It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Dilatation and curettage (D & C) is a procedure to remove tissue from inside the uterus. Doctors perform D & C to diagnose and treat certain uterine conditions — such as a heavy bleeding — or to clear the uterine lining after an abortion or miscarriage.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Dilatation and curettage (D & C) is a procedure to remove tissue from inside the uterus. Doctors perform D & C to diagnose and treat certain uterine conditions — such as a heavy bleeding — or to clear the uterine lining after an abortion or miscarriage.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. CONTENTS
• 1. Definition of normal Labour
• 2. Factors influencing progress of Labour
• 3. Diagnosis of Labour
• 4. Stages of Labour
• 5. Management of Labour
3. LABOUR
DEFINITION
LABOUR IS DEFINED AS THE ONSET OF
REGULAR PAINFUL CONTRACTIONS
WITH PROGRESSIVE EFFACEMENT AND
DILATATION OF THE CERVIX
ACCOMPANIED BY DECENT OF THE
PRESENTING PART LEADING TO
EXPULSION OF THE FETUS OR FETUSES
AND PLACENTA FROM THE MOTHER.
4. FACTORS TO HELP DETERMINE
IF LABOUR IS NORMAL
• Mature Fetus 37-42 weeks
• Spontaneous expulsion
• Vertex is the presenting part
• Vaginal Delivery
• Time ( not < 3hour but not >18 hours)
• Complications??
6. FEMALE PELVIS
• Basic framework for the birth canal
• True Pelvis- Inlet, cavity and Outlet ( The fetus must
pass through all three in order for labour to be
sucessful)
• Types of Pelvis- Gynaecoid, Anthropoid, Android
and Platypelloid
9. MOULDING
The bones of the fetal head can move closer together or overlap to help the
head fit through the pelvis. Parietal bones overlap occipital and frontal bones.
Moulding can be staged from +1 to +4, +1-+3 being
normal and +4 being cause for some concern.
12. CAUSES OF THE ONSET OF
NORMAL LABOUR
• It is unknown but the following theories are proposed:
• Hormonal Factors
• Oestrogen Theory
• Progesterone withdrawal theory
• Prostaglandin Theory
• Oxytocin Theory
• Fetal Cortisol Theory
• Mechanical Factors
• Uterine Distension Theory
• Stretch of the lower uterine segment
16. DIAGNOSIS OF LABOUR
• Signs that can clue you into the onset of Labour
• Show- evidence by mucus mixed with blood or
mucus plug
• Rupture of membranes- look for leaking liquor
• panful, regular uterine contractions, atleast (1:10)
18. • ON ADMISSION:
Review antenatal record
Complete history if record isn't available
• GENERAL EXAMINATION OF MOTHER
General condition- pallor, oedema, abdominal scars,
maternal height
Vital signs- Blood pressure, Pulse, respiration, temperature
(measured and recorded)
Heart and Lungs
Urinalysis- protein, sugar, ketones
19. • Abdominal Examination:
Detail examination, determine fetal presentation,
position and engagement
Auscultate fetal heart sound
Evaluate uterine contractions
Attach Carditocography (CTG) for 20 min trace
20. • VAGINAL EXAMINATION
Confirm degree of dilatation and effacement
Identify the presenting part
Fetal head engagement if any doubt
Confirm or artificially rupture if necessary (ROM)
Exclude cord prolapse
• BLADDER/BOWEL CARE
Administer an Enema
allow to empty bladder ever 1 1/2 - 2 hours
21. • NUTRITION IN EARLY LABOUR
No food after labour is established to prevent regurgitation and
aspiration
Place IV to start administration of fluids
• POSITIONING OF LABOURING MOTHER
Once everything is well with mom and baby, patient may ambulate
or lay in bed as the feel comfortable
• MONITORING, PROGRESS OF LABOUR
• PAIN RELIEF
Opiate drugs- Pethidine given IM q4hrly
Epidural analgesia
22. PARTOGRAM
• A cartogram is a composite
graphical record of key data
(maternal & fetal) during
labour entered against time
on a single sheet of paper.
• Relevant measurements
such as cervical dilatation,
fetal heart rate, duration of
labour and vital signs
• Monitors progress of Labour
23.
24. COMPONENTS OF A PARTOGRAM
• Patient Identification
• Time (recorded in 1hr intervals)
• Fetal Heart Rate
• State of Membranes
• Cervical Dilatation
• Uterine Contractions
• Drugs & Fluids
• BP (2hr intervals)
• Pulse Rate (30min intervals)
• Oxytocin
• Urinalysis
• Temperature
27. First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
Begins with the onset of
true labour contractions
and ends when the cervix
is fully dilated (10cm).
