Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea that can be found in various anoxic habitats. They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions. Methanogens produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines by a process called methanogenesis. They are found in habitats associated with decomposition of organic matter like bogs, anaerobic digestors, aquatic sediments, hydrothermal submarine vents and geothermal springs.
This document discusses extremophiles, which are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes several types of extremophiles including thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, barophiles, and xerophiles. Specific adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive high temperatures, high salt concentrations, high pressures, and low water availability are discussed. Examples of extremophilic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses are provided. The document suggests that extremophiles were likely the earliest forms of life on Earth and may have similarities to organisms that could survive on other planets.
The document discusses extremophiles, which are microbes that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salinity, and other environmental factors. It provides examples of different types of extremophiles like thermophiles, methanogens, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, halophiles, and barophiles. These microbes have been found in very harsh environments on Earth and have important applications in biotechnology and industry. The document highlights the diversity of extremophiles and their ability to survive in some of the most extreme conditions on our planet.
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
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The document discusses microbes that inhabit various aquatic marine ecosystems. It describes how microbes make up over 90% of the biomass in oceans and seas. While difficult to study directly, they play crucial roles through photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and food webs. Microbes thrive from coastal areas to the open ocean and deep sea, adapting to varying conditions like temperature, pressure, oxygen and nutrient levels through metabolic strategies like photosynthesis and symbiosis with other organisms.
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
The document discusses the concepts, history, and development of industrial microbiology. It describes how industrial microbiology uses microorganisms to produce industrial products at large scales. The history is divided into five phases from early uses of fermentation in ancient times to the current biotechnology period. Key developments include Pasteur's discoveries of microbial roles in fermentation, the era of antibiotic discovery including penicillin, and recent advances in biotechnology using genetic engineering. Microbes now have important industrial applications in producing metabolites, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea that can be found in various anoxic habitats. They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions. Methanogens produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines by a process called methanogenesis. They are found in habitats associated with decomposition of organic matter like bogs, anaerobic digestors, aquatic sediments, hydrothermal submarine vents and geothermal springs.
This document discusses extremophiles, which are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes several types of extremophiles including thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, barophiles, and xerophiles. Specific adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive high temperatures, high salt concentrations, high pressures, and low water availability are discussed. Examples of extremophilic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses are provided. The document suggests that extremophiles were likely the earliest forms of life on Earth and may have similarities to organisms that could survive on other planets.
The document discusses extremophiles, which are microbes that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salinity, and other environmental factors. It provides examples of different types of extremophiles like thermophiles, methanogens, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, halophiles, and barophiles. These microbes have been found in very harsh environments on Earth and have important applications in biotechnology and industry. The document highlights the diversity of extremophiles and their ability to survive in some of the most extreme conditions on our planet.
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
The document discusses microbes that inhabit various aquatic marine ecosystems. It describes how microbes make up over 90% of the biomass in oceans and seas. While difficult to study directly, they play crucial roles through photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and food webs. Microbes thrive from coastal areas to the open ocean and deep sea, adapting to varying conditions like temperature, pressure, oxygen and nutrient levels through metabolic strategies like photosynthesis and symbiosis with other organisms.
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
The document discusses the concepts, history, and development of industrial microbiology. It describes how industrial microbiology uses microorganisms to produce industrial products at large scales. The history is divided into five phases from early uses of fermentation in ancient times to the current biotechnology period. Key developments include Pasteur's discoveries of microbial roles in fermentation, the era of antibiotic discovery including penicillin, and recent advances in biotechnology using genetic engineering. Microbes now have important industrial applications in producing metabolites, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
This presentation provides an overview of basic mycology. It will discuss the structure and growth of fungi, pathogenesis, fungal toxins and allergens, and laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. The presentation will be delivered by Saeeda Ashraf, Hoor Ul Ain Rounaq, Sadia Wasi, and Fatima Khan. It will cover topics such as the thermal dimorphism and aerobic/anaerobic nature of fungi, fungal spore types, mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, host defenses against fungi, examples of mycotoxicoses and fungal allergens, and diagnostic methods including direct microscopic examination, culture, DNA probes, and immunologic tests.
This presentation discusses the etiology of cancer, focusing on viruses, radiation, environmental and industrial carcinogens, diet, nutrition, tobacco, alcohol consumption, and genetic susceptibility as causes of cancer. Dr. Manash K. Paul from the Department of Biology at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research will provide the presentation for teaching purposes only. The document contains no other information.
Viruses are composed of genetic material packaged within a protein coat. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have their own organelles. Plant viruses infect plants and are transmitted between plants through vectors like insects or mechanically through sap. They move between plant cells through plasmodesmata. Animal viruses infect animals and enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. They exit cells through budding or host cell lysis. Examples of important plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, while important animal viruses include influenza, herpesviruses, and coronaviruses.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Virus assembly is a key step in the viral replication cycle that involves transporting viral proteins and nucleic acids through the cell and assembling them into new viral particles. There are three main steps:
1) Assembly of the protein shell or capsid from individual proteins or polyprotein precursors, sometimes with the aid of chaperone proteins.
