1) The document discusses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and provides details on the theory, principles, instrumentation, and applications of NMR. It describes how NMR works based on the spin and magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. 2) The key components of an NMR instrument are described, including the magnet, radiofrequency transmitter and receiver coils, and detector. Common solvents used in NMR experiments are also listed, such as deuterated chloroform and benzene. 3) The concepts of relaxation processes and chemical shifts are explained. Relaxation involves the nuclei returning to equilibrium after excitation by radiofrequency pulses. Chemical shifts refer to small changes in resonant frequencies of different nuclei based on their chemical environment.

1. SMT BNB SWAMINARYAN PHARMACY COLLEGE ,SALVAV
NMR
SPECTROSCOPY
PRESENTED BY :- OZA VRUSHNAT PRANAY
CLASS :- M.PHARM (PHARMACEUTICS) SEM 1

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CONTENT
CONTENT
RELAXATION PROCESS AND
CHEMICAL SHIFT
SOLVENT REQUERED
INSTRUMENTATION
INTODUCTION
QUANTUM NUMBER
AND THEIR ROLE
THEORY & PRINCIPLE

3. INTRODUCTION
N
M
R
MEGNETIC
NUCLEAR RESONANCE
• Proton in nucleus shows spin movement because of that proton acts as small magnet
• Due to this the resonance in this small magnet takes place and processes NMR
• Range : 4-600 MHz
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4. QUANTUM NUMBER
AND THEIR ROLE
• Describe shape of
orbit .
• Value of I depends
on N.
• Have + or – value .
• Specify the orientation
• This number divides
the subshell into
individual orbital
which hold the
electron.
• Describes angular
momentum of
electron.
• Because angular
momentum is
vector spin
quantum number
has both
magnitude and
direction .
 Definition:- occurs in the theoretical expression for the value of some quantized property of a subatomic
particle , atom or molecules and can only have certain integer or half integer value.
 In simple term :- Quantum number is set of number use to describe position and energy of electron in atom.
 It has 4 types
1. Principal(N) 2.Angular
momentum(I)
3.Magnetic(M) 4. Spin (S)
• The main energy
level occupied by
the electrons
• Energy level are
fixed distance from
nucleus of given
atom
• Described in whole
number
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5. QUANTUM NUMBER
AND THEIR ROLE
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6. • The theory behind NMR comes from the spin of a nucleus and it generates magnetic field.
• Without external applied magnetic field the nuclear spin are random in direction.
• When external magnetic field (B0) is present the nuclei aligned themselves either with or against the field of
external magnet.
Theory & Principle
 THEORY
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7. Theory & Principle
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8. The spinning nucleus
The effect of external magnetic field
Precessional motion
Precessional frequency
Energy transition
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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9. 1) THE SPINNING NUCLEUS:-
 The nucleus of the hydrogen (proton)
behaves as a tiny spinning bar
magnet,
 and it does so because it possesses
both electric charge and mechanical
spin
 any spinning charged body will
generate a magnetic field, and the
nucleus of hydrogen is no exception
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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10. 2) The effect of external magnetic field
 The proton can only adopt two orientations
with respect to an external magnetic
 field-either aligned with the field (the
lower energy state)
Or
 opposed to the field (the higher energy
state).
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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11. 3) Precessional motion
 Proton will be showing precessional motion
