Conservation tillage, Practices used in Conservation Tillagescience book
This is presentation on topic of Conservation Tillage, it gives You information about conservation tillage, types of conservation tillage, Practices used in conservation tillage. It enhanced Your knowledge about conservation tillage.
This document presents a summary of several classical theories on plant growth response to nutrients:
1) Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient.
2) Blackman's Law of the Limiting Factor states that the growth rate is determined by the slowest acting growth factor.
3) Willcox's Theory of the Nitrogen Constant found plants absorb about 318 lbs of nitrogen per acre at optimum conditions.
4) Spillman's Equation models the relationship between growth amount, maximum possible yield, growth factor quantity, and a constant.
5) Baule Unit defines the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium needed to produce 50% of maximum possible
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
Conservation tillage, Practices used in Conservation Tillagescience book
This is presentation on topic of Conservation Tillage, it gives You information about conservation tillage, types of conservation tillage, Practices used in conservation tillage. It enhanced Your knowledge about conservation tillage.
This document presents a summary of several classical theories on plant growth response to nutrients:
1) Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient.
2) Blackman's Law of the Limiting Factor states that the growth rate is determined by the slowest acting growth factor.
3) Willcox's Theory of the Nitrogen Constant found plants absorb about 318 lbs of nitrogen per acre at optimum conditions.
4) Spillman's Equation models the relationship between growth amount, maximum possible yield, growth factor quantity, and a constant.
5) Baule Unit defines the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium needed to produce 50% of maximum possible
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
Tillage and tilth involve mechanical soil manipulation to create ideal conditions for plant growth. Tillage includes primary tillage like ploughing to open soil and secondary tillage like harrowing to break clods. The objectives are to prepare seedbeds, control weeds, aerate soil, and mix amendments. On-season tillage occurs before planting while off-season tillage conditions soil for future crops. Different tillage types include subsoiling to break hardpans and puddling for rice where soil is tilled under water. The depth and number of tillage operations varies by crop needs and soil conditions.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Sustainable describes farming systems that are "capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.
Resource-conserving
Socially supportive
Commercially competitive
Environmentally sound
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
This document discusses different tillage practices and their effects. Conventional tillage destroys soil structure and is more costly due to rising fuel prices, leading to recommendations to change to minimum tillage. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage to the minimum needed for seedbeds while improving soil conditions. Studies show minimum tillage increases yields compared to conventional tillage and improves soil properties like structure and infiltration. No-till and stubble mulch tillage practices, which leave crop residues on the soil surface, provide further benefits like increased nutrient availability and moisture conservation.
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, space, sunlight and can release allelopathic compounds that inhibit crop growth. Weeds remove significant amounts of nutrients from the soil each season. They also transpire at higher rates than crops and can form dense canopies that shade out crops. The critical period of weed-crop competition varies by crop but is typically early in the growth cycle. Factors like weed density and species, soil fertility, moisture levels, pH, and climate can influence the intensity of competition between weeds and crops. Timely weed management is important for optimal crop yields.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
This document discusses various soil and moisture conservation techniques, which are divided into agronomic and engineering measures. Agronomic measures include conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, and growing cover crops. These are used where land slopes are less than 2%. Engineering measures include bunding, terracing, trenching, and subsoiling, which are constructed barriers used on slopes greater than 2% to retain runoff. Broad bed furrows are also discussed as a technique using beds and furrows to store moisture and drain excess water.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Non-monetary inputs play an important role in sustainable cropping systems. Some key non-monetary inputs include tillage practices, time of sowing, plant population, choice of crops and varieties, pest management, and weed management. For example, minimum or zero tillage can reduce costs while maintaining yield through improved soil health. Proper timing and plant spacing are also crucial for optimizing yields. Selecting drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties suited to local conditions helps maximize productivity with fewer purchased inputs. Integrated pest management and intercropping can also control pests and weeds at low cost. Together, optimizing these non-monetary factors through agroecological practices is important for profitable and sustainable
Presenters: Jia-guo Zheng, Xin-lu Jiang, and Zhong-zhi Chi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Presented at the Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Internationally., held in Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
(Organized and hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI) with support from The Asia Foundation)
Lecture 4 Plant density and geometry.pptxNavedulHasan4
Crop density and plant geometry are important factors that influence crop yield. The optimum plant population is the number of plants per unit area required to produce the maximum yield. Both too low and too high of a plant population can reduce yields. Different crop geometries include random, square, rectangular, solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements. Factors that influence the optimum plant population include the size and growth habit of the plant, soil coverage, crop variety, sowing time, rainfall/irrigation levels, and seeding rates. Maintaining the proper plant geometry and population is important for maximizing resource use efficiency and crop yields.
