Nigeria: Impacts of COVID-19 on Production, Poverty & Food Systems

Nigeria
Impacts of COVID-19 on Production,
Poverty & Food Systems
Kwaw Andam1, Hyacinth Edeh1, Victor Oboh2, Karl Pauw1 & James Thurlow1
1 IFPRI Nigeria Country Strategy Support Program
2 Central Bank of Nigeria
Updated: May 6, 2020
Produced under CGIAR’s Research Program on
Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Disclaimer: The analysis presented in this slide deck are the authors’ own
and do not necessarily reflect the view of the authors’ institutions.

Overview
Two parts to the analysis:
1. Measure impacts of government restrictions over last 6 weeks
• Domestic restrictions (e.g., transport) & global shocks (e.g., exports)
• Multiplier analysis tracks direct & indirect impacts across supply chains
• Outcome: Large shocks concentrated over short-period of time
2. Consider possible recovery scenarios for rest of 2020
• Highly stylized, but broadly consistent with government’s plan to sequence
easing of restrictions (e.g., maintaining limits on social gatherings)
• Outcome: Shocks spread over longer time period & offset by recovery

Lockdown Imposes Heavy Economic Costs
• National GDP is estimated to fall by
38% during the 5-week lockdown
(US$18 bil. in lost GDP)
• Food system is adversely affected by
falling consumer & export demand
(18% agri-food GDP decline, despite exemptions)
• National poverty rate increases by
15%-points during the lockdown
(30 million more people temporarily living below
the US$1.90-a-day poverty line)
Source: Nigeria SAM Multiplier Results
Economic impacts during
5-week lockdown period
37.6
18.3
15.3
18.1
30.1
Percentage decline
in national GDP
Percentage decline
in agri-food system
GDP
Percentage point
increase in national
poverty rate
Decline in national
GDP in US$ billions
Increase in number
of poor people in
millions

Costs Likely to Persist Throughout 2020
• Economy will recover as
restrictions are lifted & people
return to work
• But economic losses remain,
even with a fast recovery
(GDP may be 10-15% lower in 2020
compared to a no-COVID scenario)
• Average GDP & poverty rates
for 2020 hide sharp mid-year
deteriorations
(many businesses & people will require
government support to cope & recover)
-0.5%
-32.5%
-6.9%
-1.3%
-36.6%
-19.2%
-5.2%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Faster easing Slower easing
0.2%
12.9%
2.0%
0.3%
14.8%
7.4%
1.5%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Change in
GDP
(relative to
no-COVID-19
outcome)
Change in
national
poverty rate
(US$1.90-a-day
poverty line)
Quarterly national impacts under faster or
slower easing of lockdowns

COVID-19 Outbreak &
Lockdown Policies in Nigeria1

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Confirmednewcases
COVID-19 Cases & Policy Timeline
First confirmed
case in Nigeria
Expansion of laboratory testing,
intensified public health campaigns &
establishment of COVID-19
Presidential Task Force
1. Federal government announces
14% budget cut (20% capital &
25% recurrent spending)
2. Travel bans on 13 highly-infected
countries & suspension of visa-
on-arrival policy
3. Lagos & Ogun States restrict
large gatherings & close schools
(8 other states close schools)
All schools closed
Center for Disease Control (NCDC) receives
US$2.7mil. funding boost
Land & air borders are closed for 4 weeks
President announces new restrictive policies…
- Movement restrictions in Lagos, FCT & Ogun State for 14 days
- Suspension of passenger aircraft
…and palliative measures:
- 3-month repayment moratorium for all TraderMoni, MarketMoni & FarmerMoni loans
- Advance payment of 2-month cash transfers to vulnerable citizens
- Distribution of 2-month food rations to internally displaced persons
Federal government issues exemptions to
movement restrictions for medical services,
food retail & financial services
Federal government extends movement
restrictions for two additional weeks
Restrictions
broadened to
include Kano
Lagos, FCT & Ogun
lockdowns extended
for two weeks
Federal government announces…
- Kano lockdown extended for two weeks
- Nationwide curfew (8pm-6am)
- Ban on non-essential interstate travel
- Mandatory use of facemasks in public
President announces…
- Phased & gradual relaxing of lockdowns in
Lagos & FCT from 4 May