Cervical effacement and
dilatation occurs in this
stage
2 Phase:
Latent & Active
Latent: From diagnosis
of labour to 3cm
dilatation
Active: From 3cm to ful
dilatation (10cm)
The second stage of
labour begins with
complete dilatation and
ends with the birth of the
baby.
Approximately 2 hours in a
nulliparous and 1 hour in a
multiparae woman
Begins after birth and
ends with the expulsion of
the placenta and
membranes
Shortest stage: After birth,
up to 30 minutes
29. • 1. Contractions
• Regular
• Increasing Frequency
• Stronger
• 2. Cervical Dilatation and Effacement
• 3. Engagement of the presenting part
30. MANAGEMENT
• Continuity of care
• Observation of progress of Labour
• Monitoring fetal & maternal well-being
• Adequate pain relief (according to mothers wishes)
• Adequate hydration to prevent Ketosis
Lactate ringer solution
32. SECOND STAGE
• First sign of the second stage is the urge to push
• Full Dilatation to Delivery of the fetus
• Signs to look for:-
• (1) Distention of the perineum
• (2) Dilatation of the anus
• Satisfactory progress:- steady descent of the fetus
through the birth canal & onset of the expulsive phase
33. MANAGEMENT
• Continuous monitoring during this phase
• Maternal Position, usually semi-recumbent or
supported sitting position with thighs abducted but
any comfortable position expect supine for an
uncomplicated pregnancy
• Encourage to bear down with the contractions
34. MANAGEMENT (CONT’D)
• Maternal condition - BP and PR measured every 15-
30mins and after contractions
• Fetal Condition- Fetal heart rate, measured
continuously or after contractions
• Uterine Contractions- strength, length and frequency
continuously assessed
• Progress of descent- recorded every 30 mins
35. CONDUCTING THE DELIVERY
• position patient
• antiseptic solution to clean skin of lower abdomen, vulva, anus and upper
thigh, then drape
• DELIVERY OF THE HEAD
• Control delivery of the head
• Perform episiotomy if required
• Perform Ritgen’s Maneuver
• Clear the airways after delivery of the head
36. CONDUCTING THE DELIVERY
(CONT’D)
• DELIVERY OF THE
SHOULDERS
• Anterior shoulder assisted
by gentle downward
traction of the head
• Posterior shoulder is
delivered by elevating the
head.
37. CONDUCTING THE DELIVERY
• DELIVERY OF THE TRUNK
• Grasp baby around the chest after shoulders delivered to help with birth
of trunk
• Baby swept unto mother’s abdomen
• Note time of delivery
• CUTTING THE UMBILICAL CORD
• wait 15-20 seconds then clamp
• plastic crushing clip placed 1-2cm above umbilicus and cut 1cm beyond
the clamp
38. IMMEDIATE CARE OF THE NEWBORN
• Assess baby
• Health baby with spontaneous respiration place
on mother’s abdomen, dry& cover baby
• No spontaneous respiration or respiratory
problems then resuscitate baby
• APGAR scores
39. EVENTS OCCURRING DURING LABOUR
• Flexion and Descent
• Internal Rotation of the fetal head
• Crowning
• Extension
• Restitution
• Internal rotation of the shoulders
• External rotation of the fetal body
• Lateral flexion of the body
42. THIRD STAGE
• Begins with fetus delivery and ends with delivery of
the placenta/membranes
• Two phases: Separation and Expulsion
• 30 mins or less
• Average blood loss 150-250 mld
43. MANAGEMENT
• BIRTH OF THE PLACENTA
• Two (2) stages:-
• Separation of the placenta from the wall of the
uterus and into the lower uterine segment or
vagina
• Actual expulsion of the placenta out of the birth
canal
44. TWO MECHANISMS OF SEPARATION
• Mathews-Duncan mechanism (raw surface exposed
when delivered)
• Schultz Mechanism (placenta inserted at fundus,
placenta inverts and covers the raw surface)
45. SIGNS OF SEPARATION
• Globular and hard uterus
• Sudden gush of blood
• Cord Lengthening (Most reliable clinical sign)
46. BIRTH OF THE PLACENTA
• Two methods:
• Passive Management (wait for spontaneous
expulsion of the placenta)
• Active Management
47. ACTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE
THIRD STAGE
• Help prevent postpartum hemorrhage
• Includes:-
• Use of oxytocin (given around the time of the
anterior shoulder delivery, 10 units)
• Controlled cord traction
• Uterine massage
48. ACTIVE PLACENTA DELIVERY
• Brandt’s Andrew method
• Placenta separation
• Controlled cord traction
• Delivery of the membranes
• Examination of the Placenta:- placenta, membranes &
umbilical cord for completeness and anomalies
49. • EXAMINATION OF THE PERINEUM
• look for lacerations, also vulva outlet, vaginal
canal & cervix should be inspected
• Repair lacerations or episiotomies immediately
50. IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT
AFTER THE DELIVERY
• EARLY POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT
• Monitor for postpartum hemorrhage, keep for atlas 1 hour in delivery suite
(bleeding- ask to report any sudden gushes of blood, bp and pulse)
• Before discharging from delivery suite
• Check uterus frequently to ensure it is firm
• Remove intrauterine clots
• Look at introitus for NO hemorrhage
• Keep bladder empty
• Ensure baby is breathing well, pink and well flexed
54. • Engagement: The fetus is engaged if the widest leading part (typically the widest
circumference of the head) is negotiating the inlet.