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
Tillage and tilth involve mechanical soil manipulation to create ideal conditions for plant growth. Tillage includes primary tillage like ploughing to open soil and secondary tillage like harrowing to break clods. The objectives are to prepare seedbeds, control weeds, aerate soil, and mix amendments. On-season tillage occurs before planting while off-season tillage conditions soil for future crops. Different tillage types include subsoiling to break hardpans and puddling for rice where soil is tilled under water. The depth and number of tillage operations varies by crop needs and soil conditions.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Sustainable describes farming systems that are "capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.
Resource-conserving
Socially supportive
Commercially competitive
Environmentally sound
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
This document discusses different tillage practices and their effects. Conventional tillage destroys soil structure and is more costly due to rising fuel prices, leading to recommendations to change to minimum tillage. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage to the minimum needed for seedbeds while improving soil conditions. Studies show minimum tillage increases yields compared to conventional tillage and improves soil properties like structure and infiltration. No-till and stubble mulch tillage practices, which leave crop residues on the soil surface, provide further benefits like increased nutrient availability and moisture conservation.
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, space, sunlight and can release allelopathic compounds that inhibit crop growth. Weeds remove significant amounts of nutrients from the soil each season. They also transpire at higher rates than crops and can form dense canopies that shade out crops. The critical period of weed-crop competition varies by crop but is typically early in the growth cycle. Factors like weed density and species, soil fertility, moisture levels, pH, and climate can influence the intensity of competition between weeds and crops. Timely weed management is important for optimal crop yields.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
This document discusses various soil and moisture conservation techniques, which are divided into agronomic and engineering measures. Agronomic measures include conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, and growing cover crops. These are used where land slopes are less than 2%. Engineering measures include bunding, terracing, trenching, and subsoiling, which are constructed barriers used on slopes greater than 2% to retain runoff. Broad bed furrows are also discussed as a technique using beds and furrows to store moisture and drain excess water.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Non-monetary inputs play an important role in sustainable cropping systems. Some key non-monetary inputs include tillage practices, time of sowing, plant population, choice of crops and varieties, pest management, and weed management. For example, minimum or zero tillage can reduce costs while maintaining yield through improved soil health. Proper timing and plant spacing are also crucial for optimizing yields. Selecting drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties suited to local conditions helps maximize productivity with fewer purchased inputs. Integrated pest management and intercropping can also control pests and weeds at low cost. Together, optimizing these non-monetary factors through agroecological practices is important for profitable and sustainable
Presenters: Jia-guo Zheng, Xin-lu Jiang, and Zhong-zhi Chi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Presented at the Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Internationally., held in Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
(Organized and hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI) with support from The Asia Foundation)
Lecture 4 Plant density and geometry.pptxNavedulHasan4
Crop density and plant geometry are important factors that influence crop yield. The optimum plant population is the number of plants per unit area required to produce the maximum yield. Both too low and too high of a plant population can reduce yields. Different crop geometries include random, square, rectangular, solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements. Factors that influence the optimum plant population include the size and growth habit of the plant, soil coverage, crop variety, sowing time, rainfall/irrigation levels, and seeding rates. Maintaining the proper plant geometry and population is important for maximizing resource use efficiency and crop yields.
EVERYTHING UNDER PLANNING AND SEETING UP OF AN ORCHARD. A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR HORTICULTURE STUDENTS. VARIOUS PLANTING SYSTEMS, THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at an appropriate depth where conditions allow for germination and crop establishment. The optimal sowing time varies by crop and agro-climatic zone. Seed rate is calculated based on factors like plant spacing, row spacing, purity, and germination percentage. Seeds can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, or transplanting seedlings from a nursery bed. Depth of sowing and plant density depend on seed size, soil texture, moisture, and season. Field conditions for sowing include dry, moist, or wet soil depending on the crop.