States Under Lockdown (28 Apr 2020)
• Only part of the economy is
under lockdown restrictions
• But nationwide school closures &
limits on size of gatherings
• Federal government lockdowns
• Lagos, FCT-Abuja, Ogun, Kano
• ≈ 40% of national GDP
• State government lockdowns
• Borno, Kwara, Ekiti, Osun, Rivers,
Akwa Ibom
• ≈ 20% of national GDP
Number of confirmed cases by state &
states under partial or full lockdowns

Sectors Affected by Lockdown Policies (1)
Sector Lockdown restrictions or exemptions in targeted regions Directly Affected?
Agriculture
• Movement restrictions occurring at start of planting season
• Suspended development projects
Minimal
Mining & crude oil
• Continuing to operate (essential sector)
• Lower oil prices & export demand (small supply effects to date)
Minimal
Manufacturing
• Food processing & medicines exempted (essential sector)
• Nonfood producing companies closed
• Port congestion constraining access to inputs
High
Utilities • Electricity & water distribution exempted (essential sector) Minimal
Construction
Nationwide
• Many public works programs reduced in affected areas
• Local curfews & border closures reducing activity elsewhere
Some
Wholesale & retail
trade services
• Retailers of essential goods exempted (but 10am-2pm trading times)
• Wholesale not exempted
Some
Transportation,
storage & cargo
Nationwide
• Rail & air travel closed; freight transport partly restricted
• Demand for urban passenger transit reduced
• Port cargo handling & storage exempted
High
Hotels & food
services
Nationwide
• Restaurant dining banned or severely limited
• Limited delivery options for food or other products
High

Sectors Affected by Lockdown Policies (2)
Banking, finance &
insurance
• Money transfer services exempted (essential)
• Banks operating with essential staff only
• Other financial institutions closed or teleworking (e.g., insurance)
Some
Professional &
business services
• Almost all closed or teleworking (e.g., legal, accounting services)
• Activities involving in-person field visits affected (e.g., engineers)
Some
Public admin &
law enforcement
• Public services & agencies remain open, but most staff teleworking
• Public & private security services exempted (essential)
Some
Education services
• Nationwide
• All public schools closed without much scope for online delivery
• Private schools closed with some online materials
High
Health services
• Health services exempted (essential)
• Elective operations reduced but rising number of COVID patients
Minimal
Sports &
entertainment
Nationwide
• Most sports & outdoor entertainment banned
• Some activities operating (e.g., newspapers, radio & TV)
High
Other services
• Domestic workers cannot commute, but live-in workers less affected
• In-person religious gatherings banned
• Major disruptions to informal repair firms due to market closures
Some

Global & Other Nationwide Shocks
Export demand
Nationwide
• Sizable decline in demand for oil, but production continues
• Reduced international tourism & business travel to Nigeria
High
Remittances
Nationwide
• Declines in the value of remittances sent by national working abroad
Some
Government
revenues
Nationwide
• Fall in tax revenues due to decline in economic activity
• Lower trade tax collections due to reduced import demand
Some
See detailed sector-level assumptions about production &
demand shocks in Annex at the end of slide deck

Measuring Economic Impacts2

Economywide Multiplier Analysis
• Lockdown policies & shocks have direct impacts on the operation
of certain sectors
(e.g., closing businesses, restricting travel, etc.)
• But it also generates indirect impacts on other sectors involved in
supply chains
(i.e., input suppliers & downstream users)
• Multiplier analysis uses sector input-output data to measure
direct & indirect impacts throughout & across supply chains
(incl. impacts on GDP, jobs & household incomes)
• Nigeria model based on 2018 SAM & 2011 household survey data
(results scaled to 2019 GDP & employment levels)

Economywide
Impacts
GDP | jobs
Incomes | poverty
Direct
impacts
Framework for Analyzing COVID-19
GlobalImpact Channels
(Due to partial or full lockdowns in other countries)
Indirect
impacts
DomesticImpact Channels
(Due to partial or full lockdowns in own country)
• Export demand
• Remittances & migration
• Foreign direct investments
• Agriculture
• Mining & crude oil
• Manufacturing
• Utilities (energy, water)
• Construction
• Whole & retail trade services
• Transportation, storage & cargo
• Hotels & food services
• Banking, finance & insurance
• Professional & business services
• Public administration & law enforcement
• Education services
• Health & social services
• Sports & entertainment
• Community & other services

