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Neural Network
Contents
.Introduction to Neural Network
.Neurons
.Activation Function
.Types of Neural Network
.Learning In Neural Networks
.Application of Neural Network
.Advantages of Neural Network
.Disadvantages Of Neural
Network
Neural Networks
• A method ofcomputing, based on the
interactionof multipleconnected
processing elements.
• A powerful technique to solve many real
world problems.
• The ability to learn from experience in
order to improve their performance.
• Ability to deal with incomplete
information
•
•
•
•
Biological approach to AI
Developed in 1943
Comprised of one or more
layers of neurons
Several types, we’ll focus on
feed-forward and feedback
networks
Basics Of Neural Network
Neurons
Biological
Artificial
Neural Network Neurons
•
•
•
•
Receives n-inputs
Multiplies each
input by its
weight
Applies
activation
function to the
sum of results
Outputs result
Activation Functions
•
•
•
Controlswhen
unit is “active”
or “inactive”
Threshold
function outputs
1 when input is
positive and 0
otherwise
Sigmoid function
= 1 / (1 + e-x)
Neural Network types can be classified based on following
attributes:
• Connection Type
- Static (feedforward)
- Dynamic (feedback)
• Topology
- Single layer
- Multilayer
- Recurrent
• Learning Methods
- Supervised
- Unsupervised
- Reinforcement
Types of Neural Networks
Classification Based On Connection Types
(unit delay operator z-1 implies
dynamic system)
•Static(Feedforward)
• Dynamic(Feedback)
Classification Based On Topology
• Single layer •
Multilayer
• Recurrent
Classification Based On Learning Method
• Supervised
• Unsupervised
• Reinforcement
Supervised learning
• Each training pattern: input + desired
output
• At each presentation: adapt weights
• Aftermany epochs convergence to a
local minimum
Unsupervised Learning
•
•
•
•
•
No help from the outside
No training data,no information
availableon the desired output
Learning by doing
Used to pick out structure in the
input:
• Clustering
• Reduction of dimensionality 
compression
Example: Kohonen’s Learning Law
Reinforcement learning
•
•
•
•
Teacher: training data
The teacher scores the performance of the
training examples
Use performance score to shuffle weights
‘randomly’
Relatively slow learning due to
‘randomness’
Neural Network Applications
• Pattern recognition
• Investment analysis
• Control systems &
monitoring
• Mobile computing
• Marketing and financial
applications
• Forecasting – sales, market
research, meteorology
Advantages:
• A neural network can perform tasks that a
linear program can not.
• When anelementoftheneural network
fails, it can continue withoutany
problemby their parallel nature.
• A neural network learns and does not need
tobe reprogrammed.
• It can be implemented in any application.
• It can be implemented without any problem
Disadvantages:
• Theneural network needs training
to operate.
• The architectureof a neural
network isdifferentfrom the
architecture of microprocessors
therefore needs to beemulated.
• Requires highprocessing time for
large neural networks.
Conclusions
•
•
•
Neural networks provide ability
to provide more human-like AI
Takes rough approximation and
hard-coded reactions out of AI
design (i.e. Rules and FSMs)
Still require a lot of fine-
tuning during development
References
•
•
•
•
• Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic
Algorithm ( synthesis and Application)
S.Rajasekaran, G.A. Vijayalakshmi Pai, PHI
Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing, J. S. R.
JANG,C.T. Sun, E. Mitzutani, PHI
Neural Netware, a tutorial on neural networks
Sweetser, Penny. “Strategic Decision-Making with
Neural Networks and Influence Maps”, AI Game
Programming Wisdom 2, Section 7.7 (439 – 46)
Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Section 20.5
(736 – 48)
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS ?

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nn_important study materoial okfjevh rji

  • 2. Contents .Introduction to Neural Network .Neurons .Activation Function .Types of Neural Network .Learning In Neural Networks .Application of Neural Network .Advantages of Neural Network .Disadvantages Of Neural Network
  • 3. Neural Networks • A method ofcomputing, based on the interactionof multipleconnected processing elements. • A powerful technique to solve many real world problems. • The ability to learn from experience in order to improve their performance. • Ability to deal with incomplete information
  • 4. • • • • Biological approach to AI Developed in 1943 Comprised of one or more layers of neurons Several types, we’ll focus on feed-forward and feedback networks Basics Of Neural Network
  • 6. Neural Network Neurons • • • • Receives n-inputs Multiplies each input by its weight Applies activation function to the sum of results Outputs result
  • 7. Activation Functions • • • Controlswhen unit is “active” or “inactive” Threshold function outputs 1 when input is positive and 0 otherwise Sigmoid function = 1 / (1 + e-x)
  • 8. Neural Network types can be classified based on following attributes: • Connection Type - Static (feedforward) - Dynamic (feedback) • Topology - Single layer - Multilayer - Recurrent • Learning Methods - Supervised - Unsupervised - Reinforcement Types of Neural Networks
  • 9. Classification Based On Connection Types (unit delay operator z-1 implies dynamic system) •Static(Feedforward) • Dynamic(Feedback) Classification Based On Topology • Single layer • Multilayer • Recurrent
  • 10. Classification Based On Learning Method • Supervised • Unsupervised • Reinforcement Supervised learning • Each training pattern: input + desired output • At each presentation: adapt weights • Aftermany epochs convergence to a local minimum
  • 11. Unsupervised Learning • • • • • No help from the outside No training data,no information availableon the desired output Learning by doing Used to pick out structure in the input: • Clustering • Reduction of dimensionality  compression Example: Kohonen’s Learning Law
  • 12. Reinforcement learning • • • • Teacher: training data The teacher scores the performance of the training examples Use performance score to shuffle weights ‘randomly’ Relatively slow learning due to ‘randomness’
  • 13. Neural Network Applications • Pattern recognition • Investment analysis • Control systems & monitoring • Mobile computing • Marketing and financial applications • Forecasting – sales, market research, meteorology
  • 14. Advantages: • A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program can not. • When anelementoftheneural network fails, it can continue withoutany problemby their parallel nature. • A neural network learns and does not need tobe reprogrammed. • It can be implemented in any application. • It can be implemented without any problem
  • 15. Disadvantages: • Theneural network needs training to operate. • The architectureof a neural network isdifferentfrom the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to beemulated. • Requires highprocessing time for large neural networks.
  • 16. Conclusions • • • Neural networks provide ability to provide more human-like AI Takes rough approximation and hard-coded reactions out of AI design (i.e. Rules and FSMs) Still require a lot of fine- tuning during development
  • 17. References • • • • • Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithm ( synthesis and Application) S.Rajasekaran, G.A. Vijayalakshmi Pai, PHI Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing, J. S. R. JANG,C.T. Sun, E. Mitzutani, PHI Neural Netware, a tutorial on neural networks Sweetser, Penny. “Strategic Decision-Making with Neural Networks and Influence Maps”, AI Game Programming Wisdom 2, Section 7.7 (439 – 46) Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Section 20.5 (736 – 48)