The document experimentally studies the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Glass powder was used to replace cement at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures were then tested at ages up to 28 days and compared to a control concrete without glass powder. The results showed that glass powder can be used as a cement replacement up to a particle size of less than 75μm to prevent alkali-silica reaction, without negatively impacting the strength of the concrete. Using glass powder as a partial cement replacement provides an environmentally friendly way to utilize waste glass in concrete production.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Effective Utilisation of Waste Glass in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Glass is a widely used product throughout the world; it is versatile, durable and reliable. The uses of glass
ranges drastically, therefore waste glass is discarded, stockpiled or land filled. About million tons of waste glass
is generated and around large percent of this glass is disposed of in landfills. This pattern has influenced
environmental organizations to pressure the professional community to lower the amount of glass being
discarded as well as find use to the non-recycled glass in new applications. In relation, the recycling of waste
glass as a component in concrete gives waste glass a sustainable alternative to land filling and therefore makes it
economically viable.The proposed study of utilising waste glass powder(GLP) in concrete as partial replacement
of cement as well as the use of crushed glass particles(CGP) retained on 1.18mm & 2.36mm IS sieve as a partial
replacement to sand, which offers important benefits related to strength of concrete as well as it is eco-friendly.
Recycling of mixed-colour waste glass possesses major problems for municipalities, and this problem can be
greatly eliminated by re-using waste glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete. Moreover, re-using waste
materials in construction can reduce the demand on the sources of primary materials.In this project the attempts
have been made to partially replace the cement as well as sand by waste glass powder and crushed glass
particles with equal combination by 5% interval up to 20% replacement and observe its effect on the strength of
concrete after 7 days and 28 days of curing.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Effective Utilisation of Waste Glass in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Glass is a widely used product throughout the world; it is versatile, durable and reliable. The uses of glass
ranges drastically, therefore waste glass is discarded, stockpiled or land filled. About million tons of waste glass
is generated and around large percent of this glass is disposed of in landfills. This pattern has influenced
environmental organizations to pressure the professional community to lower the amount of glass being
discarded as well as find use to the non-recycled glass in new applications. In relation, the recycling of waste
glass as a component in concrete gives waste glass a sustainable alternative to land filling and therefore makes it
economically viable.The proposed study of utilising waste glass powder(GLP) in concrete as partial replacement
of cement as well as the use of crushed glass particles(CGP) retained on 1.18mm & 2.36mm IS sieve as a partial
replacement to sand, which offers important benefits related to strength of concrete as well as it is eco-friendly.
Recycling of mixed-colour waste glass possesses major problems for municipalities, and this problem can be
greatly eliminated by re-using waste glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete. Moreover, re-using waste
materials in construction can reduce the demand on the sources of primary materials.In this project the attempts
have been made to partially replace the cement as well as sand by waste glass powder and crushed glass
particles with equal combination by 5% interval up to 20% replacement and observe its effect on the strength of
concrete after 7 days and 28 days of curing.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Partial replacement of cement in concrete using waste glass powder and m sand...eSAT Journals
Abstract: The traditional Taguchi method is widely used for optimizing the process parameters of a single response problem. Optimization of a single response results the non-optimum values for remaining. But, the performance of a machining process is often evaluated by several quality responses. Under such circumstances, multi-characteristics response optimization may be the solution to optimize multi-responses simultaneously. In the present work, a multi-characteristics response optimization model based on Taguchi and Utility concept is used to optimize process parameters, such as magnetic flux, rotational speed of CFG rod, shape of CFG rod, number of cycles, abrasive-to-iron ratio and abrasive particle size on multiple performance characteristics, namely, surface roughness (Ra) and material removal (MR) during polishing of hollow cylindrical brass work-pieces with Centrifugal-Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CMA2FM) Process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is selected for experimental planning. The ANOVA and F-tests are used to analyze the results. It is found that all the input parameters significantly improve the Utility function comprising of two quality characteristics (MR and %ΔRa). Further, the confirmation tests are conducted and the results are found to be within the confidence interval.
Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Centrifugal Force, Magnetic Force, CFG Rod, CMA2FM, Utility Concept,TaguchiMethod,MultiResponseOptimization
Reusing of glass powder and industrial waste materials in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract A huge amount of concrete is consumed in the construction work. A good quality concrete is mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. In this study investigation were carried out on compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M-40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test results, strength are achieved very less on 7th and 14th das but it increases on the 28thday. High strength values found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters. Keywords: waste glass powder, waste foundry sand, eco-friendly, concrete mix.
Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Agg...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: One of the major challenges in our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials must be increased. This experimental study is to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive tiles, glass, rail road ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing reusing of copper slag, the huge amounts of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles. In the present study experimental investigation has been carried out on M25 grade concrete is used and tests were conducted for various percentage replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary portland cement and sand. The use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environment as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This study reviews the characteristics of copper slag and its effect on the engineering properties of M25 grade concrete.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sustainable approach of using higher percentage of stone dust, silica fume an...Bilcilintan Patel
It can give a idea of using a by- product for making a sustainable concrete and minimizing the natural resources by using a Stone dust, Silica fume and Glass powder
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Partial replacement of cement in concrete using waste glass powder and m sand...eSAT Journals
Abstract: The traditional Taguchi method is widely used for optimizing the process parameters of a single response problem. Optimization of a single response results the non-optimum values for remaining. But, the performance of a machining process is often evaluated by several quality responses. Under such circumstances, multi-characteristics response optimization may be the solution to optimize multi-responses simultaneously. In the present work, a multi-characteristics response optimization model based on Taguchi and Utility concept is used to optimize process parameters, such as magnetic flux, rotational speed of CFG rod, shape of CFG rod, number of cycles, abrasive-to-iron ratio and abrasive particle size on multiple performance characteristics, namely, surface roughness (Ra) and material removal (MR) during polishing of hollow cylindrical brass work-pieces with Centrifugal-Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CMA2FM) Process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is selected for experimental planning. The ANOVA and F-tests are used to analyze the results. It is found that all the input parameters significantly improve the Utility function comprising of two quality characteristics (MR and %ΔRa). Further, the confirmation tests are conducted and the results are found to be within the confidence interval.
Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Centrifugal Force, Magnetic Force, CFG Rod, CMA2FM, Utility Concept,TaguchiMethod,MultiResponseOptimization
Reusing of glass powder and industrial waste materials in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract A huge amount of concrete is consumed in the construction work. A good quality concrete is mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. In this study investigation were carried out on compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M-40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test results, strength are achieved very less on 7th and 14th das but it increases on the 28thday. High strength values found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters. Keywords: waste glass powder, waste foundry sand, eco-friendly, concrete mix.
Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Agg...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: One of the major challenges in our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials must be increased. This experimental study is to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive tiles, glass, rail road ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing reusing of copper slag, the huge amounts of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles. In the present study experimental investigation has been carried out on M25 grade concrete is used and tests were conducted for various percentage replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary portland cement and sand. The use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environment as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This study reviews the characteristics of copper slag and its effect on the engineering properties of M25 grade concrete.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sustainable approach of using higher percentage of stone dust, silica fume an...Bilcilintan Patel
It can give a idea of using a by- product for making a sustainable concrete and minimizing the natural resources by using a Stone dust, Silica fume and Glass powder
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slagijtsrd
Cement concrete possesses the most significant job in the field of common building. Cement is the most significant part in Concrete which ties the Totals together, however its creation is very vitality expending and adds to about 7 of Greenhouse gases, all around, and it is evaluated that the generation of one ton of Cement produces about 0.9 huge amounts of CO2, which is discharged in nature. The fine total or sand utilized are typically acquired from common sources exceptionally stream beds or waterway banks. Presently a day because of steady sand mining the characteristic sand is exhausting at a disturbing rate. Along these lines, there is a need to discover option in contrast to common sand and concrete. The endeavors have been made to fractional supplanting of sand with Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond with Waste Glass Powder W.G.P in view to diminish ecological issues like contamination, consumption of common assets and issues in squander the executives. Granular Steel Slag G.S.S which is a result of steel making is delivered during the partition of the liquid steel from debasements in steel production heaters. The Slag happens as a liquid fluid soften and is an unpredictable arrangement of silicates and oxides that cements after cooling. Expansion of steel slag improves the mechanical properties of cement. Squander Glass Powder W.G.P is a valuable mechanical squander. It shows pozzolanic conduct when the molecule size is under 75µ. The pozzolanic properties might be ascribed to the high measure of silica. The particles of Glass Powder are fine, filling voids between bond grains which brings about additional solid Concrete. Fine aggregate was incompletely supplanted with 25 , half and 75 Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond supplanted with 20 steady Waste Glass Powder W.G.P for M20 grade concrete. Tests were performed for crisp and mechanical properties of concrete at 7, 28 and 56 days and the outcomes appeared there is a steady increase in qualities from 25 to half of substitution. Shaik. Shajahan | Dr. P. Balakrishna "Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29524.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29524/study-on-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-with-glass-powder-and-steel-slag/shaik-shajahan
Partial Replacement of Cement to Concrete by Marble Dust PowderIJMTST Journal
Leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause environmental problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized. Partial replacement of cement by varying percentage of marble dust Powder powder reveals that increased waste marble dust powder ratio result in increased workability and compressive strengths of the concrete Marble Dust Powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away, which results in environmental contamination, in addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public wellness.. In this research work, Marble Dust Powder has replaced the (OPC & PPC) cement accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, & 25% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were developed, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete. The purpose of the investigation is to analyze the behavior of concrete while replacing the Marble Dust Powder with Different proportions in concrete.
