This document discusses the roles of civil society organizations in promoting corporate social responsibility, particularly in post-colonial MENA states using Morocco as a case study. It outlines how CSR and CSOs have evolved over time in the West and MENA region. While CSR began as a religious concept in MENA, it is now being modernized to align with international models. However, CSOs promoting CSR are still developing in the region as civil society itself is relatively new, having emerged from anti-colonial movements. The document examines challenges CSOs face in advocating for CSR from corporations in MENA states.
A presentation by Peter Laurie, author and former Ambassador of Barbados to the USA at a September 21 seminar in Barbados, a follow-up to the September 12-13 AEC Justice and Peace Seminar.
Capitalism bases its strategy on provoking consumption at whatever cost, or executing a service at whatever price, such as the re-education of minors locked up for months by pure trifles. And it is precisely this consumption that fuels the energy. The film does not come to raise the environmental consequences that can be seen all over the planet caused by a system based on the plundering of natural assets to enrich a few.
Corporate terrorism can be defined as any activity of a corporation which is done with the sole objective of profit maximization without considering the stakeholder’s interests as a whole.
A presentation by Peter Laurie, author and former Ambassador of Barbados to the USA at a September 21 seminar in Barbados, a follow-up to the September 12-13 AEC Justice and Peace Seminar.
Capitalism bases its strategy on provoking consumption at whatever cost, or executing a service at whatever price, such as the re-education of minors locked up for months by pure trifles. And it is precisely this consumption that fuels the energy. The film does not come to raise the environmental consequences that can be seen all over the planet caused by a system based on the plundering of natural assets to enrich a few.
Corporate terrorism can be defined as any activity of a corporation which is done with the sole objective of profit maximization without considering the stakeholder’s interests as a whole.
The role of government regulation of business in building the concept of corp...Konstantin Eryomin
The educational material about role of different institutes in creation of corporate social responsibility model of business in Russia and other countries. Modern statistics and theoretical aspects are included
The role of government regulation of business in building the concept of corp...Konstantin Eryomin
The educational material about role of different institutes in creation of corporate social responsibility model of business in Russia and other countries. Modern statistics and theoretical aspects are included
The concept of social responsibility among businessmen, particularly in India, is not new and can be easily seen in the form of magnificent temples, high mosques, large dharmshalas and great educational institutions. Indian literature is full of incidents when business- men have gone out of the way to help extract kings and societies out of crises. Many Indian businesses are known for staying one step ahead of the government, as far as the welfare of employees and societies is concerned.
A Corporate Social Responsibility, generally noted by “CSR”, refers to a corporation's initiatives to assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on environmental and social well-being. It generally applies to efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. Governments seeking to advance sustainable development are increasingly turning to policies and strategies that encourage, support, mandate, or directly demonstrate more socially and environmentally sound business practices. A central component of these policies involves promoting increased transparency of economic activities.
CSOs Improving Microfinance to Disabled Borrowers and Landmine VictimsStreet Ecology
ABSTRACT: How do civil society organisations (CSOs) affect microfinance? The aim of this paper is to apply a conceptual assessment of civil society organisations to microfinance. A preliminary literature review demonstrates that civil society organisations (CSOs) work with and sometimes pressure microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand lending or targeting of excluding groups. MFIs operate in a microfinance sector embedded in a sociopolitical environment, which will include the civil society of a country. All countries have a civil society, but some countries have a strong civil society, while other countries have weak civil societies; for example, Somalia would be a country with a weak civil society. The assumption is that strong civil societies are conducive to microfinance operational stability. However, there is a sparse amount of research that connects civil society to microfinance; conceptual research demonstrates that civil society organisations could improve microfinance through developing a dialogue, voicing concerns, fighting corruption, and promoting financial inclusion of excluded groups of borrowers, notably the physical disabled. In former conflict regions, there are thousands of physically disabled people as a consequence of landmines/UXO. The landmine population is considered an underserved market using microfinance terminology. Unfortunately, there are few active and sustainable microfinance lending initiatives for landmine victims. Civil society organisations have a role to play in socioeconomic reintegration, including areas such as government policy, victim assistance, and information distribution, as well as pressuring MFIs to lend to physically disabled people.
This document was developed by Corporate Excellence – Centre for Reputation Leadership and among other sources contains references to the statements made by Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Chairman of the Scientific Council at Fundación Ramón Areces; Adela Cortina, Professor at the University of Valencia; José Luis Monzón, President of CIRIEC; Charles Fombrun, PChairman at Reputation Institute and José Manuel Pérez Díaz-Pericles,Founder of the training project Entrepreneurship Training Chain, during the semminary Economía y valores that took place in Madrid, on February 19 and 20, 2015.
