This document discusses non-violence in educational settings. It focuses on violence and aggression, specifically looking at the perception of threat and aggressive behavior. It defines aggression and different types of aggression such as instrumental, emotional, sanctioned vs. nonsanctioned, and proactive vs. reactive. It also examines social and personality factors that can contribute to human aggression, as well as situational determinants. The document finds that high levels of aggression are associated with a high frequency of perceiving threats, rating threats negatively, and an early detection of threats. It aims to help understand aggression and how to promote non-violence in schools.

1. Non- Violence in Educational
Setting
Violence and Aggression -
Perception of Threat and
Aggressive Behavior.
By
M.VIJAYALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor

2. Objectives
At the end of the course the student teacher will
1. Understand the concept of peace education.
2. Understand the dynamics of transformation of
violence into Peace.
3. Understand the nature of conflicts and their
resolution.
4. Imbibe the knowledge, attitudes and skills
needed to achieve and sustain a global culture
of peace.
5. Adopt peace education in the curriculum.

3. Unit - 3:
Non- Violence in Educational Setting
3.1 Factors Contributing to Non Violence at
Schools.
3.2 Violence and Aggression - Perception of
Threat and Aggressive Behavior.
3.3 Rejection and Withdrawal - Measures to
bring about nonviolence in schools Strategies
that can be adopted in school.
3.4 Individuals and long term solutions to
maintain non- violence.

4. Unit - 3:
Non- Violence in Educational Setting
3.2 Violence and Aggression -
Perception of Threat and Aggressive
Behavior.

5. What is aggression?
 Is aggression defined by behaviours that cause harm?
For example: hitting, pushing versus verbal threats
 Is aggression defined by the outcome of behaviour?
For example: Successful versus unsuccessful attempts to
aggress
 Or does aggression reside in the intentions of the aggressor?
For example: Harm cause by accident versus harm caused
by intent

6. DEFINITIONS
Derived from the word aggress
means "unprovoked attack”(1610).
Behavior that results in personal injury or destruction
of property (Bandura, 1973)
Behaviour between members of the same species
intended to cause pain or harm((Scherer et al, 1975)
The intentional infliction of some form of harm on
others (Baron & Byrne, 2000)
Behaviour that involves threat or action that
potentially or actually causes pain, withdrawal, or
loss of resources.

7. Passive Aggression
• The individual deals with emotional conflict or
internal or external stressors by indirectly and
unassertively expressing aggression toward
others.
• There is a facade of overt compliance masking
covert resistance, resentment, or hostility.
• Passive aggression often occurs in response to
demands for independent action or performance
or the lack of gratification of dependent wishes
but may be adaptive for individuals in
subordinate positions who have no other way to
express assertiveness more avertly.

14. AGGRESSION VS VIOLENCE
 VIOLENCE - extreme, unjustifiable aggression,
usually violating social sanctions and causing
destruction.
It is used almost exclusively to describe
human behaviour.
 Violence is physically or psychologically
harmful human aggression that involves the
threat or use of force.
All violence is aggression, but many instances
of aggression are not violent.

16. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
Instrumental
aggression is rational
and calculated
Aggression is used by
the individual in order
to maximize personal
gains

17. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
Emotional aggression is
reactive and impulsive
Aggression is driven by
feelings (e.g., anger),
often in the absence of
a rational cost-benefit
analysis

18. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
SANCTIONED VERSUS NONSANCTIONED
AGGRESSION
• Every society classifies aggression into its own socially
acceptable and unacceptable categories
• Socially sanctioned aggression, depending on culture, might
include rough and tumble play, hunting, police or intelligence
service actions, capital punishment, or war.
• Socially prohibited aggression in most cultures includes criminal
assault, rape, homicide, parenticide, infanticide, child abuse,
domestic violence, torture, civil disturbance, and terrorism.
• These distinctions are not absolute

19. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
HYPOAROUSAL- VERSUS HYPERAROUSAL-
RELATED AGGRESSION
• Many individuals who exhibit psychopathic traits—
including nonsanctioned aggression, lack of respect for
the rights of others, cruelty, lack of remorse, and lack of
empathy—have been found to have lower-than-usual
resting heart rates and less autonomic reactivity.
• This has led to a classification distinguishing such
hypoarousal-related aggression from the aggression seen
in anxiety disorders, mania, or stimulant intoxication,
which is called hyperarousal related.

20. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
Proactive versus Reactive Aggression
The modern literature on human aggression usually
applies a different typology.
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION (instrumental ,planned,
premeditated, cold-blooded, or predatory aggression)
Actor initiates the aggression against a target without
immediate provocation.
It is atypical in psychiatric emergencies.
REACTIVE AGGRESSION (Hostile, affective, defensive,
hot-blooded, or impulsive aggression ) in the sense that
the actor is responding to a threat.
This is characteristic of violence seen in psychiatric
emergencies

22. Demographics of Aggression
• Age- Violence peaks in the late teens and early 20s
• Sex- Males more than females in general
populations; among people with mental disorders
males and females don’t significantly differ in their
base rates of aggression.
• Social class- three times as likely in lower socio
economic class than in the higher.
• I.Q.- Inversely proportional to violence

23. Demographics of Aggression
• History of substance abuse- Substance abuse tripled the rate
of violence in the non patients in the community and
increased the rate of violence by discharged patients by up
to 5 times
• Education- Less education
• Employment- Lack of sustained employment
• Residential instability- Homeless mentally ill commit 35
times more crimes than domiciled mentally ill(Martell et al,
1995)
• Diagnosis- The higher the number of psychiatric diagnoses,
the greater the rate of aggression.

24. So why study aggression?
During the roughly 5600 years of recorded
history, there have been over 14,400 wars
Humans are one of the few species that
systematically kills members of its own kind
In short, aggression is an important social
problem. Studying the causes of aggression
might suggest strategies for reducing
aggression in society.

25. So what causes aggression?
Theories have been proposed at all levels of
analysis:
biology
individual personality
specific situations
broader cultural norms and values

26. So what causes aggression?
• Aggression is likely to be the outcome of a
complex process that involves multiple factors
• Biological process related to arousal and the
experience of emotion.
• Individual differences in the interpretation of
incoming information.
• Situational cues that exacerbate hostility or
trigger an aggressive response.
• Norms and values about what is and is not
appropriate.

27. Social Causes of Human Aggression
Frustration
• Does not always lead to some form of aggression
• Aggression does not always result from frustration..
• However, it can elicit aggression when the cause of the
frustration is viewed as illegitimate or unjustified.
Provocation
• Physical or verbal provocation is one of the main causes of
aggression.
– People tend to reciprocate with the same or slightly
higher level of aggression that they receive from others.
– Condescension, the expression of arrogance is a strong
predictor of aggression
Heightened arousal
• Arousal in one situation can increase aggression in response
to provocation, frustration, etc. in another, unrelated
situation

29. Personality factors in Human Aggression
 Narcissism
The holding of an over-inflated view of one’s virtues or
abilities.
 ‘Type A’ personality (drive to achieve, time urgency,
competitiveness, and hostility) is associated with:
higher aggression in competitive tasks (Carver & Glass,
1978)
greater likelihood to engage in child abuse (Strube et al.,
1984)
greater conflict with peers in workplace (Baron, 1989).
 Hostile attributional bias:
The tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others
(Graham et al., 1992)

30. Causes of Human Aggression
Situational Determinants of Aggression
• Alcohol
–Intoxication facilitates aggression by
impairing cognitive processing, narrows
attention
–Result is more extreme, less moderated
behavior
–Aggressive response: often powerful and
simple
–Inhibiting response: often weaker and more
complex

31. Symptom Domains
1. Impulsive (rapid, thoughtless, aggressive
acts)
2. Affective instability (affectively charged
attacks with seemingly little provocation)
3. Anxiety/hyperarousal (overwhelming anxiety
and frustration leading to aggressive
outbursts)

32. Definition - Perception of Threat
• Threat perception is defined as a deep sense
of vulnerability that is assumed to be
negative, likely to result in loss, and largely out
of one's control (Dutton & Jackson, 1987;
Jackson & Dutton, 1988) -- Glibert, 2005, 742.
• Threat perception is commonly viewed as a
requirement to change organizational inertia.

35. • High levels of aggression were
associated with a high frequency of
threat perception, high ratings of
threat, high levels of negative
feelings and cognitions, and an early
detection of threat.

42. Sources are taken from
•Slidesharenet.com
•Web sources