2) Selective packaging of the viral genome.
3) Some viruses acquire an envelope by budding through cellular membranes during the assembly process.
This document summarizes key aspects of microbiology. It discusses the definition of microbiology as the study of microorganisms including unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists. It notes some of the benefits of microbes such as antibiotic production, nutrient cycling, and roles in food production. It also briefly outlines the history of microbiology including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and key characteristics of microbes like their modes of transmission, reproduction, and impacts on health and disease.
This document is a submission from a student named Kavitha. V to their professor Dr. S. Viswanathan regarding the topic of serotyping. It includes an agenda that lists what will be covered such as the definition of serotyping, serological identification, O and H antigens, and designation of serotypes. It also provides references at the end to support the content in the submission.
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
This document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and methods for classifying microorganisms. It discusses the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and describes various morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques used to identify and classify microbes, including staining methods, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, nucleic acid analysis, and numerical taxonomy. The document aims to explain the criteria and analytical processes involved in the formal identification and organization of microorganisms.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
This document provides an overview of bacterial diseases, including their symptoms and treatment. It discusses airborne, foodborne, and waterborne bacterial infections caused by pathogens such as Streptococcus, Salmonella, E. coli, and Vibrio. The main types of airborne diseases covered are streptococcal diseases, diphtheria, pertussis, meningococcal infections, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Foodborne illnesses summarized include botulism, staphylococcal food poisoning, typhoid fever, and cholera. Common antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections are also outlined, including aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, macrolides, penicillins, quinolones
Pathogenic mechanisms of microbes of medical importanceJoyce Mwatonoka
The document summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms of microbes that are medically important. It discusses key terms and outlines various mechanisms including adherence, invasion, evasion of host defenses, and toxigenesis. Specifically, it describes how bacteria adhere to host cells using adhesins and receptors. It also explains how they invade tissues using invasins like hyaluronidase and collagenase. Bacteria can evade host defenses by inhibiting phagocytosis and surviving inside phagocytes. Some vary antigens to avoid immune responses. Toxins including exotoxins and endotoxins are also discussed.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria that can be terrestrial or aquatic. They behave similarly to fungi in soil and some form symbiotic relationships with plants. Actinobacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and high GC DNA content. They reproduce asexually through spore formation. Some important genera include Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Frankia, and Streptomycetes. Actinobacteria have both positive and negative economic impacts as they produce antibiotics but can also cause diseases in plants and humans.
The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
Production method of germ free lab animalsPankaj Gaonkar
This document describes the production method of germ free lab animals. It discusses the definition of germ free animals and the equipment needed to produce them, such as isolators and transfer chambers. The key steps of the method are ensuring availability of germ free surrogate mothers, transferring pregnant donor mice to the isolator on day 17-20, performing caesarean sections in the transfer chamber to remove the uterine packages, and mixing the donor pups with the surrogate mother's litter in the isolator. Producing germ free animals allows their use to study reactions to diets, infectious disease pathogenesis, and other research.
Hyperthermophiles are microbes that thrive in hydrothermal vent communities where temperatures exceed 60°C. Studies of microbes at the Sisters Peak chimney identified several hyperthermophiles from the archaea and bacteria domains. These microbes have various metabolic pathways and biological adaptations that allow them to survive in extreme temperatures, including efficient DNA repair systems and thermostable proteins. The microbes play important roles in geochemical cycles by oxidizing or reducing inorganic compounds.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
This presentation provides an overview of basic mycology. It will discuss the structure and growth of fungi, pathogenesis, fungal toxins and allergens, and laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. The presentation will be delivered by Saeeda Ashraf, Hoor Ul Ain Rounaq, Sadia Wasi, and Fatima Khan. It will cover topics such as the thermal dimorphism and aerobic/anaerobic nature of fungi, fungal spore types, mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, host defenses against fungi, examples of mycotoxicoses and fungal allergens, and diagnostic methods including direct microscopic examination, culture, DNA probes, and immunologic tests.
This presentation discusses the etiology of cancer, focusing on viruses, radiation, environmental and industrial carcinogens, diet, nutrition, tobacco, alcohol consumption, and genetic susceptibility as causes of cancer. Dr. Manash K. Paul from the Department of Biology at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research will provide the presentation for teaching purposes only. The document contains no other information.
Viruses are composed of genetic material packaged within a protein coat. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have their own organelles. Plant viruses infect plants and are transmitted between plants through vectors like insects or mechanically through sap. They move between plant cells through plasmodesmata. Animal viruses infect animals and enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. They exit cells through budding or host cell lysis. Examples of important plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, while important animal viruses include influenza, herpesviruses, and coronaviruses.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Virus assembly is a key step in the viral replication cycle that involves transporting viral proteins and nucleic acids through the cell and assembling them into new viral particles. There are three main steps:
1) Assembly of the protein shell or capsid from individual proteins or polyprotein precursors, sometimes with the aid of chaperone proteins.
2) Selective packaging of the viral genome.
3) Some viruses acquire an envelope by budding through cellular membranes during the assembly process.