Production of Interlocking Tiles using Marble SlurryAI Publications
The waste of the marble industry is the cause of many environmental problems because 70% waste and the acquisition of only 30% of the main product contributing to the high non-corrosive spill. Dump sites give a dirty look. Contaminate the top fertile soil cover, and the rivers / bodies of water that touch it irrigation and drinking water and air resources and the loss of plants and animals. The most effective solution for utilization of marble slurry is to apply to Bulk. The only sector that saves eat marble slurry at such a high level only in the construction industry. Concrete is an important building material and is used in construction industry due to its high compression strength and durability. Now a different day concrete workshops were conducted with the intention of reducing costs and unavailability of common items. This paper scans the file for strong areas of various types of concrete used using marble dumps as replacement of good integration. The pieces of marble are finely ground into powder and gradation is compared to a good standard combination of Various marble slurry structures determined in the laboratory. Sp. gravity 2.61, Fineness modulus 0.91 and the use of The marble slurry in Cement Concrete instead of Sand is 30% showing the same strength as Control i,e. 1: 2: 4. Cement Concrete 0% Marble slurry. Marble slurry can be easily used in the construction industry in preparation Cement Concrete.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
To Graph or Not to Graph Knowledge Graph Architectures and LLMs
F05534353
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 05 (May. 2015), ||V3|| PP 43-53
International organization of Scientific Research 43 | P a g e
Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass
Powder
T.Subramani1
, S.B.Sankar Ram2
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg. College, Vinayaka Missions University,
Salem, India
2
PG Student of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg. College,
Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India
Abstract: - Cement manufacturing industry is one of the carbon dioxide emitting sources besides deforestation
and burning of fossil fuels. The global warming is caused by the emission of green house gases, such as CO2, to
the atmosphere. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. The global
cement industry contributes about 7% of greenhouse gas emission to the earth’s atmosphere. Glass is used in
many forms in day-to-day life. It has limited life span and after use it is either stock piled or sent to landfills.
Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills do not provide an environment friendly solution. Hence, there is
strong need to utilize waste glasses. Many efforts have been made to use waste glass in concrete industry as a
replacement of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Its performance as a coarse aggregate replacement
has been found to be non-satisfactory because of strength regression and expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.
The research shows that there is strength loss due to fine aggregate substitution also. Efforts have been made in
the concrete industry to use waste glass as partial replacement of coarse or fine aggregates and cement. In this
study, finely powdered waste glasses are used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete and compared it
with conventional concrete. This work examines the possibility of using Glass powder as a partial replacement
of cement for new concrete. Glass powder was partially replaced as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for its
compressive, Tensile and flexural strength up to 28 days of age and were compared with those of conventional
concrete; from the results obtained, it is found that glass powder can be used as cement replacement material up
to particle size less than 75μm to prevent alkali silica reaction.