Presenter: Ma Jun,
Sichuan Agricultural University
Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in
China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and InternationallyOrganized and
hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), with support from The
Asia Foundation.
Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
This document discusses seed propagation methods and sowing techniques. It covers five main sowing methods: 1) Broadcasting, which involves scattering seeds uniformly across a field and is easiest but requires maintaining optimal plant population. 2) Dibbling, which involves inserting seeds individually into holes at a desired depth, used for wider spaced crops. 3) Sowing behind a plow, which places seeds in furrows opened by an animal-drawn or mechanical plow. 4) Drill sowing, which uses implements to drop seeds into the soil at a uniform depth and spacing in rows. 5) Transplanting, which involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them to the main field, allowing for optimal plant population but being
The document discusses factors to consider when establishing an orchard, including climate, soil, topography, accessibility, facilities, and socio-economic conditions. It emphasizes the importance of carefully selecting the location and site, as mistakes can reduce orchard returns. Various planting systems are described, such as square, quincunx, hexagonal, and contour planting. Planting density depends on soil fertility, depth, variety, moisture, and whether intercropping is used. Higher densities are possible with adequate water and capital. Careful planning of the orchard helps determine tree numbers, varieties, irrigation needs, and post-harvest facilities.
The document discusses soil preparation and planting methods for crops. It recommends tilling soil 8-10 inches deep to loosen and aerate it. Good soil for planting has adequate organic matter and moisture but is not compacted. Various organic materials like leaves, manure, and compost can be worked into the soil to improve its structure and nutrient content. Different planting systems are then described, including square, rectangular, hexagonal, and contour methods that arrange crops in grids, triangles, or along landscape lines. Direct seeding techniques involve broadcast, hill, or drill methods while indirect seeding starts seeds in pots before transplanting.
Direct seeding, planting nursery-grown seedlings, and using cuttings are methods to artificially reforest an area. When planting seedlings, it is important to estimate seedling needs based on spacing, prepare the planting site, and properly handle and plant the seedlings using techniques like hand planting with a dibble bar or machine planting. Following guidelines for spacing, soil preparation, and planting procedure helps ensure high seedling survival rates.
This document discusses various plantation methods including sowing methods (broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, transplanting, planting), cropping systems (mono-cropping, intercropping, crop rotation), and permanent raised bed farming. Sowing methods such as broadcasting scatter seeds across a field while drilling places seeds in rows. Intercropping grows multiple crops together to better utilize resources while crop rotation improves soil health. Permanent raised bed farming provides benefits like improved soil quality and water management for higher yields.
System of rice intensification, a sustainable method to increase crop productiondamini333
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for increasing rice crop yields. Some key points of SRI include transplanting young seedlings, reducing plant population, and maintaining aerated soil conditions. SRI emphasizes changes from conventional rice cultivation such as nursery management, transplanting timing, and water, nutrient, and weed management to improve yields, reduce water and seed usage, and increase profits for farmers.
Agri-Crop Production - Lesson 3 interpret plans and drawingsJe-Jireh Silva
1. The document discusses different methods of arranging crops on a farm, including row planting, intercropping, and spatial arrangements for intercropping.
2. Row planting involves arranging crops in linear patterns for advantages like improved light absorption and crop access. Intercropping involves planting a secondary crop between rows or in place of rows of the main crop.
3. The document provides examples of different multiple row arrangements and spacing for intercropping different types of crops.
TLE 7 lesson3 interpretplansanddrawings-190718154111.pdfallenclarkdechavez
This document discusses various methods of arranging and planting crops, including:
- Row planting, where crops are planted in straight lines to maximize yields and facilitate farm operations. Crops can be arranged in single or multiple rows.
- Intercropping, where a secondary crop is planted within or between the rows of the main crop.
- Methods of planting include direct seeding, using broadcasting, hill planting, or drilling techniques, and transplanting seedlings.
