.
Indian Wind Power - New-generation DFIG Power Converters for 6-8 MW Wind Turb...Ingeteam Wind Energy
Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) topology wind turbines have been widely used in the wind energy market during the last years to cover the medium and lower power ranges, between 2 and 4 MW. Nowadays, this fact has changed and the OEMs are developing DFIG wind turbines that could go above power rates of 6MW.
Ingeteam's new generation of power converters applies the most advanced control strategies, state of the art semiconductor technologies and cooling strategies that solve the main constraints of the DFIG topology, allowing for an increase in the power rate of the new wind turbines above 6MW.
Flicker mitigation by individual pitch control of variable speed wind turbine...srikanth chandhupatla
this project explains the control techniques for reduce the flickers in the output power of variable speed wind turbines.
A beautiful technique called INDIVIDUAL PITCH CONTROL is proposed
1) The document discusses the determination of non-technical losses in power systems using MATLAB simulation. Non-technical losses are difficult to calculate as they are caused by external factors to the system.
2) A case study of a transmission system in India is performed, calculating technical losses using load flow analysis in MATLAB. Non-technical losses are estimated as the difference between total losses and technical losses.
3) Additional non-technical loads are modeled by adding 3% of demand to one bus with a negative power factor. This increases both transmission losses and load. The percentage increases in losses and load due to non-technical losses are calculated and compared.
This document summarizes a study that optimizes PID controller parameters for load frequency control in a four-area interconnected power system using particle swarm optimization. The four-area system includes thermal, thermal with reheat, hydro, and gas power plants. PID controllers are used for each area. Particle swarm optimization is used to minimize the integral of squared error performance index by optimizing the PID parameters. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate improved regulation of frequency deviations and tie-line power flows with the optimized PID controllers.
Study on transmission energy losses and finding the hazards using what if ana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improving Efficiency of Active Power Filter for Renewable Power Generation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a predictive control method and fuzzy logic control method to improve the efficiency of an active power filter for renewable power generation systems. The active power filter is implemented using a four-leg voltage-source inverter. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed control strategy is able to effectively compensate current harmonics, current imbalance, and reactive power under different operating conditions, maintaining sinusoidal current waveforms with low total harmonic distortion. Both steady state and transient responses are evaluated, demonstrating the compensation performance of the active power filter and control strategy.
An Advanced Exploration on Fixture DesignIJERA Editor
Widely used in manufacturing, fixtures have a direct impact upon product manufacturing quality, productivity and cost, so much attention has already been paid to the research fixture design and many achievements in this field have been reported. In this paper, a literature survey of fixture design and automation over the past decade is proposed. First, an introduction is given on the fixture applications in industry. Then, significant works done in the design field, including their approaches, requirements and working principles are discussed. Finally, some prospective research trends are also discussed.
Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical power by using magnetic fields to create torque. There are different types of electric motors that can operate using either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Electric motors are commonly used in industrial and commercial applications as well as smaller domestic devices. The most widely used type of electric motor is the magnetic motor, which generates torque by establishing a magnetic field between a rotor and stator. Proper motor selection depends on factors like the torque and power requirements of the application.
This document discusses ethics and scientific misconduct in research. It provides definitions of ethics, scientific misconduct, and informed consent. Regulations and guidelines like the Belmont Report were created to protect human subjects following abuses. Researchers must obtain IRB approval and informed consent, avoiding misconduct issues like fabrication, plagiarism, and nonpublication of data. Proper data collection, storage, and authorship are also discussed.
Measuring Robustness on Generalized Gaussian DistributionIJERA Editor
Different from previous work that measured robustness its own distribution, measuring robustness with a robust
estimator on a generalized Gaussian distribution is introduced here. In detail, an unbiased Maximum Likelihood
(ML) variance estimator and a robust variance estimator of the Gaussian distribution with a given censoring
value are applied to the generalized Gaussian distribution that represents Gaussian, Laplace, and Cauchy
distributions; then, Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated to measure robustness. Afterward, how robustness
changes is shown because the actual distribution varies over the generalized Gaussian distribution. The results
indicate that measuring the MSE of the system can be used to point out how robust the system is when the
system distribution changes.