This document summarizes key aspects of microbiology. It discusses the definition of microbiology as the study of microorganisms including unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists. It notes some of the benefits of microbes such as antibiotic production, nutrient cycling, and roles in food production. It also briefly outlines the history of microbiology including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and key characteristics of microbes like their modes of transmission, reproduction, and impacts on health and disease.
This document is a submission from a student named Kavitha. V to their professor Dr. S. Viswanathan regarding the topic of serotyping. It includes an agenda that lists what will be covered such as the definition of serotyping, serological identification, O and H antigens, and designation of serotypes. It also provides references at the end to support the content in the submission.
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
This document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and methods for classifying microorganisms. It discusses the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and describes various morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques used to identify and classify microbes, including staining methods, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, nucleic acid analysis, and numerical taxonomy. The document aims to explain the criteria and analytical processes involved in the formal identification and organization of microorganisms.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
This document provides an overview of bacterial diseases, including their symptoms and treatment. It discusses airborne, foodborne, and waterborne bacterial infections caused by pathogens such as Streptococcus, Salmonella, E. coli, and Vibrio. The main types of airborne diseases covered are streptococcal diseases, diphtheria, pertussis, meningococcal infections, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Foodborne illnesses summarized include botulism, staphylococcal food poisoning, typhoid fever, and cholera. Common antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections are also outlined, including aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, macrolides, penicillins, quinolones
Pathogenic mechanisms of microbes of medical importanceJoyce Mwatonoka
The document summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms of microbes that are medically important. It discusses key terms and outlines various mechanisms including adherence, invasion, evasion of host defenses, and toxigenesis. Specifically, it describes how bacteria adhere to host cells using adhesins and receptors. It also explains how they invade tissues using invasins like hyaluronidase and collagenase. Bacteria can evade host defenses by inhibiting phagocytosis and surviving inside phagocytes. Some vary antigens to avoid immune responses. Toxins including exotoxins and endotoxins are also discussed.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria that can be terrestrial or aquatic. They behave similarly to fungi in soil and some form symbiotic relationships with plants. Actinobacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and high GC DNA content. They reproduce asexually through spore formation. Some important genera include Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Frankia, and Streptomycetes. Actinobacteria have both positive and negative economic impacts as they produce antibiotics but can also cause diseases in plants and humans.
The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
Production method of germ free lab animalsPankaj Gaonkar
This document describes the production method of germ free lab animals. It discusses the definition of germ free animals and the equipment needed to produce them, such as isolators and transfer chambers. The key steps of the method are ensuring availability of germ free surrogate mothers, transferring pregnant donor mice to the isolator on day 17-20, performing caesarean sections in the transfer chamber to remove the uterine packages, and mixing the donor pups with the surrogate mother's litter in the isolator. Producing germ free animals allows their use to study reactions to diets, infectious disease pathogenesis, and other research.
Hyperthermophiles are microbes that thrive in hydrothermal vent communities where temperatures exceed 60°C. Studies of microbes at the Sisters Peak chimney identified several hyperthermophiles from the archaea and bacteria domains. These microbes have various metabolic pathways and biological adaptations that allow them to survive in extreme temperatures, including efficient DNA repair systems and thermostable proteins. The microbes play important roles in geochemical cycles by oxidizing or reducing inorganic compounds.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements for various nutrients including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. It describes the different types of microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources, including heterotrophs, autotrophs, phototrophs, and chemotrophs. It also discusses uptake of nutrients via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms. Culture media types and compositions are outlined.
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microbes. It explains that microbes require a variety of essential elements for growth and development, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Nutrients can be classified as macro or micronutrients. Macro nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus make up 95% of a microbial cell's dry weight. Carbon is particularly important as the main constituent of organic materials. Microbes also require trace elements and growth factors. The document describes different types of microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and more. Saprophytic, symbiotic, and
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements for growth and reproduction. These nutrients are used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Bacteria need macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in large amounts, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc in very small amounts. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels also influence bacterial growth. Proper nutrition and growth conditions are necessary for bacteria to successfully multiply.
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
The document discusses nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, metals, and water for their biochemical processes. Bacteria are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their ability to produce or require organic carbon compounds. Autotrophs can produce organic compounds from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide, while heterotrophs require organic carbon sources. The document further describes different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs based on their energy and carbon sources. These include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. Parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic bacteria are also discussed
Ppt on microbial nutrition. what are different nutrient required by microorganism, with a special focus on yeast for those who are dealing with alcoholic fermentation. nutritional classification of microorganism also given
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require 10 main elements in large quantities to construct cellular components, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It also notes that microbes need several micronutrients and vitamins in smaller amounts. The document then classifies microbes based on their nutritional sources, including carbon, energy, and electrons, into groups like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. It concludes by discussing the specific needs of microbes for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
1. Microbial nutrition involves macronutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that microorganisms require for growth. Micronutrients like iron, copper, and zinc are also needed in small amounts.
