Nuclear accidents have been one of the major concerns after the introduction of nuclear energy.
Here its arise the topic of nuclear accidents and holocaust
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It describes seven levels of severity, ranging from minor accidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major accidents resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). Only three events have been rated Level 7 - Chernobyl in 1986, Fukushima in 2011, and the Kyshtym disaster in 1957. Accidents are measured based on their impacts on people, the environment, and radioactive damage and exposure.
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources and the importance of energy conservation are discussed. Renewable resources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels which can be replenished. Non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas are limited and their extraction causes environmental damage. Conservation of energy through efficient use and recycling is emphasized to reduce pollution and delay depletion of non-renewable resources.
Natural resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass can regenerate themselves over time, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished once depleted. Some key renewable resources discussed include solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy, each with their own pros and cons. Non-renewable resources outlined are oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuels, which all provide important energy but have limited supplies that will eventually be exhausted unless usage is reduced. Conservation of both renewable and non-renewable resources is important to ensure sustainable development.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It describes seven levels of severity, ranging from minor accidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major accidents resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). Only three events have been rated Level 7 - Chernobyl in 1986, Fukushima in 2011, and the Kyshtym disaster in 1957. Accidents are measured based on their impacts on people, the environment, and radioactive damage and exposure.
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources and the importance of energy conservation are discussed. Renewable resources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels which can be replenished. Non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas are limited and their extraction causes environmental damage. Conservation of energy through efficient use and recycling is emphasized to reduce pollution and delay depletion of non-renewable resources.
Natural resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass can regenerate themselves over time, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished once depleted. Some key renewable resources discussed include solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy, each with their own pros and cons. Non-renewable resources outlined are oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuels, which all provide important energy but have limited supplies that will eventually be exhausted unless usage is reduced. Conservation of both renewable and non-renewable resources is important to ensure sustainable development.
Non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels are finite and will be depleted within 50-60 years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. While reliable sources of electricity, their use also produces greenhouse gases and other pollutants that harm the environment and health. Nuclear energy generates power through nuclear fission or fusion, but poses challenges of nuclear waste storage and safety. Both non-renewable and nuclear energy have benefits as well as drawbacks to consider regarding sustainability and environmental protection.
This document summarizes the environmental impacts of mining. It discusses surface mining techniques like strip mining and mountaintop removal mining that remove soil and rock to access buried minerals. Underground mining is also covered. Key impacts include acid mine drainage that pollutes waterways, air pollution from mining emissions, heavy metal contamination of water and soil, erosion, and damage to wildlife habitats. Social impacts on communities like displacement and health effects are also outlined. The conclusion states that without proper remediation, the long-term costs of environmental damage from mining can be devastating.
This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It begins by defining minerals and describing their common composition and properties. It then classifies minerals as metallic or non-metallic, and sometimes critical or strategic based on their importance. The document outlines major uses of minerals and describes how they are exploited through mining. Both surface and subsurface mining techniques are discussed. The environmental impacts of mining are then examined, including pollution of air, water, land degradation, and health impacts. Specific examples of environmental damage from mining in India are provided. The document concludes by suggesting remedial measures to mitigate mining's environmental impacts.
Deforestation is the removal of forests to make room for human development. It has increased due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Deforestation leads to soil erosion, flooding, loss of wildlife, increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and other environmental issues. Pakistan has one of the highest deforestation rates in Asia due to unsustainable logging and lack of enforcement of forestry laws. Reforestation efforts and use of alternative energy are needed to address deforestation.
The document discusses different types of energy resources including potential, kinetic, thermal, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, solar, and electrical energy. It notes that energy is necessary for development and most countries rely on non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas to meet growing energy demands. However, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass are alternatives that can be replenished naturally over time. The document focuses on hydroelectric power as a renewable and continuous source of energy that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams and other hydroelectric facilities.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and management. It defines water pollution as occurring when contaminants are released into water bodies, compromising water quality for other users. The main types are point source pollution from specific locations and non-point pollution from diffuse sources. Causes include industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Effects range from human health impacts to environmental issues like hypoxia. Management involves prevention, wastewater treatment, and raising awareness of the problem.