Stakeholder Perceptions of Fire and HazeCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Rachel Carmenta and Jacob Phelps, describes research into stakeholder perceptions in Sumatra.
The central topic is the 'wicked problem' of Sumatran peatland fires - so called because there are no obvious technical solutions, multiple actors at play, and many interdependencies that make outcomes of policy interventions uncertain.
Introduction to concrete curing effect on the early performance of modern con...IJERA Editor
In order to meet the requirements of the modern structure of concrete performance, the composition of modern concrete produced bigger change, this inevitably made an impact on the other properties of concrete. Especially the change of cement fineness and composition, a large number of add mineral admixtures, and the widespread use of high efficiency water reducing agent, has a great influence on the early performance of concrete, especially on the early shrinkage performance, which affect the early cracking of concrete. By collecting and analysising relevant test result, The article summarizes the characteristics of the early performance of modern concrete and their requirements of early curing environment.
With the development of highway, soft soil roadbed treatment has become more and more important。If mishandled, it often can cause problem such as roadbed instability or excessive settlement, this paper surrounding soft soil subgrade problems made a simple introduction.
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
An Ant colony optimization algorithm to solve the broken link problem in wire...IJERA Editor
Aco is a well –known metahuristic in which a colony of artificial ants cooperates in explain Good solution to a combinational optimization problem. Wireless sensor consisting of nodes with limited power is deployed to gather useful information From the field. In wireless sensor network it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient Manner.ant colony optimization, a swarm intelligence based optimization technique, is widely used In network routing. A novel routing approach using an ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed for wireless sensor Network consisting of stable nodes illustrative example details description and cooperative performance test result the proposed approach are included. The approach is also implementing to a small sized hardware component as a router chip simulation result show that proposed algorithm Provides promising solution allowing node designers to efficiency operate routing tasks.
An analytical approach for optimal placement of combined dg and capacitor in ...IAEME Publication
The document presents an analytical approach for optimal placement of combined distributed generation (DG) and capacitor units in a distribution system to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile. It proposes indices to measure power loss reduction and voltage deviation reduction. The methodology determines the optimal DG location for maximum loss reduction, and then the optimal capacitor location for maximum voltage improvement. This methodology is tested on the IEEE 33-bus system with different DG and capacitor combination scenarios. Simulation results show the methodology effectively reduces both power losses and voltage deviation.
This document provides information about evaluating power losses. It begins with an introduction to power losses that occur during transmission over long distances via networks from power plants to consumers. The document then discusses:
- Typical average loss percentages at different stages of transmission and distribution networks ranging from 1-6%
- The difference between transmission losses and power plant efficiencies
- The importance of regularly monitoring and evaluating losses to develop reduction strategies
- Methods for determining losses, including load flow analysis and calculating transformer, line, and commercial losses
- Software that can be used to analyze losses
The document concludes by thanking participants and listing references used.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm to optimize capacitor placement in electrical distribution systems in order to reduce power losses. The algorithm determines the optimal location and sizing of capacitors. It models the growth process of a plant to determine the probability of adding capacitors to different nodes. The method is tested on 33-bus and 34-bus distribution test systems and is shown to successfully reduce losses and improve the voltage profile.
Impact Analysis of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) MetersIJMREMJournal
Automatic meter reading (AMR) meters are installed in portion of Hyderabad city by Hyderabad Electric
Supply Company (HESCO). Installation of AMR meters have initiated discussion on its effectiveness in the
mentioned utility. In this research work, impacts of AMR are analyzed through data collection and analysis.
Energy consumption is compared before and after AMR installation, which shows increase in billed energy
units. Consumer survey was carried, which confirms consumer positive response for AMR installation as
consumer complaints regarding electricity bills have reduced significantly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power electronic control of induction generator used in small hydro power systemIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a paper that examines power electronic control techniques for induction generators used in small hydro power systems. It discusses how induction generators are commonly used for their low cost and maintenance. Various power electronic control methods are described, including electronic load control, decoupled voltage and frequency control, and STATCOM-based control, which aim to maintain a constant output voltage and frequency under changing load conditions. The paper also presents simulation results using MATLAB that analyze the performance of an induction generator connected to both linear and non-linear loads under different load values. The results demonstrate variations in output voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion based on the load.