2. Microorganisms are classified based on their nutritional requirements. Some key classifications include photolithoautotrophs that use light and CO2, chemolithoautotrophs that use inorganic chemicals, and chemoorganoheterotrophs that use organic chemicals.
3. The majority of microorganisms fall into two main categories - photoautotrophs that use light and CO2, and chemoheterotrophs that use organic compounds for
This document discusses bacterial nutrition and modes of nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and other molecules as nutrients. Bacteria can be classified based on their energy source as phototrophs which use light, or chemotrophs which use chemical compounds. They can also be classified based on their electron source as lithotrophs which use inorganic compounds or organotrophs which use organic compounds. The document then discusses autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria and their carbon sources, as well as their physical requirements for growth such as temperature, oxygen, pH, water activity, and other conditions.
This presentation involves with the methodology and principles of the microbial photosynthesis such as autotrophs and chemotrophs (natural and chemical methods)
Nutritional classification of microorganismsDr. Bhagwan R
This document discusses the nutritional classification of microorganisms. It begins by outlining two specific learning objectives: 1) to understand the nutrition requirements of microorganisms and 2) to differentiate between microorganisms based on their nutrition requirements. The document then explains that microorganisms can be classified into nutritional types based on their sources of carbon, energy, and electrons, including phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. The four major nutritional types are described as photolithoautotrophy, photoorganoheterotrophy, chemolithoautotrophy, and chemoorganoheterotrophy. The document also discusses
Physiology of Bacteria. Type & Mechanism of Bacteria Nutrition Eneutron
This document discusses the physiology of bacteria and the process of isolating a pure culture of aerobic bacteria. It covers bacteria metabolism and nutrition, including catabolism, anabolism, nutrient requirements, and mechanisms of nutrient transport. It also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutrient sources and how phototrophs and chemotrophs obtain energy. The document concludes by outlining the multi-stage process used to isolate a pure culture of aerobic bacteria, including seeding a sample and investigating cultural properties to obtain an isolated colony.
Bacteriology physiology 1-mbbs-y2-5-oct2011---2Lawrence James
The document discusses bacterial physiology and growth. It covers the following key points:
1) Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus for growth. They also require growth factors and microelements.
2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
3) Bacteria are commonly grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid culture media, which must be sterilized to obtain a pure culture and prevent contamination.
4) The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases. The bacteria acclimate, multiply rapidly, stop growing due to lack of nutrients,
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
MIcrobial Nutrition and Growth_ 13_12_2023.pptx
1. Microbial Nutrition
and Growth
GSBTM Sponsored
CRASH WORKSHOP
On M.Sc. Entrance Examination
1
GAT- B JNU – LS IIT – JAM TIFR CUET
Dr. Chitra Bhattacharya
Assistant Professor,
Department of Microbiology,
Atmiya University, Yogidham Gurukul, Rajkot
Email: chitra.bhattacharya@atmiyauni.ac.in
2. Microbial Cell composition shows that 95% of cell dry
weight is made up of few major elements:
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Iron
Nutritional Requirement
To obtain energy and construct new cellular components,
organisms, must have a supply of raw materials or
nutrients.
Nutrients- are substances used in biosynthesis and
energy production.
Ever Imagine What do Microbes Eat???
6. 6
Nonessential nutrients can be synthesized by the human
body, so they need not be obtained directly from food.
Macronutrients are nutrients that are needed in relatively
large amounts.
Essential Nutrients
Nonessential Nutrients
Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the human
body, so they must be consumed in food.
Ex: vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water, and
carbohydrates.
Ex: biotin, cholesterol, vitamin K, and vitamin D.
7. 7
Micronutrients
Micronutrients Cellular Function
Cobalt Vitamin B12; transcarboxylase (propionic acid
bacteria)
Copper Respiration (Cytochorme c oxidase);
photosynthesis (plastocyanin, some superoxide
dismutases)
Manganese Acts as Activator of various enzymes
Molybdenum Present in flavin-containing enzymes, nitrogenase
nitrate reductase, sulphide oxidase, some formate
dehydrogenase
Nickel Present in most hydrogenase enzyme
Tungsten In some formate dehydrogenase enzyme
Zinc In carbonic anhydrase; alcohol dehydrogenase;
RNA and DNA polymerases
8. 8
Macronutrients
Macronutrients Function
Carbon Constituent of all organic cell material
Hydrogen Constituent of cellular water, organic cell
materials
Oxygen Molecular oxygen serves as an electron receptor
in aerobic respiration
Nitrogen Constituent of proteins, nucleic acid and
coenzyme
Phosphorus Constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids,
coenzymes
Sulphur Constituent of some amino acids (cysteine &
methionine) and some coenzymes ) CoA &
Cocarboxylase)
9. 9
Source of Elements
Hydrogen source:
• Major elements of
organic and
inorganic
compounds (water,
Salt and gases).
Roles of Hydrogen:
• Maintaining pH
• Forming the H-
bond
10. 10
Source of Elements
Oxygen source:
• Major component of
carbohydrate, lipids,
nucleic acids and
proteins.
Roles of Hydrogen:
• Structural and
enzymatic functions
of cell.