Keywords: Experimental Study, Concrete, Using Cement, Glass Powder
I INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a blend of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. The key factor that adds value to
concrete is that it can be designed to withstand harshest environments significant role. Today global warming
and environmental devastation have become manifest harms in recent years, concern about environmental
issues, and a changeover from the mass-waste, mass-consumption, mass-production society of the past to a zero-
emanation society is now viewed as significant. Normally glass does not harm the environment in any way
because it does not give off pollutants, but it can harm humans as well as animals, if not dealt carefully and it is
less friendly to environment because it is non-biodegradable. Thus, the development of new technologies has
been required. The term glass contains several chemical diversities including soda-lime silicate glass, alkali-
silicate glass and boro-silicate glass. To date, these types of glasses glass powder have been widely used in
cement and aggregate mixture as pozzolana for civil works. The introduction of waste glass in cement will
increase the alkali content in the cement. It also help in bricks and ceramic manufacture and it preserves raw
materials, decreases energy consumption and volume of waste sent to landfill. As useful recycled materials,
glasses and glass powder are mainly used in fields related to civil engineering, for example, in cement, as
pozzolana(supplementary cementitious materials), and coarse aggregate. Their recycling ratio is close to 100%,
and it is also used in concrete without adverse effects in concrete durability. Therefore, it is considered ideal for
recycling Recently, Glasses and its powder has been used as a construction material to decrease environmental
problems. The coarse and fine glass aggregates could cause ASR(alkali-silica reaction) in concrete , but the
glass powder could suppress their ASR tendency, an effect similar to supplementary cementations materials
(SCMs). Therefore, glass is used as a replacement of supplementary cementitious materials.
II MATERIALS USED
In this project waste materials were utilized to produce building bricks. The following materials were used in
this investigation
2. Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass Powder
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2.1 Cement
Cement is one of the binding materials in this project. Cement is the important building material in
today’s construction world 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) conforming to IS: 8112-1989. Table 3.1
gives the properties of cement used.
Table 2.1: Properties of cement
Description of test
Test results
obtained
Requirements
of IS: 8112 1989
Initial setting time 65 minutes Min. 30minutes
Final setting time 270 minutes Max. 600minutes
Fineness (specific
surface by Blaine’s
air permeability test)
412.92
m2
/kg
Min. 225 m2
/kg
Figure. 2.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement, 53Grade conforming to IS: 269 – 1976.Ordinary Portland cement,
53Gradewas used for casting all the Specimens. Different types of cement have different water requirements to
produce pastes of standard consistence. Different types of cement also will produce concrete have a different
rates of strength development. The choice of brand and type of cement is the most important to produce a good
quality of concrete. The type of cement affects the rate of hydration, so that the strengths at early ages can be
considerably influenced by the particular cement used. It is also important to ensure compatibility of the
chemical and mineral admixtures with cement.
2.2 Fine Aggregate
Locally available river sand conforming to Grading zone II of IS: 383 –1970. Clean and dry river sand
available locally will be used. Sand passing through IS 4.75mm Sieve will be used for casting all the
specimens.(Fig.2.2 and Table 2.2)
Table 2.2 Property Of Fine Aggregate
Fig 2.2 Fine Aggregate
Locally available river sand conforming to Grading zone I of IS: 383 –1970.Clean and dry river sand available
locally will be used. Sand passing through IS 4.75mm Sieve will be used for casting all the specimens.
S.NO PROPERTIES VALUE
1 Specific Gravity 2.65
2 Fineness Modulus 2.25
3 Water absorption 1.5%
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2.3 Coarse Aggregate
Table 2.3 Property Of Coarse Aggregate
Fig 2.3 Coarse Aggregate
Crushed granite aggregate with specific gravity of 2.77 and passing through 4.75 mm sieve and will be
used for casting all specimens. Several investigations concluded that maximum size of coarse aggregate should
be restricted in strength of the composite. In addition to cement paste – aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a
great influence on concrete dimensional stability. Locally available crushed blue granite stones conforming to
graded aggregate of nominal size 20 mm as per IS: 383 – 1970.Crushed granite aggregate with specific gravity
of 2.77 and passing through 4.75 mm sieve and will be used for casting all specimens. Several investigations
concluded that maximum size of coarse aggregate should be restricted in strength of the composite. In addition
to cement paste – aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a great influence on concrete dimensional stability.
(Fig.2.3 & Table 2.3)
2.4 Water
Casting and curing of specimens were done with the potable water that is available in the college premises.
2.5 Glass Powder
Glass powder is finely ground glass. These fine glass particles
remind you of talcum powder. Use extreme care when handling this dry powder pigment to prevent breathing
the dust particles. Make sure you wear a respiratory mask when working with this powder, preferably one that is
NIOSH approved. Check to see that the powder has the same COE as your other fusing glass. This will
ensure that your projects will not have built up stress. Powder glass is so versatile and useful. It can be
purchased in every color of the rainbow. Glass is a rigid liquid i.e. super cooled liquid, static, not solid, not a
gas but does not change molecularly between melting and solidification in to a desired shape. Glass is one of the
most versatile substances on earth used in many applications and in a wide variety of forms. Glass occurs
naturally when rock high in silicates melt at high temperature and cool before they can form a crystalline
structure. Obsidian or volcanic glass is a well known example of naturally occurring glass. When manufactured
by human's the glass is a mixture of silica, sand, lime and other materials. The elements of glass are heated to
9820 Celsius. eat can return the glass to a liquid and workable form, making it easy to reuse and recycle.
(Fig.2.4)
Fig 2.4 Glass powder
S.NO PROPERTIY
VALUES
1 Specific Gravity 2.68
2 Size Of Aggregates 20mm
3 Fineness Modulus 5.96
4 Water absorption 2.0%
5 Impact Test 15.2%
6 Crushing Test 22.5%
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III MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 CEMENT:
The type of cement used was Portland Pozzalona Cement.