Indian Wind Power - New-generation DFIG Power Converters for 6-8 MW Wind Turb...Ingeteam Wind Energy
Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) topology wind turbines have been widely used in the wind energy market during the last years to cover the medium and lower power ranges, between 2 and 4 MW. Nowadays, this fact has changed and the OEMs are developing DFIG wind turbines that could go above power rates of 6MW.
Ingeteam's new generation of power converters applies the most advanced control strategies, state of the art semiconductor technologies and cooling strategies that solve the main constraints of the DFIG topology, allowing for an increase in the power rate of the new wind turbines above 6MW.
Flicker mitigation by individual pitch control of variable speed wind turbine...srikanth chandhupatla
this project explains the control techniques for reduce the flickers in the output power of variable speed wind turbines.
A beautiful technique called INDIVIDUAL PITCH CONTROL is proposed
1) The document discusses the determination of non-technical losses in power systems using MATLAB simulation. Non-technical losses are difficult to calculate as they are caused by external factors to the system.
2) A case study of a transmission system in India is performed, calculating technical losses using load flow analysis in MATLAB. Non-technical losses are estimated as the difference between total losses and technical losses.
3) Additional non-technical loads are modeled by adding 3% of demand to one bus with a negative power factor. This increases both transmission losses and load. The percentage increases in losses and load due to non-technical losses are calculated and compared.
This document summarizes a study that optimizes PID controller parameters for load frequency control in a four-area interconnected power system using particle swarm optimization. The four-area system includes thermal, thermal with reheat, hydro, and gas power plants. PID controllers are used for each area. Particle swarm optimization is used to minimize the integral of squared error performance index by optimizing the PID parameters. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate improved regulation of frequency deviations and tie-line power flows with the optimized PID controllers.
Study on transmission energy losses and finding the hazards using what if ana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improving Efficiency of Active Power Filter for Renewable Power Generation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a predictive control method and fuzzy logic control method to improve the efficiency of an active power filter for renewable power generation systems. The active power filter is implemented using a four-leg voltage-source inverter. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed control strategy is able to effectively compensate current harmonics, current imbalance, and reactive power under different operating conditions, maintaining sinusoidal current waveforms with low total harmonic distortion. Both steady state and transient responses are evaluated, demonstrating the compensation performance of the active power filter and control strategy.
An Advanced Exploration on Fixture DesignIJERA Editor
Widely used in manufacturing, fixtures have a direct impact upon product manufacturing quality, productivity and cost, so much attention has already been paid to the research fixture design and many achievements in this field have been reported. In this paper, a literature survey of fixture design and automation over the past decade is proposed. First, an introduction is given on the fixture applications in industry. Then, significant works done in the design field, including their approaches, requirements and working principles are discussed. Finally, some prospective research trends are also discussed.
Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical power by using magnetic fields to create torque. There are different types of electric motors that can operate using either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Electric motors are commonly used in industrial and commercial applications as well as smaller domestic devices. The most widely used type of electric motor is the magnetic motor, which generates torque by establishing a magnetic field between a rotor and stator. Proper motor selection depends on factors like the torque and power requirements of the application.
This document discusses ethics and scientific misconduct in research. It provides definitions of ethics, scientific misconduct, and informed consent. Regulations and guidelines like the Belmont Report were created to protect human subjects following abuses. Researchers must obtain IRB approval and informed consent, avoiding misconduct issues like fabrication, plagiarism, and nonpublication of data. Proper data collection, storage, and authorship are also discussed.
Measuring Robustness on Generalized Gaussian DistributionIJERA Editor
Different from previous work that measured robustness its own distribution, measuring robustness with a robust
estimator on a generalized Gaussian distribution is introduced here. In detail, an unbiased Maximum Likelihood
(ML) variance estimator and a robust variance estimator of the Gaussian distribution with a given censoring
value are applied to the generalized Gaussian distribution that represents Gaussian, Laplace, and Cauchy
distributions; then, Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated to measure robustness. Afterward, how robustness
changes is shown because the actual distribution varies over the generalized Gaussian distribution. The results
indicate that measuring the MSE of the system can be used to point out how robust the system is when the
system distribution changes.
Stakeholder Perceptions of Fire and HazeCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Rachel Carmenta and Jacob Phelps, describes research into stakeholder perceptions in Sumatra.