Nitrogen source:
• It is a part of structure
of proteins, DNA, RNA
and ATP, these are the
primary source of
nitrogen heterotrophs.
Roles of Hydrogen:
• Bacteria, algae are
utilize inorganic
nitrogen sources (NO3,
NO2, NH3)
11. 11
Source of Elements
Phosphorus source:
• Constituent of sugar
phosphate, nucleic
acids, phosphate
esters such as
ATP/ADP/AMP
system of the cellular
energy transfer.
Roles of Hydrogen:
• Terminal electron
acceptor in the
absence of sulphate,
nitrate and oxygen.
Sulphur source:
• It is found in living
organisms in the form
of compound such as
amino acids,
coenzymes and
vitamins.
Roles of Hydrogen:
• Available ad Sulphate
(SO4
-), or Sulfide (S2-)
12. 12
Based on Nutrition
All forms of life, from microorganisms to human
beings, share certain nutritional requirements for
growth and normal functioning. The great
diversity of nutritional types found among
bacteria:
1. All organisms require a source of energy. Some
rely on chemical compounds for their energy
and are designated as “Chemotrophs”.
2. Others can utilize radiant energy (light) and are
called as “Phototrophs”. Both Chemotrophs and
Phototrophs exists among bacteria.
13. Classification of Microorganisms based on
Nutrition
Nutrition Requirement based on the Source:
Microorganisms
Carbon
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Energy
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs
Electron &
Hydrogen
Lithotrophs
Organotrophs
Hypotrophs
14.
15. Based on
Carbon Source
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Photoautotrophic
Chemoautotrophic Chemoheterotrophic
Photoheterotrophic
Saprophytic Parasitic Holozoic
19. 19
Based on requirements for Sources of Energy
Bacteria which obtain energy by using
radiant energy i.e. light. These bacteria
possess photosynthetic pigments and
photosynthetic apparatus.
1. Phototrophs
2. Chemotrophs
3. Hypotrophs
Cyanobacteria, Green sulfur
bacteria, Purple sulfur
bacteria and Purple non
sulfur bacteria
Bacteria which obtain energy by oxidizing
chemicals. Upon oxidation of chemicals,
chemical energy is released.
Thiobacillus and other sulfur
oxidizers (Inorganic compound) and
E.coli, Bacillus and various other
bacteria(Organic compound)
Organisms, which cannot utilize any
external source of energy. This is because
of their inability to synthesis ATP. They
require ready made ATP for growth. It may
be obtained from other living host cells
Viruses and Rickettsiae.
20. Basis of source of Electron Donor
Based on type of electron donor utilized
Electron Donor
Lithotrophs Organotrophs
Reduced sulfur compounds, ferrous salts,
ammonia, ammonium compounds and
molecular hydrogen
These are the bacteria,
which utilize Inorganic
substances as electron
donor. They oxidize
selective Inorganic
substances and generate
necessary reducing power
required for biosynthesis
Bacteria generate their
reducing power from
oxidation of various organic
compounds.
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Paratrophs
23. 23
Bacteria can use the same inorganic
chemical substances as the sources of
energy and electron donor.
Ferrobacillus, Nitrobacter,
Hydrogenbacteria
Bacteria, which obtain their energy
and reducing power through
oxidation of same organic
compound.
Photolithotrophs
H₂S ➞ S + 2e + 2H
Green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur
bacteria belong to this category.
Photoorganotrophs
Succinate ➞ Fumarate + 2e + 2H
Purple non sulfur bacteria belong to
this category
Chemolithotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
25. The organisms which can use reduced inorganic compounds as
electron donors are known as _________
a. Chemotrophs
b. Organotrophs
c. Lithotrophs
d. Phototrophs
Which of the following is the nutritional characterization of
Escherichia coli?
a. Chemotrophic
b. Organotrophic
c. Autotrophic
d. Chemotrophic, Organotrophic, Heterotrophic
Questions from Microbial Nutrition
Answer: c
Explanation: Organisms that can use reduced inorganic
compounds as electron donors are termed as lithotrophs.
Some organisms which use organic compounds as electron
donors are called organotrophs
Answer: d
Explanation: Escherichia coli are chemotrophic, organotrophic, and heterotrophic organisms. This means they rely
on chemical compounds for their energy and uses organic compounds as electron donors. They also require organic
compounds as their carbon source and are hence heterotrophic.
26. Which of the following bacteria can grow both as chemolithotrophs
or as chemoorganotrophs?
a. Nitrosomonas sp.
b. Pseudomonas pseudoflava
c. Rhodospirillum rubrum
d. Chromatium okenii
An organism that can synthesize all its required organic
components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a:
a. Photoautotrophs
b. Photoheterotrophs
c. Chemoautotrophs
d. Chemoheterotrophs
Questions from Microbial Nutrition
Answer: b
Answer: a
27. 27
Growth Factors
Organic compounds required because they are essential cell
components and cannot be synthesized by the organisms.