due to interaction of spin & gravitational
force of earth [gyroscopic motion ]
 Energy of reorientation of magnetic dipole
∆E=hv
Where ,
H= plank’s constant
V= frequency of radiation
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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12. 4) Precessional frequency
 Spinning frequency of proton will be same
 Precessional frequency ∝ external magnetic
force
v ∝ Bo
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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13. 5) Energy transition
 If proton’s precessional frequency will be exactly same then only it will absorb the radiation and
resonance takes place which is know as NMR
 Proton goes to low energy level to high energy level.
 The emitted radiofrequency signal gives the NMR spectrum of the concerned nucleus.
 The emitted radiofrequency is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field
Theory & Principle
 PRINCIPLE
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14. SAMPLE TUBE / HOLDER
MAGNET
SWEEP GENERATOR
RADION FREQUANCY
GENRATOR
RF RECEIVER
READ OUT DEVICE /
DETECTORE
INSTRUMENTATION
 INSTRUMENTATION
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15. INSTRUMENTATION
 INSTRUMENTATION
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16. INSTRUMENTATION
 INSTRUMENTATION
1.SAMPLE HOLDER:
5mm GLASS TUBE IS USED,
WHICH CAN HOLD 0.4ml
LIQUID SAMPLE.
MICROTUBES ARE USED FOR
LOW VOLUMES.
2.MAGNET:
• ACCURACY & QUALITY OF THE INSTRUMENT IS DEPENDENT ON
ITS STRENGTH.
• RESOLUTION INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN THE FIELD
STRENGTH.
• THREE TYPES OF MAGNETS CAN BE USED
• CONVENTIONAL MAGNET (30 - 60MHz)
• PERMANENT MAGNET (60,90, 100MHz)
• SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNET (470MHz)
3.SWEEP GENERATOR:
A SET OF SWEEP COIL IS LOCATED PARALLEL TO THE
MAGNET, WHICH ALLOWS THE MAGNETIC FIELD TO SWEEP
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17. INSTRUMENTATION
 INSTRUMENTATION
4. RF TRANSMITTER / GENERATOR :
• IT IS A PAIR OF COILS MOUNTED PERPENDICULAR
TO THE PATH OF FIELD & RECIEVER COIL.
5. RECIEVER COIL & AMPLIFIER:
• AMPLIFIES THE RECEIVED EMR BY 10 5
TIMES.
6. DETECTOR:
• DETECTS THE SIGNAL PRODUCED
BY RESONATING NUCLEI.
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18. SOLVENT USED
IN NMR
 CRITERIAS
CHEMICALLY INERT
SOLVENTS SHOULD
BE MAGNETICALLY
ISOTROPIC IN
NATURE
FREE FROM ANY
HYDROGEN ATOM
SOLVENT SHOULD
BE ABLE TO
DISSOLVE THE
MOLECULARAMPLE
IN A RESONABLE
QUANTITY.
COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS:
CARBON TETRACHOLRIDE(CCL4)
CARBON DISULPHIDE(CS2)
DEUTEROCHLOROFORM(CDCI3)
HEXACHLOROACETONE((CDCI,),CO),
DEUTEROBENZENE(C;D.).
DEUTERODIMETHYLSULFOXIDE((CH;)250)
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19. RELEXATION
PROCESS
 RELEXARION
PROCESS
 RELAXATION IS PROCESS BY WHICH THE
SPINS IN THE SAMPLE COME TO
EQUILLIBRIUM WITH THE SURROUNDINGS.
 RATE OF RELAXATION:
 DETERMINES HOW FAST AN EXPERIMENT
CAN BE REPEATED
 INFLUENCED BY THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF MOLECULE & THE SAMPLE
 AN UNDERSTANDING OF RELAXATION
PROCESSES IS IMPORTANT FOR THE PROPER
MEASUREMENT & INTERPRETATION OF NMR
SPECTRA.
1. SPIN LETICE /LONGITUDINAL RELAXATION :
 CHARACTERISED BY T1 NUCLEI IN UPPER
STATE STARTS TO LOSE ENERGY TO THE
SURROUNDING .
2.SPIN-SPIN/ TRANSVERSE RELAXATION:
 CHARACTERISED BY T2 DOESN’T LEAD TO A
CHANGE IN UPPER & LOWER ENERGY LEVEL
 NUCLEI IN THE UPPER STATE STARTS TO
TRANSFER ITS ENERGY TO A NUCLEI IN
LOWER ENERGY LEVEL.
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20. CHEMICAL SHIFT
 CHEMICAL SHIFT
the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of an
atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic
field.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHEMICAL
SHIFT
1. ELECTRONEGATIVITY -SHIELDlNG AND
DESHIELDING
2. VAN DER WAALS DESHIELDING
3. ANISOTROPIC EFFECTS
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21. Thank You