Noble gases
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The document provides information about the six noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It discusses the etymology of their names, their colors when excited, common applications, and positions in the periodic table. Key details include that helium emits purple-orange light, is used in cryogenics and balloons, and makes voices higher; neon emits bright red and is used in signs; and radon is radioactive and was once used for medical purposes.
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Noble gases
The document discusses the properties and uses of noble gases. It defines noble gases as elements that do not interact with other elements due to their complete electron orbits. It lists the noble gases as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It then discusses their physical properties, including being odorless and colorless gases at room temperature with low melting and boiling points. Finally, it provides examples of uses for some noble gases, such as using helium for balloons due to its light weight and neon for lighting due to its bright white color.
Noble gases opt ok1294991905
The document discusses the noble gases, which are unreactive elements in Group 18 of the periodic table. They rarely combine with other elements and are found in nature as uncombined atoms due to their low reactivity. Examples of noble gases discussed include helium, neon, argon, krypton, and radon. Common uses of the noble gases mentioned are balloons, lightbulbs, neon signs, and strobe lights. Radon gas requires special attention due to its radioactivity and potential to cause lung cancer if inhaled over long periods of time.
Alkaline earth metal
This document discusses the properties and characteristics of alkaline earth metals. It begins by defining alkaline earth metals as group 2 elements with an outer electron configuration of ns2. Some key points made include:
- Alkaline earth metals have higher ionization energies than alkali metals. Ionization energy decreases down the group as atomic size increases.
- Their physical properties include being silvery-white, soft metals that are stronger oxidizers than alkali metals. They impart unique flame colors.
- Chemically, they readily react with oxygen, water and halogens. Reactivity increases down the group. They form basic hydroxides except for beryllium.
- The document also discusses trends
s-alkali metals-block elements.pptx
The s-block elements constitute Groups IA (the alkali metals) and IIA (the alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table. These elements share several key properties:
- They are highly reactive metals and strong reducing agents.
- Alkali metals (Group IA) exhibit a +1 oxidation state and form ionic compounds by losing their single outer electron. Their physical properties include being soft and silvery-white metals that are good conductors of heat and electricity. They also demonstrate trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and reactivity down their respective groups.
- Important characteristics include standard electrode potential, flame tests, solubility in liquid ammonia, and decreasing hydration energy with increasing
Noble-Gas-Ppt-Final.ppt
1) Noble gases have completely filled outer electron shells which makes them chemically inert. However, under certain conditions some can form compounds.
2) Xenon can form various fluorides like XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6. It can also form oxides like XeO3 and XeO4. The structures of these compounds range from linear to octahedral depending on the number of electron pairs and lone pairs.
3) Xenon compounds are typically prepared through reactions involving elemental xenon, fluorine and oxygen under high temperatures and pressures. Many are unstable and decompose to form xenon and other products.
Group VII elements - Halogens
Group VII elements are called halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) and have seven electrons in their outer shell. Fluorine has the smallest atomic radius while iodine has the largest due to more electron shells. Melting and boiling points decrease from fluorine to iodine due to weaker van der Waals forces between larger molecules. Electronegativity decreases from fluorine to iodine as the nucleus attracts electrons less. Halogens can gain electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. More reactive halogens can displace less reactive ones from solutions.
Atomic structure
1. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and too small to see easily. They have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
2. The nucleus contains protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus and have a negative charge.
3. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have small, dense nuclei, overturning the plum pudding model. This led to the development of the Rutherford-Bohr model in which electrons orbit the nucleus in defined energy levels.
Noble Gases
The document summarizes the properties of the noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It provides their atomic numbers, melting and boiling points, densities, dates and discoverers of discovery, name origins, common uses, sources, and safety information. Some noble gases like xenon can form compounds while others like helium, neon and argon cannot be made into compounds.
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Noble gases
The document discusses the properties and uses of noble gases. It defines noble gases as elements that do not interact with other elements due to their complete electron orbits. It lists the noble gases as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It then discusses their physical properties, including being odorless and colorless gases at room temperature with low melting and boiling points. Finally, it provides examples of uses for some noble gases, such as using helium for balloons due to its light weight and neon for lighting due to its bright white color.
Noble gases opt ok1294991905
The document discusses the noble gases, which are unreactive elements in Group 18 of the periodic table. They rarely combine with other elements and are found in nature as uncombined atoms due to their low reactivity. Examples of noble gases discussed include helium, neon, argon, krypton, and radon. Common uses of the noble gases mentioned are balloons, lightbulbs, neon signs, and strobe lights. Radon gas requires special attention due to its radioactivity and potential to cause lung cancer if inhaled over long periods of time.
Alkaline earth metal
This document discusses the properties and characteristics of alkaline earth metals. It begins by defining alkaline earth metals as group 2 elements with an outer electron configuration of ns2. Some key points made include:
- Alkaline earth metals have higher ionization energies than alkali metals. Ionization energy decreases down the group as atomic size increases.
- Their physical properties include being silvery-white, soft metals that are stronger oxidizers than alkali metals. They impart unique flame colors.
- Chemically, they readily react with oxygen, water and halogens. Reactivity increases down the group. They form basic hydroxides except for beryllium.