• Station: Relationship of the bony presenting part of the fetus to the maternal ischial
spines. If at the level of the spines it is at “0 (zero)” station, if it passed it by 2cm it is
at “+2” station.
• Attitude: Relationship of fetal head to spine: flexed, neutral (“military”), or extended
attitudes are possible.
• Position: Relationship of presenting part to maternal pelvis, i.e. ROP=right occiput
posterior, or LOA=left occiput anterior.
• Presentation: Relationship between the leading fetal part and the pelvic inlet:
cephalic, breech (complete, incomplete, frank or footling), face, brow, mentum or
shoulder presentation.
• Lie: Relationship between the longitudinal axis of fetus and long axis of the uterus:
longitudinal, oblique, and transverse.
• Caput or Caput succedaneum: oedema typically formed by the tissue overlying the
GLOSSARY
55. Pelvic types
Traditional obstetrics characterizes four types of pelvises:
• Gynecoid: Ideal shape, with round to slightly oval (obstetrical inlet slightly less
transverse) inlet: best chances for normal vaginal delivery.
• Android: triangular inlet, and prominent ischial spines, more angulated pubic arch.
• Anthropoid: the widest transverse diameter is less than the anteroposterior
(obstetrical) diameter.
• Platypelloid: Flat inlet with shortened obstetrical diameter.
Editor's Notes
Usually only know after the delivery, near impossible to predict before. But can clue us into high risk or low risk patients
The ideal pelvis the brim is slightly oval transversely, sacral promontory isn't prominent, transverse diameter slightly larger than the AP, sidewalls parallel and straight, ischial spines not prominent, sacrosciatic notches not wide, sacrum has a good curve, pubic arch angle is wide.
In 1955, Dr Friedman, from Columbia University, published a study he had undertaken of 500 first time mothers who had given birth at full term. The doctor plotted their labours on a graph, and calculated the average time it took a woman to dilate each centimetre.
This graph is known as the Friedman’s Curve, used as the gold standard for rates of cervical dilation and fetal descent during active labour for the past 60 years. The graph showed the average rate of cervical dilation was about 1 centimetre per hour. The rate of dilation varied within the total time of labour, but was broken into the following sections: Length of time it took to dilate from 0cm to 4cm was 8.6 hours From 4cm to 10cm the average dilation time was about 5 hours. Because labour appeared to speed up after 4cm, this was considered to be the active stage of labour. When dilation reached 9cm, there was a slight slowing down until 10cm was reached Pushing took an average of 1 hour.
How Is It Applied During Labour? The Friedman’s curve is one of the first pieces of obstetric knowledge maternity care providers learn. When a woman comes into hospital with contractions, she is usually required to have a vaginal examination, to check cervical dilation and confirm if she is in active labour (4cm dilation or more). If her cervix is not dilated 4cm or more, she is often sent home until contractions pick up. After being admitted to the maternity ward, the woman is then expected to dilate an average 1cm per hour. Most hospitals have a policy of routine vaginal examinations every 3-4 hours to check progress. A dilation rate of less than 1cm per hour is considered abnormal and labelled a ‘failure to progress’. More monitoring might be suggested and, depending on how baby is coping, augmentation might be offered. This could be breaking the waters or administering artificial oxytocin via a drip, to speed up contractions.
It isn’t surprising that a cascade of intervention might begin at this stage. The mother is likely to have continuous fetal monitoring belts attached and will be unable to move freely, limiting her ability to manage contractions. The baby might not be able to move into an optimal birth position, or begin to show signs of distress. By this time, it’s very likely the mother is feeling stressed and tired. Her body begins to respond by releasing adrenaline, which will reduce levels of oxytocin, the hormone responsible for uterine contractions. Again, labour might appear to slow or stall, causing care providers to intervene further. Failure to progress is responsible for around 30% of all c-sections performed on first time mothers.