3.1.1specific Gravity
The density bottle was used to determine the specific gravity of cement. The bottle was cleaned and
dried. The weight of empty bottle with brass cap and washerW1 was taken. Then bottle was filled by 200 to
400g of dry cement and weighed as W2.The bottle was filled with kerosene and stirred thoroughly for removing
the entrapped air which was weighed as W3.It was emptied, cleaned well, filled with kerosene and weighed as
W4.
Specific gravity of Cement (G) = (W2-W1)
(W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
W1 = Weight of empty density bottle with brass cap and washer in gm.
W2 = Mass of the density bottle & cement in gm.
W3 = Mass of the density bottle, cement & kerosene in gm.
W4 = Mass of the density bottle filled with kerosene in gm.
3.1.2 Fineness (By Sieve Analysis)
The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain
of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a greater surface area for hydration and
hence faster development of strength. 100 grams of cement was taken on a standard IS SieveNo.9(90 microns).
The air-set lumps in the sample were broken with fingers. The sample was continuously sieved giving circular
and vertical motion for 15 minutes. The residue left on the sieve was weighed.
3.1.3 Consistency
The objective of conducting this test is to find out the amount of water to be added to the cement to get
a paste of normal consistency. 500 grams of cement was taken and made into a paste with a weighed quantity of
water (% by weight of cement) for the first trial. The paste was prepared in a standard manner and filled into the
vicat mould plunger, 10mm diameter, 50mm long and was attached and brought down to touch the surface of
the paste in the test block and quickly released allowing it to sink into the paste by its own weight. The depth of
penetration of the plunger was noted. Similarly trials were conducted with higher water cement ratios till such
time the plunger penetrates for a depth of 33-35mm from the top. That particular percentage of water which
allows the plunger to penetrate only to a depth of 33-35mm from the top is known as the percentage of water
required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency.
3.1.4 Initial Setting Time
The needle of the Vicat apparatus was lowed gently and brought in contact with the surface of the test
block and quickly released. It was allowed to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning, the needle
completely pierced through the test block. But after sometime when the paste starts losing its plasticity, the
needle penetrated only to a depth of 33-35mm from the top. The period elapsing between the time when water is
added to the cement and the time at which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth equal to 33-35mm from
the top was taken as the initial setting time.
3.2 Coarse Aggregate
20mm down size aggregate was used.
3.2.1 Specific Gravity
A pycnometer was used to find out the specific gravity of coarse aggregate. The empty dry pycnometer was
weighed and taken as W1. Then the pycnometer is filled with 2/3 of coarse aggregate and it was weighed as W2.
Then the pycnometer was filled with part of coarse aggregate and water and it weighed as W3. The pycnometer
was filled up to the top of the bottle with water and weighed it as W4.
Specific gravity of Cement (G) = (W2-W1)
(W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
W1 = Mass of empty pycnometer in gm.
W2 = Mass of pycnometer& coarse
aggregate in gm.
5. Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass Powder
International organization of Scientific Research 47 | P a g e
W3 = Mass of the pycnometer, coarse aggregate & water in gm.
W4 = Mass of the pycnometer filled with water in gm.
3.2.2 Bulk Density
Bulk density is the weight of a material in a given volume. It is expressed in Kg/m3
.A cylindrical
measure of nominal diameter 250mm and height 300mm was used. The cylinder has the capacity of 1.5 liters
with the thickness of 4mm. The cylindrical measure was filled about 1/3 each time with thoroughly mixed
aggregate and tampered with 25 strokes. The measure was carefully struck off level using tamping rod as
straight edge. The net weight of aggregate in the measure was determined. Bulk density was calculated as
follows.
Bulk density = (Net weight of coarse aggregate in Kg)/ (Volume)
3.2.3 Surface Moisture
100g of coarse aggregate was taken and their weight was determined, say W1. The sample was then kept in the
oven for 24 hours. It was then taken out and the dry weight is determined, says W2. The difference between W1
and W2 gives the surface moisture of the sample.
