nuclear disasters, mitigation, risk of nuclear weapons, guidelines to deal with disaster, examples, treaties and agreements, radioactive places

1. NUCLEAR
DISASTERS
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2. Nuclear energy and processes
• Nuclear fission – Atom bomb, reactors
• Nuclear fusion- Hydrogen bomb(thermonuclear bomb), sun
• Decay of radioactive materials
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3. USES
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4. International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)
Given by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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5. Nuclear disasters
• Nuclear power plant accidents
• Nuclear reactor attacks
• Trafficking and thefts
• Worldwide nuclear weapon testing and incidents
• Accident categories
– Nuclear meltdown
– Criticality accidents
– Decay heat
– Transport
– Equipment failure
– Human error
– Lost source
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6. 1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
ACCIDENTS
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7. Chernobyl-1986
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7 on IAES scale
Power failure, error in safety systems
Fig 1.1

8. Impacts and consequences
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• Causalities
• 30 kilometres in all directions from the plant is officially called
the "zone of alienation"
• Ukrainian officials estimated the area would not be safe for
human life again for another 20,000 years
Fig 1.2

9. Red forest
• The name "Red Forest" comes
from the ginger-brown colour of
the pine trees after they died
following the absorption of high
levels of radiation from
the Chernobyl accident on 26
April 1986.
• In the post-disaster clean up
operations, the Red Forest was
bulldozed and buried in "waste
graveyards".
• The site of the Red Forest remains
one of the most contaminated
areas in the world today
9Fig 1.3

10. 10Fig 1.5

11. Fukushima -2011
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• At Fukushima, Japan
• 7 on IAES SCALE
• Tsunami followed by an
earthquake
Fig 1.6

12. Impacts and consequences
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Fig 1.7 Fig 1.8
Fig 1.9

13. 13
“Low levels of radioactive Caesium from Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
accident turned up in fish caught off California in 2011”.
Fig 1.10

14. • Transportation and storage of radiation-contaminated soil over
a large area
• Decommissioning Fukushima’s four damaged nuclear reactors
• A permafrost wall spanning 1.4 km will be formed by coolant
tubes drilled into the ground at 1-meter intervals around the
plant.
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15. 15
The Most Radioactive
Places on Earth.mp4
Fig 1.11
Fig 1.12

16. 2. NUCLEAR REACTOR
ATTACKS
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17. • Vulnerability of nuclear plants
• Nuclear reactors become preferred targets
during military conflict
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Stuxnet is a computer
worm discovered in June 2010 that
is believed to have been created by
the United States and Israel to
attack Iran's nuclear facilities. It
switched off safety devices, causing
centrifuges to spin out of control.
The United States 9/11 Commission
found that nuclear power plants were
potential targets originally
considered for the September 11,
2001 attacks

18. 4. TRAFFICKING AND
THEFTS
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19. • Thefts, losses of nuclear materials and other
unauthorized activities
• Radioactive poisons - Polonium
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20. 5. WORLDWIDE NUCLEAR
WEAPON TESTING AND
INCIDENTS
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21. 22
ATOM BOMB AT HIROSHIMA
AND NAGASAKI
The Manhattan Project
Enola Gay - LITTLE BOY
HIROSHIMA,
August 6,1945
Bockscar - FAT MAN
NAGASAKI,
August 9, 1945
VIDEO
Fig 5.1
Fig 5.2

22. 23
http://www.carloslabs.com/projects/200712B/GroundZero-2-6.html

23. http://www.carloslabs.com/projects/200712B/GroundZero-2-6.html
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24. http://www.ucsusa.org/ Union of concerned scientists
Real life tales of close calls, screw ups and nuclear near
misses
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25. NOT YOUR AVERAGE BEAR
A black bear once climbed the fence at a
Minnesota military base, triggering an alarm
that ordered nuclear-armed fighters into the air.
THAT TIME WE BOMBED NORTH
CAROLINA
A B-52 once accidentally dropped two nuclear
bombs on north Carolina. Five out of six safety
devices failed on one of the bombs and still
haven’t recovered the uranium.
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26. 27

27. DO THE FOLLOWING:
 Go indoors. Stay inside. Close doors/windows.
 Switch on Radio/TV and look out for public announcements from your local
authority.
 Cover all food, water and consume only such covered items.
 If in the open, cover your face and body with a wet handkerchief, towel, dhoti
or saree. Return home, change/remove clothes. Have a complete wash and use
fresh clothing.
 Extend full co-operation to local authorities and obey their instructions
completely - be it for taking medication, evacuation, etc.
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28. DO NOT DO THE FOLLOWING
• Do not panic.
• Do not believe in rumours passed on by word of mouth from one person to
another.
• Do not stay outside or go outside.
• As far as possible, AVOID - water from open wells/ponds, exposed crops
and vegetables, food, water or milk from outside.
• Do not disobey any instruction of the District or Civil Defence Authorities
who would be doing their best to ensure the safety of yourself, your family
and your property.
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29. TREATIES AND
AGREEMENTS
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30. • Non-proliferation
• Disarmament
• Peaceful use of nuclear energy
• India not a member
• Restricted the legal possession of nuclear
weapons to those states that tested them before
1967
NPT- NUCLEAR
PROLIFERATION TREATY
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31. 32

32. COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN
TREATY
• Bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military
purposes, in all environments.
• Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10
September 1996
• The treaty will enter into force 180 days after the 44 states
listed in Annex 2 of the treaty have ratified it
• China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States have signed
but not ratified the Treaty
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33. NSG- NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS
GROUP
• Controlling the export of nuclear materials,
technology, nuclear equipment etc
• India not a member
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VIDEO

34. • Designed in 1958 for the British nuclear
disarmament movement by Gerald Holtom
• It was designed from the naval code of
semaphore, and the symbol represents the
code letters for ND.
• Code ND stands for Nuclear Disarmament
THANK
YOU!! 35

35. REFERENCE
• http://www.ucsusa.org/
• https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia
/nuclear-energy/
• http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/
• https://chernobylguide.com/red_forest/#the-red-
forest-in-chernobyl
• http://dae.nic.in/
• http://www.carloslabs.com/projects/200712B/Gro
undZero-2-6.html
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