- The document also discusses trends
s-alkali metals-block elements.pptx
The s-block elements constitute Groups IA (the alkali metals) and IIA (the alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table. These elements share several key properties:
- They are highly reactive metals and strong reducing agents.
- Alkali metals (Group IA) exhibit a +1 oxidation state and form ionic compounds by losing their single outer electron. Their physical properties include being soft and silvery-white metals that are good conductors of heat and electricity. They also demonstrate trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and reactivity down their respective groups.
- Important characteristics include standard electrode potential, flame tests, solubility in liquid ammonia, and decreasing hydration energy with increasing
Noble-Gas-Ppt-Final.ppt
1) Noble gases have completely filled outer electron shells which makes them chemically inert. However, under certain conditions some can form compounds.
2) Xenon can form various fluorides like XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6. It can also form oxides like XeO3 and XeO4. The structures of these compounds range from linear to octahedral depending on the number of electron pairs and lone pairs.
3) Xenon compounds are typically prepared through reactions involving elemental xenon, fluorine and oxygen under high temperatures and pressures. Many are unstable and decompose to form xenon and other products.
Group VII elements - Halogens
Group VII elements are called halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) and have seven electrons in their outer shell. Fluorine has the smallest atomic radius while iodine has the largest due to more electron shells. Melting and boiling points decrease from fluorine to iodine due to weaker van der Waals forces between larger molecules. Electronegativity decreases from fluorine to iodine as the nucleus attracts electrons less. Halogens can gain electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. More reactive halogens can displace less reactive ones from solutions.
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The document discusses various chemical groups and families, including their properties and common uses. It covers the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, inner transition metals (lanthanides and actinides), and other nonmetal groups such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, noble gases, and hydrogen. For each group, it highlights some of the most abundant elements, their physical and chemical characteristics, and important commercial applications.
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This document discusses fire and arson investigation. It defines fire as a chemical reaction producing heat and light through combustion. The objectives of fire investigation are to save lives, determine origin and cause, and provide evidence. Fires are classified as natural, accidental, suspicious, or incendiary. Arson is the malicious burning of another's property. Evidence of arson includes multiple points of origin and use of accelerants. The fire triangle requires fuel, heat, and an oxidizer. Laboratory tests like color tests and gas chromatography are used to detect accelerants.
saad ki presentation.pptx
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter. It is the lightest element, usually occurring as a diatomic gas. Hydrogen has many important industrial uses today and is seen as a potential clean energy source of the future if technologies for large-scale production and storage can be improved. Fuel cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water are being developed for vehicles and other applications. However, most hydrogen currently comes from natural gas, a process that emits carbon dioxide and requires a lot of energy.
Nonmetals
- Nonmetals have properties that are opposite of metals such as being dull, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity and heat.
- Many nonmetals such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are essential for life on Earth and make up living organisms and the air.
- Nonmetals have a wide variety of properties and are found throughout the periodic table, especially in the lower left green boxes.
Redox
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, including definitions and examples. It covers topics like rusting, fire, combustion, fuels, ignition sources, and both everyday and hazardous chemical reactions involving oxidation. Color changes and the role of elements like oxygen, chlorine, and metals are also examined in the context of redox processes.
Presentation1
This document discusses various types of pollution in Pakistan. It defines pollution as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harmful changes. The document then outlines seven main types of pollution: air, water, land, radioactive, thermal, light, and sound pollution. For each type, it provides a definition and discusses some of the causes of that particular type of pollution.
Atmosphere 1
The document describes the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It is comprised of different gases that are held in place by gravity. The major layers from lowest to highest are: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere contains weather. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs sunlight. Temperature varies within the layers. The principal gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other elements.
Quiz in light sound and heat.pptx
The document contains 10 true/false statements about sound and heat transfer and 5 multiple choice questions about colors of light in the visible spectrum. The true/false statements cover topics like how sound and heat can transfer through solids, liquids, and gases; the definitions of conduction, convection, and radiation as heat transfer methods; and how the speed of sound varies in different mediums. The multiple choice questions ask about the highest energy color (violet), the color between green and blue (cyan), the color produced when red, blue, and green are mixed (white), the color between orange and green (yellow), and the lowest energy color (red).
Nonmetals 2
- Nonmetals have properties that are generally opposite of metals, such as being dull, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity and heat. Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature.
- Life depends on the nonmetals carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is essential for living organisms, oxygen is essential for breathing, and nitrogen makes up most of the air.
- Nonmetals have a wide variety of properties and are located in the green-tinted boxes on the periodic table, especially in Groups 14-18. They generally gain, lose, or share electrons when reacting with other elements.
Rits (1) (1)
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It explains that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane, trap heat radiating from the Earth's surface, keeping the global average temperature about 33°C warmer than it would otherwise be. The greenhouse effect is important for maintaining a climate suitable for life on Earth, but increased greenhouse gases from human activities are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. The most abundant greenhouse gas is water vapor, but carbon dioxide levels have increased by over 30% since the industrial revolution due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
8.2 thermal energy transfer
There are three main forms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere have intensified the natural greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming by trapping more heat in the lower atmosphere. The impacts of climate change include rising temperatures, changes to climate and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and disruption of natural ecosystems.