Nuclear disasters can occur as a result of accidents at nuclear power plants or from meltdowns. The three major nuclear disasters were at Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima in 2011. Nuclear disasters can cause widespread health and environmental damage through the release of radiation. Proper safety systems and emergency response plans are needed to minimize damage and risk from nuclear disasters.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission of heavy radioactive elements like uranium and plutonium produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants. Fusion combines light elements and occurs in the sun but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage issues. India has a three-stage nuclear program utilizing thorium and aims to increase its nuclear energy capacity.
This document provides information on forest fires, including:
1) It defines forest fires and discusses their components - fuel, oxygen, and heat. Surface fires that burn litter on the forest floor are the most common type.
2) The fire triangle illustrates how weather, fuels, and human factors influence wildfire risk. Topography, wind, and low humidity can cause fires to spread rapidly.
3) Different types of fires are described, such as surface fires, underground fires, and crown fires that burn in treetops. Surface fires play an important role in forest regeneration.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It explains that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat near the Earth's surface, causing the planet to warm. Carbon dioxide levels have risen from 275 parts per million 100 years ago to 375 parts per million in 2007 and are projected to reach 450 parts per million by 2040. The major sources of greenhouse gases are fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, deforestation, and industry. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, worsening health impacts, and disruption of natural systems.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the greenhouse effect. Human activities that burn fossil fuels or involve agriculture are increasing the levels of these gases in the atmosphere. The rising greenhouse gas levels are causing the average global temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns around the world. Nations need to work together to study and address this international problem through measures that reduce fossil fuel use, increase forestation, and find alternatives to greenhouse gas emitting activities and technologies.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
Coal has the greatest environmental impacts of all energy sources due to its high greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and health impacts. Wind and solar have the lowest impacts with minimal greenhouse gas and other air pollutant emissions, though they require large amounts of land. Nuclear power also has relatively low emissions but generates radioactive waste with no long-term storage solution.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
This document describes nuclear accidents and incidents on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It explains:
1) The INES scale ranges from Level 0 events with no safety impact to Level 7 major accidents with widespread health and environmental effects. Level 7 events include Chernobyl and Fukushima.
2) Nuclear accidents can occur at nuclear plants or other nuclear facilities and result in inadvertent releases of radioactivity. Their severity depends on impacts to people, the environment and nuclear safety barriers.
3) Accidental exposure to radiation above certain levels can cause health effects like nausea, fever, and increased risk of cancer or death depending on the received dose.
conventional and non conventional sources of energySaransh Pathak
The document discusses different sources of energy. It defines energy as the capacity to do work and produce change. It distinguishes between conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Conventional sources include coal, natural gas, oil, and firewood that have been used for a long time. Non-conventional sources discussed include wind energy, solar energy, hydro power, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and biofuels. Geothermal energy specifically refers to energy harnessed from hot rocks and steam fields underground, with temperatures as high as 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit coming from radioactive material.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was the worst industrial disaster in history. In 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide in Bhopal, India exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. At least 3,787 people died due to the gas release and many more suffered severe, long-term health issues. The cause of the leak remains disputed between Union Carbide and the Indian government, with both sides blaming each other or sabotage. To this day, the site remains contaminated and people continue to suffer health problems from exposure to the gases.
The document discusses two major nuclear accidents - the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster of 2011. It provides details on the causes and consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, which included explosions and fires at the plant, widespread radioactive contamination, and many deaths from radiation exposure. The consequences involved environmental, health, psychological, economic and social impacts. It also describes the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011, which resulted in three full reactor meltdowns and hydrogen explosions due to a loss of cooling systems from flooding.