3 major classes of growth factors
Amino Acids Purines & Pyrimidines
Vitamins
Needed
for
protein
synthesis
For
nucleic
acid
synthesis
Enzyme cofactors,
common vitamins;
Biotin, Folic acid ,
Riboflavin (B2)
29. 29
Uptake of Nutrients by Cell
A cell must bring in nutrients from the external environment
across the cell membrane. In bacteria and archaea, several
different transport mechanisms exist.
Passive Diffusion
• Passive or simple diffusion allows for the passage across
the cell membrane of simple molecules and gases, such as
CO2, O2, and H2O.
• In this case, a concentration gradient must exist, where there
is higher concentration of the substance outside of the cell
than there is inside the cell.
• As more of the substance is transported into the cell the
concentration gradient decreases, slowing the rate of
diffusion.
30. 30
• Facilitated diffusion also involves the use of a
concentration gradient, where the concentration of the
substance is higher outside the cell, but differs with the
use of carrier proteins (sometimes called permeases).
• These proteins are embedded within the cell membrane
and provide a channel or pore across the membrane
barrier, allowing for the passage of larger molecules.
• If the concentration gradient dissipates, the passage of
molecules into the cell stops. Each carrier protein
typically exhibits specificity, only transporting in a
particular type of molecule or closely related molecules.
Facilitated Diffusion
31. 31
• Many types of nutrient uptake require that a
cell be able to transport substances against a
concentration gradient (i.e. with a higher
concentration inside the cell than outside).
• In order to do this, a cell must utilize
metabolic energy for the transport of the
substance through carrier proteins embedded
in the membrane.
• This is known as active transport. All types
of active transport utilize carrier proteins.
Active Transport
33. 33
Primary Active Transport
Primary active transport involves the use of chemical energy,
such as ATP, to drive the transport. One example is the ABC
system, which utilizes ATP-Binding Cassette transporters.
Each ABC transporter is composed of three different
components:
1) membrane-spanning proteins that form a pore across the
cell membrane (i.e. carrier protein),
2) an ATP binding region that hydrolyzes ATP, providing the
energy for the passage across the membrane, and
3) a substrate-binding protein, a peripheral protein that binds
to the appropriate substance to be transporter and ferries it to
the membrane-spanning proteins. In gram negative bacteria
the substrate-binding protein is located in the cell’s
periplasm, while in gram positive bacteria the substrate-
binding protein is attached to the outside of the cell
membrane.
35. 35
• Secondary active transport utilizes energy from a proton
motive force (PMF). A PMF is an ion gradient that develops
when the cell transports electrons during energy-conserving
processes.
• Positively charged protons accumulate along the outside of the
negatively charged cell, creating a proton gradient between the
outside of the cell and the inside.
• There are three different types of transport events for simple
transport: uniport, symport, and antiport and each mechanism
utilizes a different protein porter.
• Uniporters transport a single substance across the membrane,
either in or out.
• Symporters transport two substances across the membrane at the
same time, typically a proton paired with another molecule.
• Antiporters transport two substances across the membrane as
well, but in opposite directions. As one substance enters the cell,
the other substance is transported out.
Secondary Active Transport
37. 37
• Group translocation is a distinct type of active
transport, using energy from an energy-rich organic
compound that is not ATP.
• Group translocation also differs from both simple
transport and ABC transporters in that the substance
being transported is chemically modified in the process.
• One of the best studied examples of group translocation
is the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
phosphotransferase system (PTS), which uses energy
from the high-energy molecule phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP) to transport sugars into the cell. A phosphate is
transferred from the PEP to the incoming sugar during
the process of transportation.
Group Translocation
39. 39
Iron Uptake
• Iron is required by microbes for the function of their
cytochromes and enzymes, resulting in it being a
growth-limiting micronutrient.
• However, little free iron is available in environments,
due to its insolubility.
• Many bacteria have evolved siderophores, organic
molecules that chelate or bind ferric iron with high
affinity. Siderophores are released by the organism to
the surrounding environment, whereby they bind any
available ferric iron.
• The iron-siderophore complex is then bound by a
specific receptor on the outside of the cell, allowing
the iron to be transported into the cell.
41. Which of the following is true of passive transport?
a. it requires a gradient.
b. it uses the cell wall
c. it includes endocytosis
d. it only moves water
Active transport of a substance across a membrane
requires:
a. A Gradient
b. The expenditure of ATP
c. Water
d. Diffusion
Questions from Microbial Nutrition
Answer: a
Answer: b
42. Bacteriological-Media and their Types
• Most bacteria can be cultured artificially on culture
media containing required nutrients, pH and osmotic-
pressure.
• Each ingredient or the complete medium(powder) is
dissolve in the appropriate volume of distilled water.
• The pH of the fluid medium is determined with pH meter
or pH strip.
• If solid medium is desired, agar is added and medium is
boiled to dissolve the agar.
• The medium is sterilized generally by autoclaving.
• Heat-Labile components are sterilized by Filteration.