Impact Channels & Shocks
• Lockdowns are simulated using a
range of impact channels
• Shocks to each channel are imposed on
the model & impacts are simultaneously
traced across all supply chains
• Multiplier model separates entire
Nigerian economy into 86 sectors
(shocks are calculated bottom-up using
supply-use data for 284 goods & services)
• Size of shocks is estimated by IFPRI’s
in-country staff & collaborators
(see Annex)
Impact channels used to replicate lockdowns
1 Direct restrictions on farming
2 Limiting mining operations
3 Closing non-essential manufacturing operations
4 Disruptions to energy and water supply
5 Limiting construction activities
6 Closing non-essential wholesale/retail trade
7 Transport/travel restrictions
8 Closing hotels, bars and restaurants
9 Closing non-essential business services
10 Government work-from-home orders
11 Closing all schools in the country
12 Disruptions to hospitals and clinics
13 Banning sports & other entertainment
14 Domestic workers & other services
15 Reduced export demand
16 Falling foreign remittances
17 Falling government revenues

Adjusting for Geography & Seasonality
• Shocks are weighted to reflect the geographic targeting of
lockdowns policies (using official data on sectoral GDP by state)
• Shocks also weighted by importance of Q2-2020 for sectoral GDP
• Second half of year is more important for crop GDP
• Q2 is “low season” for tourism (mainly hotels & food services sector)
• Food processing GDP is evenly distributed across year
Share of annual GDP produced each quarter
23%
19%
25%
29%
24%
21%
24%
17%
26%
31%
25% 25%
27% 28%
26%
29%
Total GDP Crops Food processing Hotels & food services
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4

Scenarios
1. Impacts during only the full lockdown period
• In Nigeria this is 5 weeks running late-March to end of April
2. Impacts for rest of 2020 as lockdowns are lifted each quarter
• We will compare a faster vs. slower easing of restrictions
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Full
lockdown
period
Easing some
restrictions
during rest of
Q2
Further
easing of
restrictions in
Q3
Final easing by
end of Q4
(possibly incomplete
recovery)
1
2

Economic Impacts During the
Ongoing Lockdown Period3

GDP Losses During Lockdown
National GDP drops 38% during the 5-week lockdown
(most economic losses occur in the industry & services sectors)
GDP losses accumulate when the lockdown period is extended
(could also increase if tighter restrictions are imposed on more sectors/states)
Change in total GDP during
lockdown period (%)
Change in total GDP by duration of
lockdown (US$ bil.)
-37.6%
-13.8%
-41.0%
-44.1%
Total Agriculture Industry Services
-$18.1
-$29.0
-$36.2
-$43.4
5 weeks 8 weeks 10 weeks 12 weeks

Sources of GDP Losses
Restricting non-essential trade accounts for a quarter of GDP losses
Contribution of lockdown restrictions & shocks to
loss in total GDP during lockdown (sums to 100%)
26.7%
11.8%
11.1%
10.7%
9.1%
8.5%
6.9%
5.2%
5.1%
3.1%
1.2%
0.6%
Closing non-essential wholesale/retail trade
Limiting construction activities
Closing non-essential manufacturing operations
Banning sports & other entertainment
Closing all schools in the country
Closing non-essential business services
Transport/travel restrictions
Closing hotels, bars and restaurants
Reduced export demand
Falling foreign remittances
Falling government revenues
Domestic workers & other services
(limiting construction & manufacturing activities makes up about another quarter)
Education GDP falls, even though
teachers may continue to be paid
Lower crude oil production as
export demand & prices falls
Falling remittances reduce
household incomes & consumption
Government announced $4bil. decline
in revenues & public investment
(assume this is spread over 2020)
Large knock-on effect on goods
producing sectors (incl. suppliers
of inputs to all sectors)

Impacts on the Agri-Food System
Food supply is exempt from most restrictions, but it is still
indirectly affected by falling consumer incomes & other shocks
Change in agri-food GDP
during lockdown period (%)
Change in agri-food GDP during the
5-week lockdown period (US$ bil.)
-18.3%
-13.8%
-29.2%
-17.4%
-91.7%
Agri-food system
Agriculture
Agro-processing
Food trade and transport
Food services
-$2.7
-$1.3
-$0.6
-$0.6
-$0.3
Agri-food system
Agriculture
Agro-processing
Food trade and transport
Food services
(food services is directly affected by the closing of hotels, restaurants & bars,
but this is a small component of the overall agri-food system)
Share of
total GDP in
2019 (%)
(32.6%)
(21.0%)
(4.0%)
(6.7%)
(0.9%)