Non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels are finite and will be depleted within 50-60 years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. While reliable sources of electricity, their use also produces greenhouse gases and other pollutants that harm the environment and health. Nuclear energy generates power through nuclear fission or fusion, but poses challenges of nuclear waste storage and safety. Both non-renewable and nuclear energy have benefits as well as drawbacks to consider regarding sustainability and environmental protection.
This document summarizes the environmental impacts of mining. It discusses surface mining techniques like strip mining and mountaintop removal mining that remove soil and rock to access buried minerals. Underground mining is also covered. Key impacts include acid mine drainage that pollutes waterways, air pollution from mining emissions, heavy metal contamination of water and soil, erosion, and damage to wildlife habitats. Social impacts on communities like displacement and health effects are also outlined. The conclusion states that without proper remediation, the long-term costs of environmental damage from mining can be devastating.
This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It begins by defining minerals and describing their common composition and properties. It then classifies minerals as metallic or non-metallic, and sometimes critical or strategic based on their importance. The document outlines major uses of minerals and describes how they are exploited through mining. Both surface and subsurface mining techniques are discussed. The environmental impacts of mining are then examined, including pollution of air, water, land degradation, and health impacts. Specific examples of environmental damage from mining in India are provided. The document concludes by suggesting remedial measures to mitigate mining's environmental impacts.
Deforestation is the removal of forests to make room for human development. It has increased due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Deforestation leads to soil erosion, flooding, loss of wildlife, increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and other environmental issues. Pakistan has one of the highest deforestation rates in Asia due to unsustainable logging and lack of enforcement of forestry laws. Reforestation efforts and use of alternative energy are needed to address deforestation.
The document discusses different types of energy resources including potential, kinetic, thermal, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, solar, and electrical energy. It notes that energy is necessary for development and most countries rely on non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas to meet growing energy demands. However, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass are alternatives that can be replenished naturally over time. The document focuses on hydroelectric power as a renewable and continuous source of energy that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams and other hydroelectric facilities.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and management. It defines water pollution as occurring when contaminants are released into water bodies, compromising water quality for other users. The main types are point source pollution from specific locations and non-point pollution from diffuse sources. Causes include industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Effects range from human health impacts to environmental issues like hypoxia. Management involves prevention, wastewater treatment, and raising awareness of the problem.
Nuclear disasters can occur as a result of accidents at nuclear power plants or from meltdowns. The three major nuclear disasters were at Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima in 2011. Nuclear disasters can cause widespread health and environmental damage through the release of radiation. Proper safety systems and emergency response plans are needed to minimize damage and risk from nuclear disasters.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission of heavy radioactive elements like uranium and plutonium produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants. Fusion combines light elements and occurs in the sun but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage issues. India has a three-stage nuclear program utilizing thorium and aims to increase its nuclear energy capacity.
This document provides information on forest fires, including:
1) It defines forest fires and discusses their components - fuel, oxygen, and heat. Surface fires that burn litter on the forest floor are the most common type.
2) The fire triangle illustrates how weather, fuels, and human factors influence wildfire risk. Topography, wind, and low humidity can cause fires to spread rapidly.
3) Different types of fires are described, such as surface fires, underground fires, and crown fires that burn in treetops. Surface fires play an important role in forest regeneration.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It explains that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat near the Earth's surface, causing the planet to warm. Carbon dioxide levels have risen from 275 parts per million 100 years ago to 375 parts per million in 2007 and are projected to reach 450 parts per million by 2040. The major sources of greenhouse gases are fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, deforestation, and industry. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, worsening health impacts, and disruption of natural systems.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the greenhouse effect. Human activities that burn fossil fuels or involve agriculture are increasing the levels of these gases in the atmosphere. The rising greenhouse gas levels are causing the average global temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns around the world. Nations need to work together to study and address this international problem through measures that reduce fossil fuel use, increase forestation, and find alternatives to greenhouse gas emitting activities and technologies.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
Coal has the greatest environmental impacts of all energy sources due to its high greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and health impacts. Wind and solar have the lowest impacts with minimal greenhouse gas and other air pollutant emissions, though they require large amounts of land. Nuclear power also has relatively low emissions but generates radioactive waste with no long-term storage solution.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
This document describes nuclear accidents and incidents on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It explains:
1) The INES scale ranges from Level 0 events with no safety impact to Level 7 major accidents with widespread health and environmental effects. Level 7 events include Chernobyl and Fukushima.
