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Neural Network
Guided by
Chapala Maharana
Submitted By-
Nilmani Singh
Branch-CSE
Regd. No.-0601289251
Contents
.Introduction to Neural Network
.Neurons
.Activation Function
.Types of Neural Network
.Learning In Neural Networks
.Application of Neural Network
.Advantages of Neural Network
.Disadvantages Of Neural
Network
Neural Networks
• A method of computing, based on the
interaction of multiple connected
processing elements.
• A powerful technique to solve many real
world problems.
• The ability to learn from experience in
order to improve their performance.
• Ability to deal with incomplete
information
• Biological approach to AI
• Developed in 1943
• Comprised of one or more
layers of neurons
• Several types, we‟ll focus on
feed-forward and feedback
networks
Basics Of Neural Network
Neurons
Biological
Artificial
Neural Network Neurons
• Receives n-inputs
• Multiplies each
input by its
weight
• Applies
activation
function to the
sum of results
• Outputs result
Activation Functions
• Controls when
unit is “active”
or “inactive”
• Threshold
function outputs
1 when input is
positive and 0
otherwise
• Sigmoid function
= 1 / (1 + e-x)
Neural Network types can be classified based on following
attributes:
•Connection Type
- Static (feedforward)
- Dynamic (feedback)
• Topology
- Single layer
- Multilayer
- Recurrent
• Learning Methods
- Supervised
- Unsupervised
- Reinforcement
Types of Neural Networks
Classification Based On Connection Types
•Static(Feedforward)
(unit delay operator z-1 implies
dynamic system)
Classification Based On Topology
•Dynamic(Feedback)
•Single layer • Multilayer •Recurrent
Classification Based On Learning Method
• Supervised
• Unsupervised
• Reinforcement
Supervised learning
• Each training pattern: input + desired
output
• At each presentation: adapt weights
• After many epochs convergence to a
local minimum
Unsupervised Learning
• No help from the outside
• No training data, no information
available on the desired output
• Learning by doing
• Used to pick out structure in the
input:
•Clustering
•Reduction of dimensionality 
compression
• Example: Kohonen‟s Learning Law
Reinforcement learning
• Teacher: training data
• The teacher scores the performance of the
training examples
• Use performance score to shuffle weights
„randomly‟
• Relatively slow learning due to
„randomness‟
• Pattern recognition
• Investment analysis
• Control systems &
monitoring
• Mobile computing
• Marketing and financial
applications
• Forecasting – sales, market
research, meteorology
Neural Network Applications
Advantages:
•A neural network can perform tasks that a
linear program can not.
•When an element of the neural network
fails, it can continue without any problem
by their parallel nature.
•A neural network learns and does not need
to be reprogrammed.
•It can be implemented in any application.
•It can be implemented without any problem
Disadvantages:
•The neural network needs training
to operate.
•The architecture of a neural
network is different from the
architecture of microprocessors
therefore needs to be emulated.
•Requires high processing time for
large neural networks.
Conclusions
• Neural networks provide ability to
provide more human-like AI
• Takes rough approximation and
hard-coded reactions out of AI
design (i.e. Rules and FSMs)
• Still require a lot of fine-tuning
during development
References
• Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic
Algorithm ( synthesis and Application)
S.Rajasekaran, G.A. Vijayalakshmi Pai, PHI
• Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing, J. S. R.
JANG,C.T. Sun, E. Mitzutani, PHI
• Neural Netware, a tutorial on neural networks
• Sweetser, Penny. “Strategic Decision-Making with
Neural Networks and Influence Maps”, AI Game
Programming Wisdom 2, Section 7.7 (439 – 46)
• Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Section 20.5
(736 – 48)
nil-100128213838-phpapp02.pdf
nil-100128213838-phpapp02.pdf

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nil-100128213838-phpapp02.pdf

  • 1. Neural Network Guided by Chapala Maharana Submitted By- Nilmani Singh Branch-CSE Regd. No.-0601289251
  • 2. Contents .Introduction to Neural Network .Neurons .Activation Function .Types of Neural Network .Learning In Neural Networks .Application of Neural Network .Advantages of Neural Network .Disadvantages Of Neural Network
  • 3. Neural Networks • A method of computing, based on the interaction of multiple connected processing elements. • A powerful technique to solve many real world problems. • The ability to learn from experience in order to improve their performance. • Ability to deal with incomplete information
  • 4. • Biological approach to AI • Developed in 1943 • Comprised of one or more layers of neurons • Several types, we‟ll focus on feed-forward and feedback networks Basics Of Neural Network
  • 6. Neural Network Neurons • Receives n-inputs • Multiplies each input by its weight • Applies activation function to the sum of results • Outputs result
  • 7. Activation Functions • Controls when unit is “active” or “inactive” • Threshold function outputs 1 when input is positive and 0 otherwise • Sigmoid function = 1 / (1 + e-x)
  • 8. Neural Network types can be classified based on following attributes: •Connection Type - Static (feedforward) - Dynamic (feedback) • Topology - Single layer - Multilayer - Recurrent • Learning Methods - Supervised - Unsupervised - Reinforcement Types of Neural Networks
  • 9. Classification Based On Connection Types •Static(Feedforward) (unit delay operator z-1 implies dynamic system) Classification Based On Topology •Dynamic(Feedback) •Single layer • Multilayer •Recurrent
  • 10. Classification Based On Learning Method • Supervised • Unsupervised • Reinforcement Supervised learning • Each training pattern: input + desired output • At each presentation: adapt weights • After many epochs convergence to a local minimum
  • 11. Unsupervised Learning • No help from the outside • No training data, no information available on the desired output • Learning by doing • Used to pick out structure in the input: •Clustering •Reduction of dimensionality  compression • Example: Kohonen‟s Learning Law
  • 12. Reinforcement learning • Teacher: training data • The teacher scores the performance of the training examples • Use performance score to shuffle weights „randomly‟ • Relatively slow learning due to „randomness‟
  • 13. • Pattern recognition • Investment analysis • Control systems & monitoring • Mobile computing • Marketing and financial applications • Forecasting – sales, market research, meteorology Neural Network Applications
  • 14. Advantages: •A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program can not. •When an element of the neural network fails, it can continue without any problem by their parallel nature. •A neural network learns and does not need to be reprogrammed. •It can be implemented in any application. •It can be implemented without any problem
  • 15. Disadvantages: •The neural network needs training to operate. •The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated. •Requires high processing time for large neural networks.
  • 16. Conclusions • Neural networks provide ability to provide more human-like AI • Takes rough approximation and hard-coded reactions out of AI design (i.e. Rules and FSMs) • Still require a lot of fine-tuning during development
  • 17. References • Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithm ( synthesis and Application) S.Rajasekaran, G.A. Vijayalakshmi Pai, PHI • Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing, J. S. R. JANG,C.T. Sun, E. Mitzutani, PHI • Neural Netware, a tutorial on neural networks • Sweetser, Penny. “Strategic Decision-Making with Neural Networks and Influence Maps”, AI Game Programming Wisdom 2, Section 7.7 (439 – 46) • Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Section 20.5 (736 – 48)