36.4%
22.5%
11.8%
6.5%
6.3%
5.8%
3.2%
2.5%
2.1%
2.1%
0.7%
0.1%
Closing non-essential wholesale/retail trade
Closing hotels, bars and restaurants
Closing non-essential manufacturing operations
Limiting construction activities
Transport/travel restrictions
Falling foreign remittances
Closing all schools in the country
Reduced export demand
Closing non-essential business services
Banning sports & other entertainment
Falling government revenues
Domestic workers & other services
Sources of Agri-Food System GDP Losses
Domestic trade restrictions cause a large share of agri-food GDP losses
Contribution of lockdown restrictions & shocks to
loss in agri-food GDP during lockdown (sums to 100%)
(limiting construction & banning entertainment activities makes up another quarter)
Closing food service providers is
more important for the food system
than for the overall economy
Falling remittances are also more
important for the food system
because households spend a large
share of their incomes on food
Note that food is considered
“essential” & so is not directly
affected by this restriction

Unpacking Agricultural GDP Impacts
-14%
-14%
-28%
-48%
-5%
-15%
-47%
-45%
-58%
-16%
-16%
-16%
-25%
-9%
Agriculture
Crops
Cereals
Pulses & oilseeds
Root crops
Fruits & vegetables
Sugarcane
Beverage crops
Traditional export crops
Livestock
Meat & eggs
Dairy
Forestry
Fishing
Change in GDP during
the lockdown (%)
Root crops are the largest food group and agric.
subsector in Nigeria, but home production
accounts for a large share of domestic supply
Decline in investment spending &
construction activities reduces demand for
timber & wood products
Share of agric. GDP
in 2019 (%)
(13.5%)
(3.4%)
(43.3%)
(26.9%)
(0.6%)
(0.2%)
(0.2%)
(6.8%)
(1.5%)
(1.1%)
(2.5%)
Export crops hurt by falling export
demand & input supply disruptions
(greater use of inputs than other crops)

-25%
-7%
-3%
-16%
-3%
-18%
-18%
-42%
-59%
-11%
-54%
Food procesing
Meat
Fish
Dairy
Fruits & vegetables
Fats & oils
Cereal milling
Sugar refining
Coffee, tea, etc.
Other foods
Beverages & tobacco
Unpacking Food Processing GDP Impacts
Change in GDP during
the lockdown (%)
Not entirely exempted by
lockdown restrictions
Processed foods are more intensively
consumed by urban households, who are
affected badly by lockdown (see later slides)
Export-oriented crops are typically
processed before being exported
Note: Agri-food processing is a subsector within manufacturing

Impacts on Household Incomes
Higher-income & urban households experience larger income losses
But incomes of rural & lower-income households also fall
-37%
-23%
-27%
-31%
-36%
-41%
-30%
-43%
All
households Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Rural Urban
(lockdowns target cities; nonpoor more likely to work in manufacturing & services)
(mainly due to effects of food system disruptions on smallholder farmer incomes
& the closure of urban informal markets where urban poor often work)
Change in household incomes during lockdown (%)

Poverty Impacts During the Lockdown
National poverty rate increases by 15%-points during the lockdown
period (≈ 30 mil. more poor Nigerians)
Increase in the share of the national
population living in poverty (%)
Increase in number of poor people in Nigeria
during the 5-week lockdown period (mil.)
(poverty rate is the share of the population with consumption
spending below the US$1.90-a-day poverty line)
15.3%
13.4%
18.7%
National Rural Urban
30.1
16.6
13.4
National Rural Urban

