This document discusses promoting investment climate and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in Myanmar. It outlines types of FDI, determinants of FDI, obstacles to FDI, and how FDI relates to socio-economic development. The document then examines investment promotion strategies and provides a case study on Myanmar's investment climate. Key recommendations include focusing on labor-intensive sectors, establishing clear rules and reducing red tape to attract more FDI, which can contribute to technology transfer and skills development but requires proper policies to maximize benefits for Myanmar's development. Challenges include weak infrastructure, capacity, and rule of law as Myanmar works to reform its economy and investment environment.
The world may continue to shrink in light of advanced technology, higher demands from markets and faster turnaround times, globalization has become a staple for world commerce and international business.
The Export-Import Policy of Bangladesh made by shahed shams shetuShahed Shams
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. It is the most traditional form of international business activity and has played a major role in shaping world history and has also been shaped by world history
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
This presentation is made by Palm & Latex Technology & Value Addition degree programme students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as to fulfill a requirment for their course of Trade & Finance. In this presentation is generally related to Sri Lanka.
This a Presentation on AU, EU, APEC, NAFTA, AFTA, SAPTA, LAFTA, ASEAN. I have made this based on my assignment what is based on some trade organizations :-)
The world may continue to shrink in light of advanced technology, higher demands from markets and faster turnaround times, globalization has become a staple for world commerce and international business.
The Export-Import Policy of Bangladesh made by shahed shams shetuShahed Shams
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. It is the most traditional form of international business activity and has played a major role in shaping world history and has also been shaped by world history
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
This presentation is made by Palm & Latex Technology & Value Addition degree programme students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as to fulfill a requirment for their course of Trade & Finance. In this presentation is generally related to Sri Lanka.
This a Presentation on AU, EU, APEC, NAFTA, AFTA, SAPTA, LAFTA, ASEAN. I have made this based on my assignment what is based on some trade organizations :-)
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Foreign direct investment in india an analytical studyDipti Patil
Foreign Direct Investment inflows in India seen rising 15 per cent in 2013 and observed to be grown steadily in volume and is a major source of development finance. Foreign Direct Investment is one and only major instrument of attracting International Economic Integration in any economy. It serves as a link between investment and saving. Recognizing that FDI can contribute to economic development, all governments want to attract it. This project examines the different forms of capital, the global and regional trends in FDI inflows, factors influencing FDI in India, and experiences in India, comparative study with global market. The policy implications of the determinants of FDI flows are analyzed.
FDI is an important factor in the globalization process as it intensifies the interaction between states, regions, and firms. Growing international flows of portfolio and direct investment, international trade, information and migration are all parts of this process. The large incentive in the volume of FDI during the past two decades provides a strong incentive for research on this phenomenon.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
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Consultation with APEC Member states and World Bank at APEC-World Bank-Australia Workshop on Investment Promotion and Policy in Kuala Lumpur, 18-19 June 2019
This presentation outlines the investment policy review process that the government of Viet Nam is undertaking in partnership with the the OECD and ASEAN as part of an active programme of investment policy reforms.
To find out more visit: http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/viet-nam-investment-policy.htm
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Foreign direct investment in india an analytical studyDipti Patil
Foreign Direct Investment inflows in India seen rising 15 per cent in 2013 and observed to be grown steadily in volume and is a major source of development finance. Foreign Direct Investment is one and only major instrument of attracting International Economic Integration in any economy. It serves as a link between investment and saving. Recognizing that FDI can contribute to economic development, all governments want to attract it. This project examines the different forms of capital, the global and regional trends in FDI inflows, factors influencing FDI in India, and experiences in India, comparative study with global market. The policy implications of the determinants of FDI flows are analyzed.