The central topic is the 'wicked problem' of Sumatran peatland fires - so called because there are no obvious technical solutions, multiple actors at play, and many interdependencies that make outcomes of policy interventions uncertain.
Introduction to concrete curing effect on the early performance of modern con...IJERA Editor
In order to meet the requirements of the modern structure of concrete performance, the composition of modern concrete produced bigger change, this inevitably made an impact on the other properties of concrete. Especially the change of cement fineness and composition, a large number of add mineral admixtures, and the widespread use of high efficiency water reducing agent, has a great influence on the early performance of concrete, especially on the early shrinkage performance, which affect the early cracking of concrete. By collecting and analysising relevant test result, The article summarizes the characteristics of the early performance of modern concrete and their requirements of early curing environment.
With the development of highway, soft soil roadbed treatment has become more and more important。If mishandled, it often can cause problem such as roadbed instability or excessive settlement, this paper surrounding soft soil subgrade problems made a simple introduction.
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
An Ant colony optimization algorithm to solve the broken link problem in wire...IJERA Editor
Aco is a well –known metahuristic in which a colony of artificial ants cooperates in explain Good solution to a combinational optimization problem. Wireless sensor consisting of nodes with limited power is deployed to gather useful information From the field. In wireless sensor network it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient Manner.ant colony optimization, a swarm intelligence based optimization technique, is widely used In network routing. A novel routing approach using an ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed for wireless sensor Network consisting of stable nodes illustrative example details description and cooperative performance test result the proposed approach are included. The approach is also implementing to a small sized hardware component as a router chip simulation result show that proposed algorithm Provides promising solution allowing node designers to efficiency operate routing tasks.
An analytical approach for optimal placement of combined dg and capacitor in ...IAEME Publication
The document presents an analytical approach for optimal placement of combined distributed generation (DG) and capacitor units in a distribution system to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile. It proposes indices to measure power loss reduction and voltage deviation reduction. The methodology determines the optimal DG location for maximum loss reduction, and then the optimal capacitor location for maximum voltage improvement. This methodology is tested on the IEEE 33-bus system with different DG and capacitor combination scenarios. Simulation results show the methodology effectively reduces both power losses and voltage deviation.
This document provides information about evaluating power losses. It begins with an introduction to power losses that occur during transmission over long distances via networks from power plants to consumers. The document then discusses:
- Typical average loss percentages at different stages of transmission and distribution networks ranging from 1-6%
- The difference between transmission losses and power plant efficiencies
- The importance of regularly monitoring and evaluating losses to develop reduction strategies
- Methods for determining losses, including load flow analysis and calculating transformer, line, and commercial losses
- Software that can be used to analyze losses
The document concludes by thanking participants and listing references used.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm to optimize capacitor placement in electrical distribution systems in order to reduce power losses. The algorithm determines the optimal location and sizing of capacitors. It models the growth process of a plant to determine the probability of adding capacitors to different nodes. The method is tested on 33-bus and 34-bus distribution test systems and is shown to successfully reduce losses and improve the voltage profile.
Impact Analysis of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) MetersIJMREMJournal
Automatic meter reading (AMR) meters are installed in portion of Hyderabad city by Hyderabad Electric
Supply Company (HESCO). Installation of AMR meters have initiated discussion on its effectiveness in the
mentioned utility. In this research work, impacts of AMR are analyzed through data collection and analysis.
Energy consumption is compared before and after AMR installation, which shows increase in billed energy
units. Consumer survey was carried, which confirms consumer positive response for AMR installation as
consumer complaints regarding electricity bills have reduced significantly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrical energy plays a vital role in daily life but resources are limited, so energy audits are important to identify wastage. An energy audit reviews historical energy consumption data and checks how energy is used, identifying areas for reduced wastage. The authors conducted energy audits of homes, industries, and commercial buildings. This paper focuses on an audit of a 2-BHK residential house in Bangalore where the authors created an ETAP simulation, identified unnecessary energy use, and provided recommendations that the homeowner agreed to implement to increase efficiency.