Federal vs. State Lockdowns/Restrictions
-$18.1
-$8.1
-$1.5
-$6.4
-$2.1
Total GDP change
Nationwide restictions
Global shocks
Federal government lockdowns
State government lockdowns
Contribution to change in total GDP during
the 5-week lockdown period (US$ bil.)
Total GDP losses result from nationwide &
state-level restrictions, plus global shocks
• State-level includes lockdowns at federal & state
government levels (nationwide restrictions are federal government)
(Lagos, FCT-Abuja, Ogun, Kano)
(Borno, Kwara, Ekiti, Osun, Rivers, Akwa Ibom)
Global shocks account for a small share of overall GDP
losses during lockdown, but could persist during 2020
(e.g., falling export demand & foreign remittances)
Nationwide restrictions account for most GDP losses
(e.g., transport/travel restrictions & school closures)
Federal lockdown orders affect a larger share of the
economy (≈40%) & government has announced easing
from 4 May 2020
States that currently have their own lockdown orders
(i.e., beyond just restricting gatherings & markets)
are a smaller share of the economy (≈20%)

4
Economic Impacts Under Fast & Slow
Easing of Restrictions

Easing of Restrictions & Recovery
Predicting Nigeria’s “post-lockdown” period is challenging
Consider two highly stylized scenarios:
Faster easing: Economy rebounds strongly in Q3 & largely returns to normal by Dec 2020
Slower easing: Modest rebound in Q3 with productivity in Q4 still below pre-lockdown levels
Faster easing Slower easing Global shocks
Q1
Jan
No shocks in pre-COVID-19 period
Feb
Mar
Full lockdown period starts late-March & last 5 weeks
Remittances & export
demand decline from 1st
March onwards
Q2
Apr
May Production losses from
lockdown policies fall 30%
Production losses from
lockdown policies fall 5%Jun
Q3
Jul
Losses reduced by 90%
(transport & sports by 50%)
Shocks reduced by 50%Aug
Sep
Q4
Oct
(transport by 95%)
Shocks reduced 75%Nov
Dec

GDP Impacts with Recovery Scenarios
Change in quarterly & annual national GDP with fast or slow easing of restrictions
(changes are relative to a no-COVID growth scenario)
National GDP is 10-15% lower over 2020 as a result of COVID-19
(given its pre-COVID-19 growth trends, Nigeria may well lose a year or more of growth)
-37.6%
-30.0%
-0.5%
-32.5%
-6.9%
-1.3%
-10.0%
-36.1% -36.6%
-19.2%
-5.2%
-15.2%
April May-June Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020
Second quarter Quarterly averages Annual
Faster lifting of restrictions Slower lifting of restrictions

Cumulative Quarterly GDP Losses
Even with faster recovery, Nigeria ends 2020 with lower GDP
(GDP losses accumulate each quarter & will take time to recover to pre-COVID levels)
Cumulative changes in 2020 GDP from end of 2019
(pre-COVID expected growth rate for 2020 was 2.5% according to IMF’s 2019 Economic Outlook)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
End of
2019
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
US$billions
Pre-COVID expected growth
COVID + Faster recovery
COVID + Slower recovery

Poverty Impacts with Recovery Scenarios
Change in national poverty rate with fast or slow easing of restrictions
(changes are relative to a no-COVID growth scenario)
Poverty stabilizes by end of 2020 as people return to work,
incomes recover & consumer demand resumes
But this hides a sharp spike in mid-year poverty, when many households living close to
the poverty line will require government or other support to cope
15.3%
11.6%
0.2%
12.9%
2.0%
0.3%
15.3% 14.5%
0.2%
14.8%
7.4%
1.5%
April May-June Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Second quarter Quarterly averages
Faster lifting of restrictions Slower lifting of restrictions