FDI is an important factor in the globalization process as it intensifies the interaction between states, regions, and firms. Growing international flows of portfolio and direct investment, international trade, information and migration are all parts of this process. The large incentive in the volume of FDI during the past two decades provides a strong incentive for research on this phenomenon.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Consultation with APEC Member states and World Bank at APEC-World Bank-Australia Workshop on Investment Promotion and Policy in Kuala Lumpur, 18-19 June 2019
This presentation outlines the investment policy review process that the government of Viet Nam is undertaking in partnership with the the OECD and ASEAN as part of an active programme of investment policy reforms.
To find out more visit: http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/viet-nam-investment-policy.htm
These highlights from the OECD Investment Policy Review of Myanmar were presented at launch events in Myanmar on 1 and 4 March 2014. Myanmar's Union Minister of National Planning and Economic Development, Dr. Kan Zaw, praised the comprehensive nature of the report and said that it would help to guide the government in solidifying investment climate reforms and in promoting more and better investment.
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/investment-policy-reform-in-myanmar.htm
Stephen Thomsen looks at investment climate reform in Southeast Asia and draws lessons for the update of the OECD Policy Framework for Investment currently underway. This presentation was made at the Southeast Asia Regional Forum in Bali, Indonesia, on 24-26 March 2014.
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/seasia.htm - http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/pfi.htm - http://www.oecd.org/globalrelations/seaforum.htm
The Future of Mining as presented during the 2013 Mining Convention in Peru (PERUMIN) by Diego Areces, VP Mining, Minerals and Metals Solutions, Schneider Electric
These highlights from the OECD Investment Policy Review of Myanmar were presented by Stephen Thomsen at launch events in Myanmar on the 1 and 4 March 2014. Myanmar's Union Minister of National Planning and Economic Development, Dr. Kan Zaw, praised the comprehensive nature of the report and said that it would help to guide the government in solidifying investment climate reforms and in promoting more and better investment.
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/investment-policy-reform-in-myanmar.htm
This presentation presents the main findings from the 2020 OECD Investment Policy Review of Myanmar. This publication will be launched at a virtual event in the presence of Myanmar's Union Minister for Investment and Foreign Economic Relations. The launch was followed by a high-level panel discussion on “Attracting quality investment and building resilience through responsible business conduct and international labour standards". http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-myanmar-2020-d7984f44-en.htm
Local content policies in the mining sector: lessons, challenges and new toolsIsabelle Ramdoo
This presentation is based on an expert paper, that unpacks local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights the different mechanisms and tools that governments can use to implement such policies as well as other voluntary initiatives used by mining industry. Finally it stresses on opportunities and challenges faced in designing such policies.
This World Bank Group-OECD presentation was made during their joint meeting on making investment climate reforms happen in April 2015. The presentation focuses on how collaboration between the World Bank and the OECD can enhance positive investment climate reforms.
For more information about OECD and World Bank investment policy tools, visit http://www.oecd.org/investment and http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/brief/trade-competitiveness
Similar to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Case Study on Myanmar (20)
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
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Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
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Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
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In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
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Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
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Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
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Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
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The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Case Study on Myanmar
1. Promoting Investment Climate: How to attract FDI?
Presenter, Commentator,
Khaing Sape Saw (Ms.) Khin Maung Nyo (Mr.)
Freelance Researcher Freelance Researcher and Writer
Myanmar Engineering Society (MES), 3F, Hlaing Universities Campus
March 15, 2014
KGU-MARCED
The 1st International Conference On Development Alternatives
Kumamoto Gakuen University,
JAPAN
Myanmar Research Center for
Economic Development
2. Promoting Investment Climate: How to attract FDI?
2
Outline
• Types of FDI
• Determinants of FDI
• Obstacles to FDI
• FDI and Socio-Economic development
• Investment promotion
• Myanmar : Case study on Investment Climate
3. 3
Objectives
Where the Myanmar is with regards to the FDI
targets
Progress by which Myanmar is moving towards
the development
5. 5
By Direction
Inward FDI
Outward FDI
By Target
investment
Mergers and Acquisitions
Horizontal FDI
Vertical FDI
By Motive
Resource-Seeking
Market-Seeking
Efficiency-Seeking
Strategic-Asset-Seeking
Types of FDI
Among types of FDI, efficiency-seeking FDI
is probably the highest potential impact on development
effect
7. Determinants of FDI
Economic conditions
• Markets
• Resources
• Competitiveness
Host country policies
• Macro policies
• Private sector
• Trade and industry
• FDI policies
MNE strategies
• Risk perception
• Location
• Sourcing
• Integration transfer
7
Key determinants of FDI in Host country
8. Determinants of FDI
Eclectic Paradigm Concept
John. H. Dunning (1976, 1980) introduced the
FDI theory via the Eclectic Paradigm.