The document summarizes an industrial energy audit conducted at R.R. Industries in Vadodara, India. The audit aimed to identify energy losses and inefficiencies in the facility's production and processes in order to minimize energy costs without affecting output or quality. Auditors monitored the facility's entire system and identified opportunities to reduce waste, lower energy bills, and improve the power factor and overall efficiency. Key areas examined included lighting, machinery, equipment loads, energy consumption by department, electrical parameters, and tariff plans. The audit findings and recommendations could help reduce energy usage and costs significantly at the facility.
Micro Hydro Electricity Generation in S.T.P, A Case Study of S.T.P, Salawas-J...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of installing a micro hydro power plant (MHPP) at a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Jodhpur, India. It summarizes that a MHPP could be installed at the STP to harness the energy from the water flow. Based on the available flow rate of 0.3-0.6 m3/s and head of 1.5-2 m, a Kaplan turbine with an output of 11.32 kW was selected. It is estimated that this MHPP could generate 73,355 kWh of electricity annually. The investment cost is estimated to be Rs. 9,10,400 with a payback period of 1.5 years and
Optimum allocation of distributed generation by load flow analysis method a c...eSAT Publishing House
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An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV feeder and its Minimization
1. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
www.ijera.com 34|P a g e
An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV
feeder and its Minimization
Dharam Singh Dr. Sudhir Sharma Sh. Gagandeep Sharma
Student, M.Tech (Electrical) Associate Professor & Head Assistant Professor
Department of Elect. Engg. Department of Elect. Engg. Department of Elect. Engg.
DAVIET, Jalandhar, Punjab DAVIET, Jalandhar, Punjab DAVIET, Jalandhar, Punjab
Abstract
Distribution losses comprise Technical & Non-Technical losses. In this paper technical losses calculation of
11KV Kochar Urban Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder by load power flow analysis using technical data with utility
has been presented. Non technical losses of this feeder have been arrived at by subtracting technical losses from
total distribution losses. As non technical losses are on higher side, new proposals for minimization of non
technical losses have been suggested which include checking of technically rejected temporary tubewell
connections during paddy season and seasonal factories such as rice shellers and ice factories to avoid
accumulation of consumption units.
Keywords- Bus Bar, current Transformer, Distribution Transformer, Energy Meter, Power Plant, Shunt
Capacitor, Transmission Line.
I. Introduction-
In power system, all the power generated at
power plant is unable to reach the consumer end. A
very high percentage of power is wasted as T&D
losses.80% of the total losses are distribution losses.
In Punjab distribution losses amounts to Rs.3667.46
crores (6234MU) as per the latest data of PSERC [1].
So a lot of scope is still there to solve this problem of
undesirable loss to Power sector. These losses very
much affect the economy of the country which
cannot be tolerated. To cover up these losses the
power plant has to generate more energy. The energy
required for covering up the transmission and
distribution losses will also be transmitted through
the transmission and distribution system which will
also add energy losses to the system concerned.
These losses affect the determinations of tariff which
will be on higher side to recover the amount due to
excess distribution losses. So it is utmost necessary
for the utility to reduce the losses wherever practical.
Transmission and Distribution system acts as a link
between generation of power supply at power plant
and its consumption at the consumer side.
Transmission system is expended after the technical
study of all required transmission data and
transmission line routes with planed manner but
expansion of distribution system is done as and when
required, on the emergent demand basis. So no
planning is involved in the expansion of distribution
system. Due to these reason there is increase in T&D
losses and reliability of power supply is minimum.
End users are dissatisfied and are burdened with high
tariff due to high distribution losses. So focus has
rightly been shifted to improvement in distribution
system to reduce distribution losses.
Minimization of distribution losses is not a new
topic for dissertation. A lot of work has already been
done in this regard by different authors/agencies.
New techniques are being developed in a effort that
maximum part of generated energy should reach to
the consumer end. Some of the techniques such as
replacing disc type energy meter with electronics
meters, use of aerial bunched cables, power factor
improvement by installing capacitor units at
substation [2], 11KV feeder and the motor terminals,
HVDS system for agriculture connections, load
balancing on each phase, checking of connections by
flying squads of utilities and levying heavy penalty,
high tariff/penalty for peak load hours, placing
transformer at load centre etc are being adopted by
utilities. In spite of the best effort done by utilities we
are not close to the developed countries of the world
such as, USA, Japan & South Korea on this issue [3].