- Factors like soil type, slope, and irrigation influence spatial arrangements in the farm. Precise spacing and rates are important for optimal growth and yields.
Advance in Agronomyglxogxgtiigigiiggkg .pptxShafiqullah42
This document discusses factors that affect plant density and crop productivity, including genetic factors like plant size and elasticity, and environmental factors like rainfall, fertilizer application, and seed rate. It also describes different planting geometries like square, rectangular, triangular, and paired row planting and how they influence crop yield through light interception, rooting patterns, and moisture extraction. Plant distribution in a population can take random, uniform, or clumped patterns depending on environmental conditions and interactions among individuals. The optimal plant density maximizes crop yield per unit area by balancing competition between plants and efficient use of resources.
Multistoried cropping, also known as multilayer cropping, involves growing plants of different heights in the same field at the same time. It is a form of intercropping that can increase land use efficiency and biodiversity. Key considerations for design include selecting plants that provide multiple benefits without directly competing for resources. Examples provided demonstrate multistoried systems combining trees, shrubs, herbs and crops. Studies in Northeast India found that income was higher for various multistoried cropping systems compared to monocropping. Advantages include increased resource use, biodiversity and continuous income from different harvest periods. Careful species selection and management practices are important for high productivity.
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionSuman Dey
1. There are various sugarcane planting methods used in different regions of India depending on soil and climate conditions. These include flat bed planting, ridge and furrow planting, pit planting with drip fertigation, wider row planting, spaced transplanting, polybag seedling transplanting, chip-bud technique, tissue culture, trench planting, and rayungan, t-jeblock, skip furrow, and algin methods.
2. Ridge and furrow planting is used in areas with moderate rainfall and drainage problems, creating ridges and furrows 80-100cm apart. Pit planting involves creating pits 1.5x1.5m apart, 45cm deep for planting setts with drip fertigation
Multi-story cropping, also known as multi-layer or multi-tier cropping, involves growing plants of different heights in the same field at the same time. It is a form of intercropping that makes efficient use of land resources. In North East India, common multi-story cropping systems include fruit trees grown with vegetables, spices, or fodder crops. Research has shown that multi-story cropping systems can provide higher incomes than monocropping. Careful selection and management of plant species is important to optimize production and income from multi-story cropping.
The document provides information on seed production of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L) in India. It discusses the introduction and importance of bajra cultivation. It then describes the floral structure and pollination behavior of bajra. The rest of the document outlines the methodology for commercial bajra seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, crop management practices, harvesting, processing and certification standards. The goal is to produce high quality seeds through proper agronomic practices and genetic purity maintenance.
PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF AN ORCHARD.pptxKarthiSelva6
This document discusses planning and layout of orchards. It explains that proper planning is important when establishing an orchard, including selecting the location, soil type, fruit varieties, planting distances, and irrigation system. It describes different planting patterns like square, rectangular, quincunx and hexagonal systems. Factors that determine planting distances include the fruit tree type, rainfall, soil fertility, rootstocks, pruning, and varietal growth. Spacing distances are provided for various fruit crops. Contour planting is recommended for sloped land to reduce erosion.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Introduction
Types of crop geometry
Random plant geometry
Square plant geometry
Rectangular method of sowing
Paired row arrangement
Triangular method of planting
Diamond pattern
2
3. The arrangement of the plant in the
different rows and column in an area for the
efficient utilization of natural resources
1
2
1 2 3
Plant to plant spacing
Rowtorowspacing
3
4. Obtained due to broadcast sowing
Resources are either
underutilized or over
exploited
4
5. The plant are sown at equal distances on
either side
Mostly perennial crop are cultivated
R to R = C to C
5
6. Such sowing facilitates easy inter-cultivation
Mainly practice for annual crops
Wider section is available for irrigation
6
7. May involve square or rectangular sowing
Space available between set of row can be
used to plant inter-crop
x x y
x x y
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8. Practice for huge crop
Number of plant in unit area is more
8
9. A diamond picture is formed by joining all
plants so named ‘diamond’
Modified form of square pattern
Contain additional plant in between
Intercropping can also
be practice
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