3.2.4 Water Absorption
100g of nominal coarse aggregate was taken and their weight was determined, say W1. The sample was
then immersed in water for 24 hours. It was then taken out, drained and its weight was determined, says W2. The
difference between W1 and W2 gives the water absorption of the sample.
3.2.5 Fineness Modulus
The sample was brought to an air-dry condition by drying at room temperature. The required quantity
of the sample was taken (3Kg). Sieving was done for 10 minutes. The material retained on each sieve after
shaking, represents the fraction of the aggregate coarser then the sieve considered and finer than the sieve above.
The weight of aggregate retained in each sieve was measured and converted to a total sample. Fineness modulus
was determined as the ratio of summation of cumulative percentage weight retained (F) to 100.
3.3 Properties Of Water
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of Oils, Acids, Alkalis, Salts,
Sugar, Organic materials Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete Mixing and
curing with sea water shall not be permitted. The pH value shall not be less than 6.
3.4 Properties Of Glass Powder
Properties Of Glass Powder given in Table 3.1 and Chemical composition of glass powder shown in Fig.3.1
Table 3.1 Properties Of Glass Powder
Figure 2.5 Chemical composition of glass powder
Composition (% by mass)/
property
Glass powder
Silica (SiO2) 72.5
Alumina (Al2O3) 0.4
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 0.2
Calcium oxide (CaO) 9.7
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 3.3
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 13.7
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.1
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) -
Loss of ignition 0.36
Fineness % passing (sieve size) 80 (45 µm)
Unit weight,Kg/m3 2579
Specific gravity 2.58
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3.5 Fresh Concrete Properties
3.5.1. Workability
With the addition of furnace slag, the slump loss with time is directly proportional to increase in the
slag content due to the introduction of large surface area in the concrete mix by its addition. Although the slump
decreases, the mix remains highly cohesive.
3.5.2 Segregation And Bleeding
Furnace slag reduces bleeding significantly because the free water is consumed in wetting of the large surface
area of the furnace slag and hence the free water left in the mix for bleeding also decreases. Furnace slag also
blocks the pores in the fresh concrete so water within the concrete is not allowed to come to the surface.
3.5.3 Slump Test
Fresh concrete when unsupported will flow to the sides and sinking in height will take place. This vertical
settlement is known as slump.(Fig.3.2 and Table 3.2)
The workability (ease of mixing, transporting, placing and compaction) of concrete depends on wetness of
concrete (consistency) i.e., water content as well as proportions of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate and
aggregate to cement ratio.
The slump test which is a field test is only an approximate measure of consistency defining ranges of
consistency for most practical works. This test is performed by filling fresh concrete in the mould and
measure the settlement i.e., slump.
Table 3.2 Slump Result
Figure. 3.2 Slump Test
3.6 Hardened Concrete Properties
3.6.1 Compression Test On Concrete Cubes
The determination of the compressive strength of concrete is very important because the compressive
strength is the criterion of its quality. Other strength is generally prescribed in terms of compressive strength.
The strength is expressed in N/mm2
. This method is applicable to the making of preliminary compression tests
to ascertain the suitability of the available materials or to determine suitable mix proportions. The concrete to be
tested should not have the nominal maximum size of aggregate more than 20mm test specimens are either 15cm
cubes or 15cm diameter used. At least three specimens should be made available for testing. Where every
cylinder is used for compressive strength results the cube strength can be calculated as under.Minimum cylinder
compressive strength = 0.8 x compressive strength cube (10 cm x 10 cm) The concrete specimens are generally
tested at ages 7 days and 28 days.
3.6.2 Split Tensile Test On Cylinder
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Tension stresses are likely to develop in
concrete due to drying shrinkage, rusting of reinforcement, temperature gradient etc.
In concrete road slab this tensile stresses are developed due to wheel loaded and volume changes in concrete are
available to determine this. Split test is one of the indirect methods available to find out the tensile strength.
3.6.3 Flexural Test On Beams
It is the ability of a beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading un-reinforced
6x6 inch concrete beams with a span three times the depth (usually 18 in.). The flexural strength is expressed as
“Modulus of Rupture” (MR) in psi. Flexural MR is about 12 to 20 percent of compressive strength.