From practical experience of electrical field, more
efforts can be done in this regard. New suggestions
have been made in this paper, along with
Comprehensive analysis of already prevailing
techniques for minimization of non technical losses
in distribution system.
For calculating non-technical losses, a case study
of 11KV Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder has been
undertaken. The first step is to calculate distribution
losses from the feeder data of billed energy units &
incoming energy units of the feeder. Technical losses
have been calculated by load flow analysis by
Newton Raphson method using MiPower Software.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
www.ijera.com 35|P a g e
Non technical losses are calculated by subtracting
technical losses from total distribution losses. In the
end, some new techniques have been suggested for
minimization of losses. In India T&D losses are
officially declared as 24% [4], but different agencies
including TERI (The Energy Research Institute) has
estimated the T&D losses as high as 50% from their
sample study carried out. This paper presents a case
study of calculation of distribution losses of 11KV
Kochar Urban feeder emanating from 66KV
substation Gohlwar, TarnTararn Punjab.
II. A Case Study
In this Paper, a case study of 11KV Kochar
Urban feeder emanating from 66KV substation,
Gohlwar is under taken..
Fig.1 Sketch of 11KV Kochar Urban Feeder
Gohlwar village is located at a distance of about 12 KMs from TarnTaran district headquarters. This substation
has two nos. 66/11KV step down power transformer. The key diagram of 11KV Kochar Urban feeder is shown
as per figure 1.
This feeder has 32 number mixed categories of consumers, namely large
supply (LS), small power (SP), non-residential supply (NRS) and domestic supply (DS). The major power
consumption is of large supply & small power connections.
2.1 Methodology
The distribution losses of 11KV Kochar urban feeder have been calculated by subtracting energy units billed in
the area of this feeder from the units supplied to this feeder from substation as recorded by energy meter
installed at the start of the feeder. The Punjab State Power Com Limited has all the records of energy incoming
and outgoing from the substation duly recorded in log sheet Performa. The methodology adapted [5] for the loss
calculation has been shown as per figure 2.
3. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
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Fig.2 Flow Chart of Methodology
At first the data related to the consumption/ billed units of all consumers of this 11KV feeder is taken from the
consumer ledger is taken to calculate the consumption of units & total load. The consumption data as collected
has been shown as per table no.1
5. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
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2.2 Distribution Losses Calculations (Technical Losses & Non technical Losses)
For distribution losses calculation the readings of energy meter installed at substation have been recorded for
one month which are given as per table 2.
Table 2 Energy Meter reading of 11KV Kochar Urban feeder for the month of Oct.2014
S.No.
Description
of feeder
Reading taken
on 31/10/14
Reading taken
on 30/9/14
Difference
of energy
meter
readings
M.F of
energy
meter
Total energy
sent in
KWH
1 11KV
Kochar
Urban feeder
16763.25 15999.85 763.4 1000 763400
Total incoming units = 763400 KWH
Total consumption/Billed units = 596065 KWH
Distribution Losses = Total Incoming Units - Total Billed Units
= (763400 – 596065) =166925 KWH
= 21.88% (1)
Technical and nontechnical losses are the main two parts of distribution losses. Physical properties of all the
components of power system cause technical losses. Power dissipation in transmission line and transformer due
to load is the most oblivious example of these losses. Technical losses are naturally occurring losses and cannot
be eliminated. These losses occur due to action internal to the power system consisting of transmission lines,
substations, transformers, measurement and protection equipments. If we are provided with complete data
regarding running load, length and conductor sizes, these losses can be computed and controlled easily.
Technical losses in distribution system include copper losses in 11KV lines, LT lines, service drops and energy
meters. These losses also include core losses in distribution transformers. These losses are inherent in the power
supply distribution system and cannot be avoided.
Theft of energy by consumers / non consumers in one or the other way is the main cause of
Non technical losses. These can be calculated by subtracting technical losses from the total distribution losses of
the 11KV feeder.
2.3 Calculation of Technical Losses
Technical losses of 11KV feeder can be calculated by analytical method using load factor and load loss
factor and by load power flow analysis by different software available. For this, complete data of 11KV feeder
along with distribution transformers installed on it is required.