2) Nuclear accidents can occur at nuclear plants or other nuclear facilities and result in inadvertent releases of radioactivity. Their severity depends on impacts to people, the environment and nuclear safety barriers.
3) Accidental exposure to radiation above certain levels can cause health effects like nausea, fever, and increased risk of cancer or death depending on the received dose.
conventional and non conventional sources of energySaransh Pathak
The document discusses different sources of energy. It defines energy as the capacity to do work and produce change. It distinguishes between conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Conventional sources include coal, natural gas, oil, and firewood that have been used for a long time. Non-conventional sources discussed include wind energy, solar energy, hydro power, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and biofuels. Geothermal energy specifically refers to energy harnessed from hot rocks and steam fields underground, with temperatures as high as 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit coming from radioactive material.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was the worst industrial disaster in history. In 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide in Bhopal, India exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. At least 3,787 people died due to the gas release and many more suffered severe, long-term health issues. The cause of the leak remains disputed between Union Carbide and the Indian government, with both sides blaming each other or sabotage. To this day, the site remains contaminated and people continue to suffer health problems from exposure to the gases.
The document discusses two major nuclear accidents - the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster of 2011. It provides details on the causes and consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, which included explosions and fires at the plant, widespread radioactive contamination, and many deaths from radiation exposure. The consequences involved environmental, health, psychological, economic and social impacts. It also describes the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011, which resulted in three full reactor meltdowns and hydrogen explosions due to a loss of cooling systems from flooding.
This document discusses nuclear disasters and accidents. It defines a nuclear accident as an event that leads to significant consequences for people, the environment, or a nuclear facility. Major examples provided include Chernobyl, Fukushima, and Three Mile Island. The document then discusses different types of nuclear accidents in more detail, such as criticality accidents, decay heat accidents, transport accidents, equipment failures, human errors, lost radioactive sources, and others that are difficult to classify. Specific historical accidents are also outlined for each category.
The document summarizes two major nuclear disasters: Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011. Chernobyl was caused by operator error and reactor design flaws, exposing many to radiation and increasing cancer rates. Fukushima was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami damaging the plant and backup generators, causing meltdowns and radiation leaks. Both incidents had massive health, economic and psychological impacts through radiation exposure, evacuation, land contamination and food restrictions. Ongoing efforts focus on containment, monitoring and decontamination to cope with the aftermath.
A nuclear accident is defined as an event involving significant radioactive release or reactor core melt. Examples include Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters where earthquakes and tsunamis disabled cooling systems, causing reactor cores to melt. This can release massive amounts of radiation into the environment for hundreds of years. During a meltdown, the extreme heat causes reactor fuel to melt through containment and react with groundwater, potentially causing large radioactive steam explosions. Proper cooling systems are needed to safely control reactor heat and prevent meltdowns.
its very simple and easy to explain and understand.Based on the some popular nuclear disaster. some slides are dedicated to bhopal gas tragedy and one slide is given to fire hazards.
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An unexpected drop in reactor power during a safety test triggered a nuclear chain reaction and two explosions that destroyed the reactor building. This released considerable radioactive contamination into the atmosphere over about nine days. Over 100,000 people were evacuated from the 30 km exclusion zone set up around the plant. At least 31 people died in the immediate aftermath from acute radiation syndrome. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history in terms of cost and casualties.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It provides examples of different types of accidents at each severity level, from minor incidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major events resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). The two worst accidents to date were the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, both rated at Level 7.