Ratio Slump value
Conventional Concrete
Control mix 25.5mm
Slag Concrete M25
Ratio I 25.65mm
Ratio II 26. 20mm
Ratio III 26.50 mm
7. Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass Powder
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IV MIX DESIGN
4.1 Definition
Mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredient if concrete and determines their relative proportions
with the object of certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible.
4.2 Objective Of Mix Design
The objective of concrete mix design as follows.
The first objective is to achieve the stipulated minimum strength.
The second objective is to make the concrete in the most economical Manner. Cost wise all concrete’s
depends primarily on two factors, namely cost of material and cost of labour. Labor cost, by way of
formwork, batching, mixing, transporting and curing is namely same for good concrete.
4.3 Factors To Be Considered In Mix Design
1. Grade of concrete
2. Type of cement
3. Type & size of aggregate
4. Type of mixing & curing
5. Water /cement ratio
6. Degree of workability
7. Density of concrete
8. Air content
V TESTING PROCEDURE
5.1 General Procedure
Within the experimental research program concerning the development of mechanical properties of a
partially replacement of cement by flyash, partially replacement of sand by bottom ash and glass is used
reference concrete of grade M25 (REF) was considered with the following composition, accordingly. The w/c-
ratio is 0.43. Coarse aggregates were chosen, having a particle size mainly varying between 2 mm and 20 mm.
An intensive experimental program is performed to study the effect of internal curing on different types of
concrete properties: (i) fresh properties (slump and density); (ii) mechanical properties (compressive strength,
flexural strength, splitting tensile strength).
5.2 Compressive Strength Test
When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be in tension. On the
other hand if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be in compression.
On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in tension whereas in compression
they are forced together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an equilibrium position, and distance between
other atoms, forces arise throughout the entire material which oppose both tension or compression. The
phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are therefore similar.The "strain" is the relative change in length under
applied stress; positive strain characterises an object under tension load which tends to lengthen it, and a
compressive stress that shortens an object gives negative strain. Tension tends to pull small sideways deflections
back into alignment, while compression tends to amplify such deflection into buckling.Compressive strength is
measured on materials, components, and structures. By definition, the ultimate compressive strength of a
material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material fails completely. The
compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive test. The apparatus used for
this experiment is the same as that used in a tensile test. However, rather than applying a uniaxial tensile load, a
uniaxial compressive load is applied. As can be imagined, the specimen (usually cylindrical) is shortened as
well as spread laterally. In the study of strength of materials, the compressive strength is the capacity of a
material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It can be measured by plotting applied force
against deformation in a testing machine. Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit; others
deform irreversibly, so a given amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load.
Compressive strength is a key value for design of structuresAt the time of testing, each specimen must keep in
compressive testing machine. The maximum load at the breakage of concrete block will be noted. From the
noted values, the compressive strength may calculated by using below formula.(Fig.5.1)
Compressive Strength = Load / Area
Size of the test specimen=150mm x 150mm x 150mm
8. Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass Powder
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Fig 5.1 Compression Test Fig 5.2 Split Tensile Test
5.3 Split Tensile Test
• The size of cylinders 300 mm length and 150 mm diameter are placed in the machine such that load is
applied on the opposite side of the cubes are casted. Align carefully and load is applied, till the specimen breaks.
The formula used for calculation. (Fig.5.2)
Split tensile strength = 2P/ µdl
5.4 Flexural Strength Test
During the testing, the beam specimens of size 7000mmx150mmx150mm were used. Specimens were
dried in open air after 7 days of curing and subjected to flexural strength test under flexural testing assembly.
Apply the load at a rate that constantly increases the maximum stress until rupture occurs. The fracture indicates
in the tension surface within the middle third of span length.