8
Eclectic Paradigm means “the multinational firm that
posits three types of advantages benefiting the
multinational corporation: ownership-specific (O),
location-specific (L), and internalization advantages
(I).”
9. Determinants of FDI
Eclectic Paradigm Concept
Selected Variables for Myanmar
• Gross domestic Product
• Foreign Exchange Rate
• Interest Rate
• Inflation
• Economy Openness
• Countries official
language
• Distance (km)
• Shared Border
• Economic globalization
• Political globalization
• Social globalization
9
11. General obstacles to FDI
Administrative and legal barriers
• General approvals and licenses; industry specific
licenses; utility, labor, land access, clearance
procedures, reporting requirements
Policy barriers
• Fiscal, monetary, trade, exchange rate, debt
management
Infrastructure barriers
• Electricity, water supply, communications, roads,
ports, airports, etc.
Institutional and human resources barriers
• Health and education, social capital; public
institutions
11
12. Traditional obstacles to FDI (cited by business)
• Political and economic instability
• Lack of proper infrastructure
• Lack of required labor skills
• Difficult access to land and other assets
• Absence of rule of law/corruption
• Invasive red tape/high costs of doing business
• Lack of performance
• Incompetent partners
12
13. Obstacles to FDI : Myanmar
• Political risk: entrenched interests and the future of the reform process
• Ongoing conflict with ethnic minorities
• Regulatory uncertainty
• Poor enforcement of rules/lack of competence and impartiality of the court
system
• High land and real estate prices
• Insufficient level of labor skills
• Lacking infrastructure
• Higher costs of doing business/excessive red tape
• Difficulties with expatriation of profits
• Primitive financial system/lack of international accountancy standards
• Ongoing sanctions
• Export tax and exchange rate fluctuations
• Complex import and export procedures
13
14. Important factors attracting FDI
• Open economy, high growth (e.g. China, India)
• Rule of law (e.g. Singapore, Thailand)
• Political and economic stability (e.g. China, Singapore)
• Low labor costs (e.g. ASEAN, LDCs, China, India)
• Competent labor (e.g. India, Taiwan)
• Natural resources (e.g. Indonesia, Myanmar, Kazakhstan)
• Large market (e.g. China, India, Indonesia, AFTA)
• Infrastructure facilities (e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand)
• Absence of red tape (e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong)
• Trade facilitation (cross-border zones and areas, e.g. growth triangles)
14
16. FDI can contribute to technology transfer and
skills development
FDI can contribute to Economic development
but it is not a simple ways.
16
FDI and Socio-Economic development
Hypothesis
17. 1) Open economies generate development and
growth
2) Country Development and growth attract FDI
3) Liberalization improves efficiency.
4) The national regulatory framework ensures
stability.
5) National development strategies and plans must
integrate to FDI policies
17
FDI and Socio-Economic development
Key Factors
18. 6) Integration in global and regional
7) Whether Risk or Benefit : take opportunity
from ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
2015
8) Promoting domestic investment by
supporting industries, clusters and finance
9) Negotiation of investment agreements and
contracts
18
FDI and Socio-Economic development
Key Factors
19. 10) A proper balance between the investor and
the benefits of the host country
11) Assess to Natural resources
19
FDI and Socio-Economic development
Key Factors
21. Investment promotion
Hypothesis
The success of an investment promotion
The strategy depends on;
A country’s image and proven commitment to CSR.
policy coherence and consistency .