It isn’t surprising that a cascade of intervention might begin at this stage. The mother is likely to have continuous fetal monitoring belts attached and will be unable to move freely, limiting her ability to manage contractions. The baby might not be able to move into an optimal birth position, or begin to show signs of distress. By this time, it’s very likely the mother is feeling stressed and tired. Her body begins to respond by releasing adrenaline, which will reduce levels of oxytocin, the hormone responsible for uterine contractions. Again, labour might appear to slow or stall, causing care providers to intervene further. Failure to progress is responsible for around 30% of all c-sections performed on first time mothers.
Is Friedman’s Curve Relevant Today? The women in Doctor Friedman’s study averaged 20 years of age, and over 95% of the women were sedated during labour, as it was the era of ‘twilight sleep'. More than 50% of the women had forceps assisted delivery and around 14% were induced or had their labour augmented with artificial oxytocin (Pitocin or Syntocinon). These factors had the potential to change the pace of labour outside a woman’s normal and individual dilation pattern. Since the 1950s, labour practices, and women, have changed. Women are no longer routinely sedated during labour – epidurals are much more common. Artificial oxytocin for labour induction and augmentation is also used more commonly and forceps are no longer routinely used. Women having their first baby are more likely to be older, on average, than women 60 years ago. A great deal has changed, yet the same expectation of cervical dilation is applied. A study in 2002 showed Friedman’s curve is an inaccurate description of normal labor progression. A large study in 2010 looked at the labour records of nearly 62,500 women from 19 hospitals across the US.
The research found a wide variation in cervical dilation, and the average labour was much longer than those in Friedman’s original research. On average, women began active labour at 6cm, instead of 3cm as Dr Friedman reported in 1955. The average time it took to dilate during active labour was about 30 minutes for each centimetre. Around 95% of women took less than 2 hours to dilate 1cm during active labour. Fifteen years of research has shown the average rate of cervical dilation accelerates after 6cm rather than 4cm. Care providers who are aware of this, and don’t intervene before 6cm of dilation, will limit the use of unnecessary interventions and potentially reduce the number of c-sections occurring as a result. When choosing a care provider, find out how they base cervical dilation, and whether they are aware of the more recent research showing a slower rate of dilation up to 6cm. Choosing your care provider carefully will help avoid unnecessary interventions.
Admission Management
Antenatal record will be able to cue you into abnormalities that may complicate labour
Advantages[edit]
• Provides information on single sheet of paper at a glance
• No need to record labour events repeatedly
• Prediction of deviation from normal progress of labour
• Improvement in maternal morbidity, perinatal morbidity and mortality
1. Patient identification
2. Time: It is recorded at an interval of one hour. Zero time for spontaneous labour is time of admission in the labour ward and for induced labour is time of induction.
3. Fetal heart rate: It is recorded at an interval of thirty minutes.
4. State of membranes and colour of liquor: "I" designates intact membranes, "C" designates clear and "M" designates meconium stained liquor.
5. Cervical dilatation and descent of head
6. Uterine contractions: Squares in vertical columns are shaded according to duration and intensity.
7. Drugs and Fluids
8. Blood pressure: It is recorded in vertical lines at an interval of 2 hours.
9. Pulse rate: It is also recorded in vertical lines at an interval of 30 minutes.
10. Oxytocin: Concentration is noted down in upper box; while dose is noted in lower box.
11. Urine analysis
First Stage:
The latent phase can take up to 8 hour in a nulliparae woman and 6 hours in a multiparae woman.
The active phase occurs much faster approximately 1cm/hour
Uterine contractions can cause a decrease in heart rate or an increase in heart rate.
3 primary mechanisms by which uterine contractions decrease fetal heart rate are compression of: (1) Fetal Head (2) Umbilical Cord (3) Uterine myometrial vessels
Beware of irregular or infrequent contractions after the latent phase and/or the rate of cervical dilatation slower than 1cm during the active phase
Stage 2 - what happens and how to manage
Stage 3- what happens and how to manage
Freedman curve??
Reading and understanding the CTG - Add link
Partogram, understanding how to use it- Provide Link
Ritgen’s Maneuver is an obstetric procedure used to control delivery of the fetal head. It involves applying upward pressure from the coccygeal region to extend the head during actual delivery, thereby protecting the musculature of the perineum.
2nd Definition
Delivery of a child’s head by pressure on the perineum while controlling the speed of the delivery by pressure wit the other hand on the head.