43. Composition of Culture-media
Basic Ingredients:
Water
Sodium-Chloride
Peptones
Beef Extract
Yeast Extract ( Source of Vitamin B)
Buffers
Indicators
Solidifying-agents
Selective-agents
Additive for enrichment
Agar
44. • Agar:
Agar is used to solidify culture media because-
a) It has high gelling capacity
b) It has setting temperature between 32-39°C
c) It has melting temperature between 90-95°C
d) It gives firm gel at a concentration of 1.5%(w/v)
45.
46. Different Types of Culture-media
1. Basic-Media:
These support the growth of microorganisms that
do not have special nutritional requirements. They
are often used:
a. To maintain stock-cultures of control strains of
bacteria and
b. For sub-culturing pathogens from selective
media prior to performing biochemical and
serological identification tests.
c. Example:. Nutrient-Agar, Nutrient-Broth.
48. 2. Enrichment-Media: These are enriched with :
a. Whole-blood
b. Serum
c. Extra Peptones
d. Vitamins
e. Sterol
Example: Blood-agar, Tryptone Soya Media,
50. 3. Selective-Media:
The media that provides nutritions that
enhances the growth of particular type
of bacterium and do not enhance or may
inhibit other types of organisms-known
as “Selective-Media”.
For E.g. Use of typical
nutrients(Cellulose) , Antibiotics, etc.
51. 4. Differential-Media:
Certain Reagents/Indicator/Supplements when
incorporated into the culture media, that may allow the
differentiation of various types of bacteria.
Example:. Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) ,
MacConkey’s Agar.
Both the media allows the growth of Gram-Negative
Bacteria only and inhibits the growth of Gram-Positive
Bacteria.
EMB agar shows Green Metallic Shine for E.coli while
MacConkey’s Agar shows Pink color colony (for
Lactose Fermenter E.g. E.coli) and Yellow color colony
(for Lactose Non-Fermenter E.g. Salmonella, Proteus)
52.
53. 5. Assay Media:
Media of prescribed composition that is used for assay of
Vitamin, Amino-acids and Antibiotics.
6. Maintenance Media:
The specific medium that maintain the viability and
physiological characteristics of the bacteria over the period
of time.
7. Minimal Media:
Are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for
colony growth, generally without the presence of Amino-
Acids.
8. Solid and Semi-solid Media:
WIDELY USED for cultivation of bacteria; can be prepared
by agar. Can be used to study Motility of bacteria.
56. Which of the following is a characteristic of beef extract?
a. product resulting from the digestion of proteinaceous
materials
b. aqueous extract of lean beef tissue
c. aqueous extract of yeast cells
d. complex carbohydrate obtained from certain marine algae
Which of the following is used as a solidifying agent for
media?
a. Beef extract
b. Peptone
c. Agar
d. Yeast extract
Questions from Nutrient Media
Answer: b
Explanation: Beef extract, a complex raw
material used as ingredient for preparing
bacteriological media is an aqueous
extract of lean beef tissue concentrated
to a paste.
Answer: c
Explanation: Agar is used as a solidification agent for media and is not considered a source of nutrient
to the bacteria. Agar dissolved in aqueous solutions, gels when the temperature is reduced below 45
degrees Celsius.
57. Which of the following is a rich source of B vitamins?
a. Peptone
b. Yeast extract
c. Beef extract
d. Agar
Nutrient broth, a liquid media contains beef extract and
peptone respectively in how much amounts?
a. 0.2%, 0.4%
b. 0.1%, 0.6%
c. 0.3%, 0.5%
d. 0.7%, 0.3%
Questions from Nutrient Media
Answer: b
Explanation: Yeast extract which is an aqueous extract of yeast cells
is a very rich source of the B vitamins and it also contains apart from
it organic nitrogen and carbon compounds.
Answer: c
Explanation: Nutrient broth which is the most widely used media in general
bacteriological work, contains 0.3 percent beef extract and 0.5 percent peptone. It
may also contain if required 0.8 percent NaCl to maintain the salt concentration.
58. EMB agar is a medium used in the identification and
isolation of pathogenic bacteria. It contains digested meat
proteins as a source of organic nutrients. Two indicator
dyes, eosin and methylene blue, inhibit the growth of gram-
positive bacteria and distinguish between lactose
fermenting and nonlactose fermenting organisms. Lactose
fermenters form metallic green or deep purple colonies,
whereas the nonlactose fermenters form completely
colorless colonies. EMB agar is an example of which of the
following?
a. selective medium only
b. differential medium only
c. selective medium and a chemically defined medium
d. selective medium, a differential medium, and a complex
medium
Questions from Nutrient Media
Answer: d
59. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that
infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It
does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium
is probably which of the following?
a. an aerotolerant anaerobe
b. an obligate aerobe
c. an obligate anaerobe
d. facultative anaerobe
Questions from Nutrient Media
Answer: b
Resource: https://www.labxchange.org/library/pathway/lx-pathway:c7c497d0-b358-3ddb-
825e-fa11c02f129f/items/lx-pb:c7c497d0-b358-3ddb-825e-fa11c02f129f:html:bfa3cdd4
60. 60
Microbial Growth
Microbial growth defined as an increase in cellular
constituents result an increase in a microorganism size,
population number or both.