Coordination and cooperation among all stakeholders.
Quality and efficiency is important than size of
organization.
21
22. Investment promotion
Key Factors
• Formulation FDI policies
• Promotion and persuasion Strategies for FDI
• Legal requirements for FDI
• Negotiation
• Institutional capacity building
• Cluster between government and private
sector.
• Set regulatory Framework
• Clear mandate
• Investment facilitation
• Single window system
• Cut red tape 22
23. • Political and economic stability
• Rule of law and regulatory Frame work
• Skilled Labor
• Developed infrastructure
• Favorable investment climate
• Provide accurate information with
international Language
23
Investment promotion
Key Factors
26. Economic Development Reform
• Attracting More FDI
• Modifying in Trade Policy
• Monetary Policy and Finance Policy
• Conducting National workshops in various
Economic sectors
26
28. 93.53%
5.33% 0.69% 0.43% 0.01%
Power
Oil and Gas
Manufacturin
g
Mining
Transport
2011-2012
Source : DICA
Foreign Investment by Sector
28
29. 28.23%
25.66%
21.78%
21.13%
1.08% 1.04% 0.68% 0.39%
Manufactur-
ing
Power
Oil and Gas
Hotel and
Tourism
Mining
Others
Agriculture
Fisheries
2012-2013 US$ million
Source : DICA
Foreign Investment by Sector
29
31. Foreign Investment by Country
31
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
China
Vietnam
Singapore
U.K
HongKong
Japan
TheRepublic
ofKorea
India
TheNetherlands
Malaysia
Thailand
Canada
Brunei
Darussalam
407.318
329.390
247.810
232.700
80.809
54.063
37.942
11.500
10.301
4.324
1.300
1.010
1.000
China Vietnam
Singapore U.K
Hong Kong Japan
The Republic
of Korea
India
The Netherlands Malaysia
Thailand Canada
Brunei
Darussalam
US$ million
Source : DICA
32. 32
• Agriculture
• Fishery
• Mining
• Forestry
• Oil & Gas
Resources
Based
• Garment
• Electronic assembly lines
• Footwear
Labor
Intensive
• Hotel & Tourism
• Logistic
• Real Estate
Service
• Food Processing
• Seafood
• Mineral Processing
• Wood, Furniture
• Petrol Chemical
Labor Force 37
Million
Potential HR and Potential Industry
35. Issues related to SEZs/IZs
• Purpose, goals and target should be addressed.
• Many bodies involved and duties and responsibility unclear.
• Effective strategies for Development
• Flexible Procedures and regulations
• Develop infrastructure
• Be ensure with international trade and investment rules
35
36. Myanmar
Enacted Law related to Investment
• The Union of Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law
was enacted in January 2011
• The Dawei Special Economic Zone Law was also
enacted in January 2011 subsequently.
• The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Foreign
Investment Law (FIL) was enacted on 2 nd November
2012 (revised)
36
38. Policy considerations
• Competition Policy
• Competition Policy during transition to Market
economy
• Action on the National Level
• Action on the regional level
• Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and
Development
• International Co-operation
• Benefitting from co-operation
38
39. Some government measures, examples in natural
resources
• Australia: 30% tax on iron ore and coal mining profits to tackle climate change
(75% of Australians are against it)
• Indonesia: 20% tax on raw mineral exports (caused uproar among foreign
investors)
• Mongolia: 68% windfall profit tax on gold and copper and up to 50% state
ownership (now rescinded)
• India: benefit-sharing with the local community (26 per cent of profits),
investments in CSR (3 per cent of turnover)
• Philippines: Executive Order of the President (July 2012): balancing the rights of
the state, communities and investors: rise in windfall tax and more stringent
environmental protection clauses (opposed by governors)
39
FDI in natural resources
40. FDI in the power sector
Opportunities continue to increase
2011_2012 : 94%
2012-2013 : 26%
Long-term:
Generation
Medium-term:
Transmission
Distribution
Short-term:
Distributed power generation 40
41. Considerations for FDI in the power sector
• Power generation should be not only for
domestic usage, but also for Export
• Power is essential for development
• Electricity rates should be affordable to
everyone.