A
Detailed Assumptions About
Production & Demand Shocks

Channels, Shocks & Affected Sectors (1)
Type of restriction or
global shock
Major sectors
affected2
Geography
affected
Size of
shock
Detailed subsectors affected by shock2
Direct restrictions on
farming
Agriculture
(A)
0% Crop/animal production, hunting, related service activities (D01); forestry, logging (D02);
fishing, aquaculture (D03)
Limiting mining
operations
Mining, quarrying
(B)
0% Coal, lignite (D5); crude petroleum, natural gas (D06); metal ores (D07); quarrying (D08);
mining support service activities (D09)
Closing non-essential
manufacturing
operations
Manufacturing
(C)
0% Food products (D10); coke, refined petroleum (D19); pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals
(D21); electromedical equipment (G266)
Only selected
cities & states1
-100% Beverages, tobacco (D11-12); textiles, clothing, leather (D13-15); wood, paper, printing
(D16-18); chemicals, rubber, plastics (D20-21); non-metallic minerals (D23); metals (D24-
25); equipment, machinery (D26-28 excl. G266); vehicles, transport equipment (D29-30);
furniture (D31), other manufactures (D33)
Disruptions to energy
and water supply
Electricity, gas
(D); water supply
(E)
0% Electricity, gas, steam supply (D35); water collection, treatment, supply (D36); sewerage,
waste collection/remediation (D37-39)
Limiting construction
activities
Construction
(F)
National -30% Construction of buildings (D41); civil engineering (D42); specialized construction activities
(D43)
trading activities
Wholesale/retail
trade (G)
0% Agricultural raw materials, live animals (G462); agricultural machinery, equipment, supplies
(C4653); food, beverages, tobacco, incl. stalls & markets (G463 G471-472 C4781);
construction materials, hardware, plumbing, heating equipment (C4663); automotive fuels
(G473)
Only selected
cities & states1
-65% Motor vehicle trade/repair (D45); wholesale trade (D46 excl. G462-463 C4653 C4663);
retail trade (D47 excl. G471-472 G47 C4781)
Transport/travel
restrictions
Transportation,
storage (H)
0% Postal/courier activities (D53); transport via pipeline (G493)
National -25% Sea/coastal/inland water transport (C5011-5012 C5022); transport support (G522)
National -50% Freight rail/road/air transport (C4912 C4923 G512); warehousing/storage (G521)
National -75% Urban/suburban passenger/other land transport (C4911 C4921-4922)
National -100% Passenger air transport (G511)
Government work-from-
home orders
Public
administration,
defense (O)
0% Public administration, defense, compulsory social security (D84)
Closing hotels, bars and
restaurants
Accommodation,
food services (I)
Only selected
cities & states1
-100% Accommodation (D55); food/beverage service activities (D56)

Channels, Shocks & Affected Sectors (2)
Type of restriction or
global shock
Major sectors
affected2
Geography
affected
Size of
shock
Detailed subsectors affected by shock2
business services
Information,
communication
(J); finance,
insurance (K); real
estate (L);
professional/
scientific/technica
l activities (M);
administrative/
support services
(N)
Only selected
cities & states1
0% Publishing activities (D58); programming/broadcasting activities (D60);
telecommunications (D61); computer programming/consultancy activities (D62);
information service activities (D63); financial services, insurance, pension funding, auxiliary
services (D64-66); real estate activities (D68); security and investigation activities (D80)
Only selected
cities & states1
-10% Accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, tax consultancy (G692); head offices, management
consultancy (D70); scientific research/development (D72); advertising, market research
(D73); other professional/scientific/technical activities (D74);
Only selected
cities & states1
-50% Legal activities (G692); architectural/engineering activities (D71); veterinary activities (D75)
Only selected
cities & states1
-100% Motion picture/video/television program production, etc. (D59); renting/leasing activities
(D77); employment activities (D78); travel agencies, tour operators (D79); building
services, landscape activities (D81); office administrative, office support, other business
support activities (D82)
Closing schools Education (P) National -100% Pre-primary and primary education (G851)
National -80% Secondary education (G852); Other education (G854)
National -60% Higher education (G853); Educational support activities (G855)
Disruptions to hospitals
and clinics
Human health,
social work (Q)
0% Human health activities (D86); residential care activities (D87); social work activities
without accommodation (D88)
Banning sports & other
entertainment
Arts, recreation,
entertainment (R)
National -100% Creative/arts/entertainment activities (D90); libraries, archives, museums, other cultural
activities (D91); gambling, betting activities (D92); sports, amusement/recreation activities
(D93)
Domestic workers &
other services
Other service
activities (S);
households as
employers (T);
extraterritorial
organizations (U)
Only selected
cities & states1
0% Extraterritorial organizations/bodies (D99)
Only selected
cities & states1
-10% Membership organizations (D94)
Only selected
cities & states1
-50% Other personal services (D96); domestic workers/personnel (D97); Other production
activities of private households for own use (D98)
Only selected
cities & states1
-100% Repairing computers & personal/household goods (D95)
Note: (1) Selected cities and states include FCT Abuja, Kano, Lagos and Ogun regions; (2) numbers in parentheses are International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC Revision 4) codes (by major section with detailed subsectors, D is division, G is group and C is class).

Nigeria: Impacts of COVID-19 on Production, Poverty & Food Systems

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