NUTRITION AND HEALTH
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A balanced diet consists of eating a variety of foods to meet all the body's nutrient needs. There are six main nutrient groups - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, mineral salts, vitamins, and water. It is important to consume the right balance and proportions of calories from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The number of daily calories needed varies by age, gender, and activity level. Maintaining a balanced diet and calorie intake helps ensure the body's nutrient needs are met and limits are not exceeded.
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Speed is one of the most important skills in sports and depends on factors like muscles, nerves, genetics, and muscle temperature. The document defines speed as the ability to perform movement in minimum time and categorizes it into reaction speed, movement speed, and gesture speed. Reaction speed involves responding to stimuli while movement and gesture speeds refer to covering distance or performing movements with different parts of the body. The development of speed is determined by muscle fibers, the nervous system, and physical characteristics and declines after age 25. Various training methods are recommended for different types of speed, including repetitions, relays, and accelerations/decelerations.
MOTOR SKILLS: SPEED
Speed is the ability to perform movements or cover a distance as fast as possible. It can be measured using a stopwatch or chronometer. Developing speed is important for sports and everyday situations like catching a bus. There are different types of speed like reaction speed and displacement speed. Speed training involves exercises like relays, sprints, and tag games and should include warmups and stretching. Training methods are adapted to each specific sport.
Basketball notes
James Naismith invented basketball in 1891 to provide an indoor winter activity for his students in Springfield, Massachusetts. He devised a game where players would throw a ball into a peach basket. The popularity of basketball grew when it became an Olympic sport in 1936. Today, the NBA is the premier professional basketball league, featuring the best players and teams in the United States.
HANDBALL NOTES
Handball originated in Scandinavia and Germany in the late 19th century. It made its Olympic debut at the 1972 Munich Games where Yugoslavia won the first men's gold medal. The sport involves two teams of 7 players trying to throw a ball into the opponent's goal. Players pass, shoot, and dribble the ball on a court. It is played in two 30-minute halves with a 10-minute break. The team with the most goals at the end wins.
PLAYING KICKBALL
A kickball game is played between two teams of 9 players each. The objective is to score runs by kicking a ball and running around four bases without getting out. There are 6 innings in a typical game, with each team getting a turn to kick until they record 3 outs. Players can be tagged or thrown out below the shoulders with the ball before reaching a base. The kickball field layout and basic rules are similar to baseball.
KICKBALL NOTES
Kickball was invented in the United States around 1942 during World War 2. It is a playground and recreational game played primarily in North America and South Korea that is similar to baseball but uses a rubber ball that is kicked instead of a baseball that is hit. A kickball game is played by two teams of 9 players each on a field with 4 bases arranged in a diamond shape. Players score runs by kicking the ball and running around all the bases without getting tagged or caught out. The team with the most runs after 6 innings wins.
Shuttle notes
Badminton is played with a shuttlecock on a divided court, with the objective being to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way the opponent cannot return. It is played individually or as doubles teams, with scoring up to 21 points and requiring a two-point advantage to win. Serving involves hitting the shuttlecock below the waist to alternate sides of the court depending on the server's score. Basic strokes include the overhead clear, smash, and drop shot as well as underarm lobs and net drops.
Endurance or stamina
There are two main types of endurance or stamina: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic stamina involves continuous exercise over a long period of time with enough oxygen to the muscles, like cross-country skiing. Anaerobic stamina involves short, intense exercises with less oxygen to the muscles, such as sprinting. To improve stamina, training sessions should be at least 15-30 minutes long twice a week using full-body exercises at a comfortable pace, such as biking or swimming. Checking your heart rate after exercise can indicate if you trained your aerobic or anaerobic stamina.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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- 1. NUTRITION A CORRECT AND HEALTHY DIET IS ONE THAT SATISFIES ALL THE BODY´S NEEDS. IT IS ESSENTIAL TO EAT A VARIETY OF FOODS IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE THAT THE BODY HAS THE NUTRIENTS IT NEEDS TO MAINTAIN THIS BALANCE. THERE ARE SIX MAIN NUTRIENT GROUPS:THERE ARE SIX MAIN NUTRIENT GROUPS: ● PROTEINS: Meat, milk, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts... ● CARBOHYDRATES: Cereals, bread, pasta, fruit, milk, vegetables... ● FATS: Red meat, eggs, whole milk, oil, nuts... ● MINERAL SALTS ● VITAMINS ● WATER
- 2. FOOD PYRAMID
- 3. ENERGY CONTRIBUTION In a balanced diet it is also important to control the essential nutrients that supply you with calories in order to avoid passing your body´s assimilation limits. PERCENTAGE OF CALORIES FROM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTSPERCENTAGE OF CALORIES FROM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATES 50-60% FATS 30-35% PROTEIN 10-15%
- 4. ENERGY NEEDS IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW HOW MANY CALORIES YOUR BODY NEEDS EVERY DAY TO BE ABLE TO REGULATE YOUR DIET. AGE GENDER LIGHT ACTIVITY MODERATE ACTIVITY INTENSE ACTIVITY 13 to 19 years old GIRL 2100-2200 2300-2500 2700-3000 BOY 2400-2700 2700-3000 3200-3600
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