• Ensure proper regulation of power sector
• Government Role
• Contract enforcement
• Ensure environmental and social sustainability
• Country wide and ASEAN-wide
• Manage the supply chain
41
42. Considerations for FDI in agricultural
sector
• Agricultural efficiency
• Access to technologies and rural employment
• Food security
• The rights to Land access
• Sustainable land use
• Environmental issues
• Water use
• Value added products for food industries
• Rural infrastructure, especially for transportation and
Logistics purpose
42
43. Recommendations for FDI policy
• Labor-intensive areas
Infrastructure, agriculture, electricity,
telecommunications, transport, logistics, health, other
services
• Systematic rule of law
• Reduce red tape
• Allow 100% FDI ensuring country benefits
• Integrate FDI strategies to the development plan
• Diversifications FDI
• Export-oriented FDI
• Create better overseas market access
• Proper sharing benefit in natural resources
• Particular attention to social and environmental impacts
• Incentives
43
Development Priorities
44. • Land ownership
• Profit sharing agreement
• Set up comprehensive investment promotion policy and
• Set up an investment promotion agency (IPA) for its
implementation
• Focus on greenfield investment
• Attention on both : domestic investors and foreign
investors
• Develop local capacity of SMEs
• Narrow gap in performance necessities
• Apply competition policy
44
Recommendations for FDI policy
45. Recommendations for FDI policy
Investment preference regimes
• Market access schemes;
• Tax exemptions for firms that invest in priority
sectors;
• Investment and credit-risk guarantees;
• Inclusion of productive capacity and
infrastructure-related provisions in International
Investment Agreements;
• Dissemination of information about investment
opportunities
45
46. Challenges
• Socio-economic and
humanitarian challenges
• Weak capacity for
implementing reforms
• Beginning not the end
• Much still depends on
individuals not policy
• Sanctions
• Official Development
Assistance (ODA)
• Lowest recipient of ODA
among all LDC’s, with 7.2
US$ per capita in 2010
• Kick-starting/Jump Start, Grow
– SEZs, Deep Sea Ports
• Equality of opportunities not
outcomes
• “Pulled Along” by China, India +
ASEAN
• Poor Infrastructure
• Corruption
• Weak rule of law and property
rights
• No independent judiciary and
lack of legal transparency
• Arbitrary tax policies
47. EXISTING CHALLENGES
• International sanctions not fully removed yet
• Opaque and arbitrary policymaking, including
frequent, unannounced and unwritten policy changes
• Tiny financial sector and shallow domestic capital
market
• Continued unpredictability in electricity supply,
especially areas outside Yangon and other major
cities
• Privatization
• Weak educational system and unskilled workforce
• Evolving system of exchange rates and foreign
exchange controls
• Investments approved on a case-by-case basis
48. Recommendation
New Myanmar
• One of Asia's final economic frontiers
• Comparative advantages
• Geographical location
• 60-million untapped market
• Numerous natural resources
48
50. References
S., Lall, “Attracting Foreign Investment: New Trends, Sources and Policies,
Economic Paper 31” (Commonwealth Secretariat, July 1997)
J.,Wan Cho, “Investment Promotion and Enterprise Development Bulletin
for Asia and the Pacific: ESCAP Works Towards Reducing Poverty and
Managing Globalization By Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
The Pacific”, UN. ESCAP.
M., Proksch “Promoting FDI for Development”, UNESCAP
M., Proksch “Promoting and Attracting FDI for Development : Key Messages
and Areas for Technical Assistance”, UNESCAP
H., Qaqaya., “The role of competition policy in mobilizing investment and
competitiveness”, UNCTAD
Myanmar Investment Policy, Directorate of Investment and Company
Administration (DICA)
SEZs in Myanmar ,DICA
50