Growth of bacterial cell characterize via several changes
such as total population numbers using different
analysis method such as growth curve of microbial
culture.
The growth of microorganisms reproducing by binary
fission can be plotted as the logarithm of the number
of viable cells versus the incubation time, resulting in
curve has four distinct phases.
62. 62
Bacterial Growth Curve
Bacterium is added to a suitable liquid medium and incubated, its
growth follows a definite course.
If bacteria counts are made at intervals after inoculation & plotted
in relation to time, a growth curve is obtained Shows 4 phases:
Growth
Lag
Log
Stationary
Decline
64. Logarithmic (Exponential) phase: In logarithmic phase the bacterial cell start
dividing and their number increaseby geometric progression withtime.
During this period…
a. Bacteria havehigh rate ofmetabolism
b. Bacteria are more sensitive to antibiotics andradiation during this period.
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Making new enzymesin responseto new medium. Thelength of lagphase
dependupon
a. Typeof bacteria.
b. Better the medium, shorter thelagphase.
c. Thephaseof culture from which inoculation istaken.
d. Sizeor volume of inoculum.
e. Environmental factors liketemperature.
65. In decline (death) phase, death exceeds division. During this phase
population decreases due to death of cells. The factors
responsible are:
a. Nutritional exhaustion
b. Toxicaccumulation
c. Autolysinenzymes
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase
Nutrients becoming limiting orwaste products becomingtoxic.
death rate =divisionrate
In stationary phase after some time a stage comes when rate of
multiplication and death becomesalmost equal. It maybe dueto:
a. Depletion of nutrients.
b. Accumulation of toxic products and sporulation may occur during this
stage.
66. Morphological & Physiological alterations
during growth
• Log phase – smaller cells, stain uniformly.
• Stationary phase – irregular staining, sporulation and
production of exotoxins & antibiotics.
• Phase of Decline –involution forms (with ageing).
Potential Importance of the Growth Curve
• Implications in microbial control, infection, food microbiology,
and culture technology.
• Growth patterns in microorganisms can account for the stages
of infection.
• Understanding the stages of cell growth is crucial for working
with cultures.
• In some applications, closed batch culturing is inefficient, and
instead, must use a chemostat or continuous culture system.
67. 67
Generation Time
During the exponential phase each M.O is dividing at
constant intervals, thus the population will double in
number during a specific length of time called the
generation time or doubling time
Measurement
of microbial
Growth
Cell Number Cell Mass
68.
69. 69
• Coliform bacilli like
E.coli & other medically
important bacteria/ 20
mins.
• Staphylococcus aureus/
27-30 mins.
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis/ 792-932
mins.
• Treponema pallidum/
1980 mins.
Types of bacteria with generation times
70. How Can We Calculate Generation
Time???
70
Let’s Solve
71. If the generation time of a bacterium is 40
minute and a culture containing 107 cell/ml. is
grown for 4 hours. Then calculate its population
after the period.
a. 64×107
b. 32×107
c. 6×107
d. 40×107
Questions from Microbial Growth
Answer: a
72. • Let’s Calculate,
Total population formed from 1 bacterium we have 4 hours given,
Doubling time = 40 min.
Total no. of bacteria = 1 (initially)
T = 4 hrs. converted into seconds = 4 × 60 = 240 min.
Now, the bacterium formed after 40 min. = 2 (21)
After
40 × 2 = 80 min. so population will be = 2 ×2 = 4 (22)
40 × 3 = 120 min. so, population will be = 2 ×2 ×2 = 8 or (23)
40 × 4 = 160 min. so, population will be = 2 ×2 ×2 ×2 = 16 or (24)
40 × 5 = 200 min. so, population will be = 2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 = 32 or (25)
40 × 6 = 240 min. so, population will be = 2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 = 64 or (25)
Answer : 64×107
72
73. If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be
present after five generations with no cell death?
a. 200
b. 400
c. 1600
d. 3200
The portion of the growth curve where rapid growth of
bacteria is observed is known as ____________
a. Lag phase
b. Logarithmic phase
c. Stationary phase
d. Decline phase
Questions from Microbial Growth
Answer: c
Answer: b
74. 74
Answer and Explanation:
There will be c. 1600 cells in the culture after 5 generations with no cell
death.
Given:
Number of cells at the beginning of the culture = 50
Since the cells are grown in culture, they will most likely divide by binary
fission. In binary fission, two daughter cells are produced after each
division (in the next generation). This means the number of cells in the
culture doubles, or is multiplied by 2, with each generation.
Number of cells produced after each generation = 2n
The variable n represents the number of generations, and using it as an
exponent with the base of 2 allows us to double the number of cells at each
generation.
Therefore, the number of cells produced in the given culture, assuming that
no cell death occurred, is calculated as follows.
The no. of cell after n generation = 50 × 25 cells = 1600 cells
Solution
75. Which of the following is the best definition of
generation time in a bacterium?
a. the length of time it takes to reach the log phase
b. the length of time it takes for a population of cells to
double
c. the time it takes to reach stationary phase
d. the length of time of the exponential phase
Questions from Microbial Growth
Answer: b