2.3.1 Loading Data of Distribution Transformers
Table no.3 Loading Data of Transformers on 11KV Kochar Urban feeder
S.No Transformer rating
KVA
Qty. Total KVA Transformer Load
(KW)
1
10 1 10 003.160
2
25 1 25 017.780
3
63 1 63 033.950
4 100 1 100 052.510
5
315 1 315 193.994
6 750 2 1500 1300.439
7
2000 1 2000 1678.822
Total 8 4013 KVA 3280.655
2.3.2 11KV Transmission Line Data
6. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
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Table 4 ACSR Conductor Details
S no. Description of Conductor Length(KM)
1 50mm2
ACSR Conductor 1.6
2 35mm2
ACSR Conductor 1.8
3 25mm2
ACSR Conductor 0.9
Total 4.3 KM
The Resistance of 11KV line Conductor has been taken for single conductor as per Table 5
50mm2
= 0.640146 Ohm/Km
35mm2
= 0.919246 Ohm/Km
25mm2
= 1.274624 Ohm/Km
Table 5 Sequence Impedance for 11KV Aluminum Conductor
ITEM Conductor Size
A.C.Resistance
Ohm/Cond./KM
Impedance Ohm/Cond./KM
mm2
Dia of
Str.mm/No. of
Str.
20o
c 50o
c Single Circuit Double Circuit
X1=X2 Ro+jxo X1=X2 Ro+jxo
1 25 2.14/7 1.137143 1.274624 0.401496 1.422624+
j1.628310
0.41662 1.570624 +
j2.755995
2 35 2.52/7 0.820096 0.919246 0.391226 1.067246+
j1.618040
0.40635 1.215246 +
j2.745725
3 50 3.02/7 0.571100 0.640146 0.379854 0.788146 +
j1.606667
0.39498 0.936146 +
j2.734352
4 70 2.15/19 0.421161 0.472079 0.366401 0.620079 +
j1.593214
0.38153 0.766079 +
j2.720099
5 95 2.52/19 0.303853 0.340589 0.356424 0.488589 +
j1.583237
0.37155 0.636589 +
j2.710922
6 120 2.85/19 0.237695 0.266432 0.348692 0.414432 +
j1.575505
0.36382 0.562432 +
j2.703190
7 185 2.52/37 0.156761 0.175713 0.334439 0.323713 +
j1.561251
0.34957 0.471713 +
j2.688937
Maximum Current on feeder = 138Amp. (On 18/10/2014 at 1.00hrs)
2.3.3 Technical Losses calculation by power load flow study method.
We are having all the data necessary for calculation of the distribution losses by Newton Raphson method of
load flow study. As shown in figure 4 of power flow diagram of 11KV feeder, we have 16nos. of buses including
66KV, 11KV and 0.415KV buses.
7. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
www.ijera.com 40|P a g e
Fig.4 Power Flow Diagram of 11KV Kochar Urban Feeder by Mipower Software
The base MVA has been taken as 100MVA and nominal system frequency 50Hzs. The 11KV feeder has three
sizes of ACSR conductor namely 50mm2
, 35mm2
and 25mm2
with total line length as 4.3 KMs. The number of
transformer loads, transmission lines and other detail has been given in the power flow diagram itself. Mipower
software has been used for power flow study by Newton Rephson method [6].
III. Summary of Results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATED : 3.622 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER GENERATED : 1.716 MVAR
GENERATION Pf : 0.904
TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 3.279 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER LOAD : 1.501 MVAR
LOAD PF : 0.909
TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.342180 MW
% REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 9.448
(2)
TOTAL REACT. POWER LOSS : 0.215114 MVAR
IV. Calculation of Non-Technical losses
As distribution losses comprises technical as well as non-technical losses [7]. So non technical losses can be
calculated subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses as under.
Distribution Losses as calculated (1) =21.88%
Technical Losses as calculated by Load
Flow Analysis by using MiPower Software (2) =9.448%
Non Technical Losses = Distribution Losses - Technical Losses
= (1) - (2)
8. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
www.ijera.com 41|P a g e
= 21.880% - 9.448%
= 12.432%
These losses are on very high side.
Non-Technical losses are basically due to theft of energy in one or the other way. Maximum permissible
limit for technical losses is 9% for urban and 10% for rural distribution system [8] but non technical losses are
not desirable at all. So it is very important to reduce these losses and save revenue as far as possible. This will
also lesson burden on consumers in the shape of lower electricity tariff.