Nuclear energy was first developed during World War II and was later pursued for civilian electricity generation. While nuclear power currently provides about 13% of the world's electricity, it also poses various risks such as nuclear weapons proliferation, severe accidents like at Chernobyl and Fukushima, long-lasting radioactive waste, and environmental degradation. There are also sustainable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro that do not carry the same risks as nuclear energy.
The document discusses various natural disasters including hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, and nuclear accidents. It provides details on the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, describing the explosion at the power plant and the widespread radioactive contamination that resulted. Over 350,000 people were evacuated from affected areas and it is estimated the disaster may eventually cause thousands of cancer deaths.
Nuclear Anthropogenic Hazards Causes, Protection, Control and PreventionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic hazards are major adverse events resulting from Nuclear radiation, Chemical warfare, Electronic waste, Pollution, Solid Waste etc. Anthropogenic hazards can cause loss of life or damage to properties and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population’s resilience or ability to recover and also on the infrastructure available. Hence it is necessary to study the causes of anthropogenic hazards in detail and plan for control, prevent the disaster and improve resilience among people to face challenge for effective mitigation process. Here the study of Nuclear Anthropogenic hazards in detail and various method of prevention is taken up for study and benefit the people
Environment Safety and Health რატი.pdfIaShalikiani
This document discusses several major nuclear disasters that have occurred throughout history and their negative impacts on human and environmental health. It provides details on 5 significant nuclear accidents: the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan in 2011 which displaced over a million people, the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986 which was the worst nuclear disaster in history and caused thousands of cancer cases, the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979 which provoked concerns about nuclear energy despite no deaths, the Kyshtym disaster in the former Soviet Union in 1957 which exposed thousands to radiation and killed hundreds, and the Windscale fire in the UK in 1957 which caused 200 cancer cases. The document emphasizes that nuclear accidents can have widespread, long-lasting negative
Nuclear reactors carry risks of accidents and radiation exposure that can harm human health and the environment. Major accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima have caused widespread contamination and required large evacuations. While nuclear waste is small in volume compared to fossil fuels, it remains highly radioactive for extremely long periods and requires careful disposal. New reactor designs aim to reduce risks through passive safety systems and using alternative fuels like uranium-238 that produce less long-lived waste. Public education about radiation risks and emergency plans is also important to prevent overreaction during accidents.
The document discusses the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and perspectives on nuclear power. It provides background on the mechanics of nuclear fission used for power generation. While nuclear power doesn't emit greenhouse gases, it carries risks of radiation leaks from accidents or attacks. Major concerns include limited nuclear fuel resources, difficulties disposing of radioactive waste, and nuclear power plants' vulnerability to disasters or terrorism.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 occurred at a nuclear power plant in Ukraine. During a late-night safety test where safety systems were turned off, an uncontrolled nuclear reaction was initiated due to reactor design flaws and operator errors. This led to steam explosions and a graphite fire that released radioactive material into the atmosphere over Eastern Europe. The immediate causes were operator negligence in conducting the safety test improperly and switching off necessary safety systems. The disaster was compounded by underlying design deficiencies in the reactor that were not addressed properly.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 in Ukraine was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. When the reactor core was damaged during a safety test, it caused two explosions and released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated from the surrounding area. Many people suffered long-term health effects such as increased cancer rates, and the environment was also contaminated over a large region. The accident highlighted issues with the Soviet nuclear reactor design and lack of safety precautions that led to the disaster.
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity. It is produced naturally in stars and man-made in nuclear reactors. There are two main types of nuclear reactions that produce energy - nuclear fission which splits large nuclei, and nuclear fusion which combines small nuclei. Nuclear energy has applications in electric power generation, medicine, scientific research, food and agriculture, and space. However, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima have shown the dangers, with loss of life and long-term effects on the environment.
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
2. DEFINITION
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the
International Atomic agency as an “event that has led to
significant consequences to people, the environment or the
facility”.
Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large
radioactivity release to the environment, or “reactor core
melt.”