VI TEST RESULTS
6.1 Ratios For Concrete (Extra Ingredients)
Various Percentange Of Glass Powder
RATIO –I
Glass powder – 10 % by replacement of Cement
RATIO - II
Glass powder – 20 % by replacement of Cement
RATIO - III
Glass powder – 30 % by replacement of Cement
RATIO - IV
Glass powder – 40 % by replacement of Cement
6.2 Compressive Strength Of Concrete
The Table 6.1,6,2 & 6.3 shows the strength gain at various percentages of glass powder replacement at
7, 14 & 28th day. It can be seen clearly that there a reduction in the strength at the 10% replacement. Waste
glass when ground to a very fine powder, SiO2 react chemically with alkalis in cement and form cementitious
product that help contribute to the strength development. Also it may be due to the glass powder effectively
filling the voids and giving rise to a dense concrete. When comparing the strength gain with the cement mortar
strength gain it can be seen that there is increment of strength even at 10% glass powder replacement. This must
be due to the dilution effect takes over and the strength starts to drop . The presents of excess glass powder
without necessary calcium to react, forms weak pockets in the concrete that reduces the concrete strength, this
happens due to alkali silicate reaction
9. Experimental Study on Concrete Using Cement With Glass Powder
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Table 6.1 Compressive Test on Cube for 7 days Table 6.2 Compressive Test On Cube For 14 Days
Table 6.3 Compressive Test On Cube For 28 days
6.3 Split Tensile Strength Of Concrete
The Table 6.4, Table 6.5 and Table 6.6 Shows The Split Tensile Test On Cylinder For 7 Days, 14 Days & 28
Days of glass powder replacement at 28th day. It can be seen clearly that there a reduction in the strength at the
40 % replacement. The split tensile strength is improvement is marginal compared to the compressive strength
increase.
Table 6.4 Split Tensile Test On Cylinder for 7 days Table 6.5 Split Tensile Test On Cylinder for 14 days
Table 6.6 Split Tensile Test On Cylinder for 28 days
Control
Mix
Split tensile Strength in N/mm2
28 days
CC (0%)
Various % of glass powder
10% 20% 30% 40%
M25 3.04 3.28 3.02 2.98 2.84
6.4 Flexural Strength Of Concrete
The Table 6.7, Table 6.8 and Table 6.9 Shows flexural strength improvement at various percentages of
glass powder replacement For 7 Days, 14 Days & 28 Days It can be seen clearly that there a reduction in the
strength at the 40% replacement here also. The flexural strength improves considerably at 10 % replacement
which is about 43 % compared to the control specimen.
Contro
l Mix
Compressive Strength In N/Mm2
14 Days
Cc
(0%)
Various % Of Glass Powder
10
%
20% 30% 40%
M 25
19.7
6
20.2 19.6 19.14 18.8
Con
trol
Mix
Compressive Strength In N/Mm2
7
Days
Cc
(0%
)
Various % Of Glass Powder
10
%
20
%
30
%
40%
M25 8.23 9.20 9.03 8.96 8.52
Control
Mix
Compressive Strength In N/Mm2
28 Days
Cc (0%)
Various % Of Glass Powder
10% 20% 30% 40%
M25 23.6 23.95 22.6 21.4 20.9
Control
Mix
Split tensile Strength in N/mm2
7
DAYS
CC
(0%)
Various % of glass powder
10% 20% 30% 40%
M25 1.98 2.26 2.15 2.08 1.84
Control
Mix
Split tensile Strength in N/mm2
14
days
CC (0%)
Various % of glass powder
10% 20% 30% 40%
M25
2.35 2.67 2.54 2.32 2.14
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(Version 1), pp 51 -58, 2014.
[12]. Subramani.T, Senthilkumar.T, Jayalakshmi.J, "Analysis Of Admixtures And Their Effects Of Silica
Fumes, Metakaolin And Pfa On The Air Content",International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,
Volume 4, Issue 6 (Version 4), pp 28-36, 2014.
[13]. Subramani.T, Sakthi Kumar.D, Badrinarayanan.S "Fem Modelling And Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Section With Light Weight Blocks Infill " International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,
Volume. 4, Issue. 6 (Version 6), pp 142 - 149, 2014.
AUTHOR
Prof. Dr.T.Subramani Working as a Professor and Dean of Civil Engineering in VMKV
Engg. College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. Having more than
25 years of Teaching experience in Various Engineering Colleges. He is a Chartered Civil
Engineer and Approved Valuer for many banks. Chairman and Member in Board of Studies
of Civil Engineering branch. Question paper setter and Valuer for UG and PG Courses of
Civil Engineering in number of Universities. Life Fellow in Institution of Engineers (India)
and Institution of Valuers. Life member in number of Technical Societies and Educational
bodies. Guided more than 400 students in UG projects and 150 students in PG projects. He is
a reviewer for number of International Journals and published 102 International Journal Publications and
presented more than 25 papers in International Conferences.
S.B.Sankar Ram completed his Diploma in Civil Engineering in 1980 and AMIE in the
branch of Civil Engineering in 1997. Now, he is working as a Assistant Executive Engineer
in Rural development and Panchayat Raj Department of Government of Tamilnadu.
Currently he is doing ME Degree in the branch of Structural Engineering in the Division of
Civil Engineering,VMKV Engineering College,Salem.