Chemistry:Air
Priestley was an 18th century scientist who made many important contributions including discovering oxygen gas and debunking the long-held belief that air was an elementary substance. He invented carbonated water and identified several chemical compounds. While known for discovering oxygen, Priestley wrote extensively on electricity and other scientific topics as well.
Timeline of Historical Development of Atoms and Chemical Elements
These is a Powerpoint presentation that shows the heavy and light elements that formed on the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and supernova explosion.
~this is our science Project submitted to: Mrs. Grace B. Veridiano
Submitted By:
JD Panizal
Elva De Asis
and Roxanne Belgica
Electrolysis term 2 lss ace
The document discusses electrolysis, including its uses, basics, history, experiments conducted, and potential dangers. It describes two electrolysis experiments conducted at home - electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using copper electrodes, and electrolysis of sodium bicarbonate solution. Both experiments resulted in oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Potentially dangerous gases like chlorine and hydrogen were produced.
Photosynthesis notes
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis including:
1. The history and key discoveries in photosynthesis research from ancient times to the 1950s when the Calvin cycle was discovered.
2. The significance of photosynthesis including that it is the source of food and fuel, drives other biological processes, and provides organic substances used by organisms.
3. Details on photosynthetically active radiation including that visible light drives photosynthesis, the properties of light waves, and that chlorophylls and carotenoids are the main light-absorbing pigments.
Global warming
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. This is due to factors like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The greenhouse effect allows life on Earth by keeping temperatures warm, but too much global warming threatens the environment through rising sea levels, more fires, and damage to ecosystems. Solutions include reducing electricity usage, driving and flying less, improving efficiency, and increasing renewable energy and reforestation efforts to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
My power point
The document summarizes how energy from the sun is transferred within the Earth's atmosphere and surfaces. It explains that some solar energy is reflected by gases and particles in the atmosphere, while some is absorbed by the land and water, warming the Earth's surface. It also describes the different methods by which heat is transferred, including radiation from the sun or fires, conduction between touching substances, and convection through fluid movements like air currents.
4_5823618084463709862.pptx
This document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It begins by defining the atmosphere and explaining its origin from early gases like hydrogen and helium. Over time, outgassing from the Earth's interior introduced other gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The major permanent gases that make up most of the atmosphere today are nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Variable gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor and ozone play important environmental roles despite small proportions. The atmosphere performs vital functions like supplying oxygen and protecting the planet from radiation. It facilitates processes like the water cycle and photosynthesis to support life.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Neon
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsay and Morris M. Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it has an atomic number of 10, melting point of -248.59°C, and is found in the Earth's atmosphere at 0.0018% concentration, where it exists as a gas at room temperature. Neon is produced during nuclear fusion reactions in stars and is released during stellar explosions. On Earth, it is extracted by fractional distillation of liquefied air and used primarily in neon signs for advertising due to its bright red-orange glow when energized.
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Timeline of Historical Development of Atoms and Chemical Elements
Timeline of Historical Development of Atoms and Chemical Elements
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Noble gases
- 1. Cayne McCaskell & Sean Getty
- 2. Name given because they don’t interact with “common” elements. However, some have recently been discovered to interact with other elements Colorless, odorless, and tasteless Full valence electron shells (making forming compounds difficult) Very low boiling and melting points Have many different applications
- 3. Comes from Greek helios meaning ‘the sun’ Emits purple-orange light Second lightest and second most abundant element in the universe. Lowest boiling and melting point of any element. Used in cryogenics, flight, and filling balloons. The speed of sound in helium is 3x of that in regular air, making your voice sound higher than normal when inhaled.
- 4. Means ‘new’ in Greek Most intense light discharge of all noble gases. Emits bright red color Widely used in signs and lights. Once used to make television tubes.
- 5. Comes from Greek argos meaning lazy, due to not reacting at all with other elements Emits blue-green light Third most common element in Earth’s atmosphere Used in arc welding, lighting, and scuba diving equipment
- 6. Comes from Greek kryptos meaning ‘hidden’ Emits light orange-white color Length of a meter was once based on light emitted from excited Krypton atoms Used in many different lights and lasers Considered a non-toxic asphyxiant, large quantities will replace oxygen
- 7. Means ‘stranger’ in Greek Emits a bright blue-lavender glow Used in plasma TVs, lasers, and as an anesthetic Speed of sound is lower, causing the opposite effect of helium Considered safe but still risky, as it has the potential to cause asphyxiation if too much is inhaled
- 8. Named after radium, as it is radioactive Emits phosphorescent (glow in the dark) yellow only when cooled to extreme temperatures Heaviest of all noble gases and one of the heaviest gases at room temperature Once used for medical purposes, stopped when revealed it was radioactive Is a carcinogenic gas and considered a public health risk
- 9. Helium- 1s2 Neon- [He] 2s2 2p6 Argon- [Ne] 3s2 3p6 Krypton- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 Xenon- [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 Radon- [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
- 11. Wikipedia.org chemistry.about.com chem4kids.com encyclopedia.kids.net.au allinneon.com