V. Economic Consequences of Distribution Losses.
The economic consequences of distribution losses are far reaching. To cover up the lost energy, additional
generating capacity may be required. The power which is lost as T&D losses in distribution system is still to be
transmitted through these transmission lines substations etc which further adds to the energy losses already
existing in that system. These losses affect the determinations of tariff which will be on higher side to recover
the amount due to excess distribution losses.
VI. New Techniques suggested which are yet to be adopted or not being adopted vigorously.
Mapping/ Data compilation of distribution feeders.
Correct calculation/Computation of technical losses.
Installation of energy meters on secondary side of each distribution transformers.
Prepaid energy meters.
Use of Aerial Bunched Cable.
Installation of pillar-box for domestic/NRS connection energy meters.
Checking of temporary tube well connections which have been rejected on technical ground during
paddy season.
Repeated checking of tube well connection having H.P.tariff.
Every tube well connection should have energy meter to access correct consumption.
Repeated checking of seasonal factories i.e. Ice factories/ Rice shellers to avoid accumulation of
consumption units with the connivance of utility staff.
Implementation of energy audit scheme.
Mitigating power theft making theft of energy as cognizable offence with punishment up to 3 years
imprisonment.
VII. Conclusion
This paper demonstrates the capability of load power flow analysis system to calculate the technical losses
and there by non technical losses in 11KV feeder. For this Newton Raphson method of load power flow study
has been used through MiPower software. The data used is readily available with the engineers of power
distribution utility. The non technical losses calculated are 12.432% which are on very high side. As per survey
undertaken of this 11KV feeder there is Jhuggi Jhopri’s cluster under distribution area of 25KVA Mohinder
Singh Wala transformer and they directly tap the bare conductor of LT line. Two nos. energy meters are dead
stop and show zero consumption. Two connections of 10KVA single phase transformer are having energy
meters inside the commercial/ residential premises having no terminal plates. So pilferage of energy from
incoming terminals cannot be ruled out. Small power connections on 100KVA Sandeep Singh Bala Chack is
having naked joints in incoming cable so theft of energy by small power consumers may be there. All the
domestic / non residential supply connections on 63 KVA Vijay Kumar transformer are having energy meters
inside the respective premises and these have not been shifted outside in sealed pillar box. Thus calculation of
non-technical losses of this feeder will be beneficial to the utility to know the theft/pilferage going on in this
area. Removing naked joints from incoming cables, shifting of energy meters outside the premises in sealed
pillar boxes, replacement of slow/defective meters, proper sealing of terminal plates and meter boxes,
distribution of power supply to small power consumers having load more than 10 KW by HVDS system,
checking of temporary tube well connections rejected on technical ground during paddy season and continuous
checking of seasonal factories will definitely decrease the non technical losses of this feeder.
References
[1] Punjab State electricity Regulatory commission Tariff Order 2014-15 Volume-1 www.pserc.nic.in.
[2] Parmar Jigu Total losses in power distribution & transmission line published in Electrical Engg. Potel,
Aug19, 2013.
9. Dharam Singh et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -3) June 2015, pp.34-42
www.ijera.com 42|P a g e
[3] Singh Tejinder Analysis of Non Technical Losses and its economic consequences on power system, Master
Degree Thesis, Thapar University 2009.
[4] Wikipedia The free Encyclopedia (2015) Electricity Sector in India www.wikipedia.org.
[5] Pawar Rajneesh, Singh Jatinder Calculation of T&D Losses% Based on 11/0.4KV substation in a distribution
utility, Published in power India conference, 2012 IEEE Fifth.
[6] Volta River Authority Non-Technical Losses Reduction. A presentation during UPDEA Scientific committee
meeting in Durban, S.A, Thompson AGALAB (2010).
[7] Power Research and Development Consultant MiPowerTM
, How to Solve 2003.
[8] Jena B C “Distribution losses in power system” www.academia.edu Feb17, 2012.
[9] Ghosh Soham: Loss reduction and efficiency improvement: A critical Appraisal of Power distribution sector
in India. International journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) volume-2, issue-5, September-
October-2012.PP3292-3297.’