3. Two of the major nuclear accidents
are as follows:
(i) Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (ii) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
4. IN DETAIL ABOUT THE Accident-1
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster:
26th of April 1986 witnessed one of the world’s worst Nuclear Disaster ever in
Chernobyl. Chernobyl is approximately 80 miles (which is 120 kilometers) north of the
capital city of the Ukraine, Kiev. The accident took lives of 30 people immediately and
vast evacuation of 135000 people within 20 mile radius of the power plant was carried
out after the accident.
5. Causes of the Accident:
A chain reaction occurred in the reactor and got out of control, causing explosions and a
huge fireball which blew off the heavy concrete and steel lid on the reactor.
These are the causes:
1. Design fault in RBMK reactor
2. A violation, of procedures
3. Breakdown of communication
4. Lack of a ‘Safety Culture’ in the power plant
6. Consequences of the Accident:
1. Environmental consequences:
Within 4 years of the accident nature began to restore itself, but genetically these plants may be scarred for life.
2. Health effects:
Firstly, there was a huge increase in Thyroid Cancer in Ukrainian children (from birth to 15 years old).
3. Psychological consequences:
There has been an increase in psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, helplessness and other
disorders which lead to mental stress.
4. Economic, political and social consequences:
The worst contaminated areas were economically, socially and politically declining as the birth rate had
decreased and emigration numbers had substantially risen which had caused a shortage in labour force.
7. IN DETAIL ABOUT THE Accident-2
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster:
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failures,
nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima
I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on 11
March, 2011. It is the largest nuclear disaster since the Chernobyl disaster
of 1986.
The plant comprises six separate boiling water reactors originally designed
by General Electric (GE), and maintained by the Tokyo Electric Power
Company (TEPCO). At the time of the quake, Reactor 4 had been de-fuelled
while 5 and 6 were in cold shutdown for planned maintenance.
8. The remaining reactors shut down automatically after the earthquake, and emergency generators came
online to control electronics and coolant systems. The tsunami resulted in flooding of the rooms
containing the emergency generators.
Consequently those generators ceased working, causing eventual power loss to the pumps that circulate
coolant water in the reactor. The pumps then stopped working, causing the reactors to overheat due to
the high decay heat that normally continues for a short time, even after a nuclear reactor shut down.
The flooding and earthquake damage hindered external assistance. In the hours and days that followed.
Reactors 1, 2 and 3 experienced full meltdown. As workers struggled to cool and shut down the reactors,
several hydrogen- air chemical explosions occurred.
The hydrogen gas was produced by high heat in the reactors causing a hydrogen-producing reaction
between the nuclear fuel metal cladding and the water surrounding them. The government ordered that
seawater be used to attempt to cool the reactors this had the effect of ruining the reactors entirely. As the
water levels in the fuel rods pools dropped, they began to overheat. Fears of radioactivity releases led to
a 20 km (12 mi)-radius evacuation around the plant.
During the early days of the accident workers were temporarily evacuated at various times for radiation
safety reasons. Electrical power was slowly restored for some of the reactors, allowing for automated
cooling.
.
9. DATA ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
I. Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99
accidents at nuclear power plants. Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since
the Chernobyl disaster, and 57% (56 out of 99) of all nuclear-related
accidents have occurred in the USA.
II. Serious nuclear power plant accidents include the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster (2011), Chernobyl disaster (1986), Three Mile Island
accident (1979), and the SL-1 accident (1961). Stuart Arm states, “apart
from Chernobyl, no nuclear workers or members of the public have ever
died as a result of exposure to radiation due to a commercial nuclear
reactor incident.”
III. Nuclear-powered submarine mishaps include the K-19 reactor accident
(1961), the K-27 reactor accident (1968), and the K-431 reactor accident
(1985). Serious radiation accidents include the Kyshtym disaster, Wind
scale fire, radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica, radiotherapy, and radiation
accident in Morocco, Goiania accident, radiation accident in Mexico City,
radiotherapy unit accident in Thailand, and the Mayapuri radiological
accident in India.