In the institutional area, the academic field and private sector a new framework is demanded for economy to grow and develop itself and to give more importance to objectives of sustainable growth for the long-term, including issues of general interest both for companies and stakeholders. Ethics seem to be the backbone of a new system based on two big pillars: social and environmental ethics, able to develop an efficient economic system, which is favourable to business development and investments.
New Institutional Economics (NIE) doesn't mean to break away from the market economy but to apply new formulas to solve problems arising from it.
Institutions need to be able to guarantee social justice, environmental sustainability and long-term economic growth. The current economic scenario and institutional crisis turns the spotlight on legitimizing those institutions that will have to make considerable further efforts to respond to the interests and demands of everyone, companies and citizens.
The current context of social economy represents a useful tool that includes ethical principles to the business plan, so that the company stakeholders perceive the actions of the organization as something positive and favourable for the context where it happens. It is true that the model suggested by social economy can't be completely transposed to capital companies but it can add value to the business model through human resources and corporate social responsibility policies.
In the current scenario, both companies and citizens are required to create new models of ethical leadership. Nowadays, states have lost influence in favour of civil society. The current position of companies and citizens is critical as a way out of the crisis. Thus, it is fundamental to take new responsibilities based on their new role.
Citizens must assume this responsibility and adopt such values as solidarity, respect and, specially, dialogue.
It is impossible to apprehend the full complexity of the transformative power of current citizenry without understanding the key elements of this new context: the reputation economy, a context where people pay more and more attention to the companies that are behind the products and services they consume. In this sense, reputation management becomes the management of the relationship with the company's stakeholders.
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The Four Facesof Corporate CitizenshipARCHIE B. CARROLL.docxcherry686017
The Four Faces
of Corporate Citizenship
ARCHIE B. CARROLL
Some observers call it corporate socialresponsibility (CSR). Others refer to it ascorporate ethics. More recently, busi-
nesses’ social performance has been framed as
“corporate citizenship.” But, what does corpo-
rate citizenship really mean? What is business
expected to be or to do to be considered a good
corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship com-
patible with or hostile to corporate growth and
profits?
A significant boost to corporate citizenship
initiatives was given in 1996 when President
Clinton called to Washington a group of leading
business people to discuss the notion of corpo-
rate citizenship and social responsibility. At
this conference, President Clinton exhorted the
business leaders to “do well” by their employees
as they make money for their shareholders.
He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich
announced the newly created Ron Brown Cor-
porate Citizenship Award, named for the late
commerce secretary who died in 1996 along
with a group of business executives on a trade
mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor
American companies each year deemed to best
exemplify efforts to support its workers.
President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron
Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship”
boiled down to companies exhibiting the follow-
ing practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as
allowing family leave; good health and pension
benefits; a safe workplace; training and
advancement opportunities; and policies that
avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were
announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity
programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its anti-
racism initiative “Project Change.”1 One could
not argue with these criteria nor these winners;
however, one cannot help but note that the cri-
teria all involve the relationship between com-
panies and their employees, with no mention
being made of shareholders, consumers, the
community in which the business is located, or
other important stakeholders. Surely corporate
citizenship extends beyond relationships be-
tween companies and their employees and
includes the business responding to and inter-
acting with these other vital stakeholders.
Decades of studying businesses’ corporate
social performance, their activities that extend
beyond profit-making, and their contributions
to the community lead one to conclude that cor-
porate citizenship is real—it is expected of busi-
ness by the public, and it is manifested by many
excellent companies. Further, corporate citi-
zenship addresses the relationship between
companies and all their important stakehold-
ers, not just employees.
The full gamut of corporate citizenship in-
cludes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or re-
sponsibility reveals an important facet that
contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens
are expected to fulfill these responsibilities,
companies are as well. Corporate citizenship
has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical
face, and ...
Call for application - REMENA Youth Academy on Renewable Energy and Energy Se...Abdeslam Badre, PhD
The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung - REMENA (Regional Program on Energy Security and Climate
Change Middle East and North Africa) in Rabat will bring together 60 young leaders from various
countries within the MENA region and Turkey for a 8 day capacity building training that
aims at fostering Youth negotiation and policy making skills as well as their knowledge and
advocacy capacities for addressing the challenges and campaigning for sustainable solutions
linked to Energy Security and Climate Change within the MENA region from the perspective of
the youth. The training will be conducted by a pool of regional and international experts in the
fields of negotiation and Renewables.
1. 1st international conference of women in science without bordersAbdeslam Badre, PhD
Like her sisters in the West, the Arab female scientist has made discernible successes in science,
especially, Science and Engineering (S&E); however, her achievement has yet to be completely translated
into the S&E workforce. 2016 Data from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine,
highlight the increasing number of degrees earned by women in science and engineering, especially in the
Middle East North Africa Region (MENA), but when all the S&E disciplines are aggregated, it is easy to
overlook both the advances in education attainment women have made in the life sciences, as well as the
continuing challenges women face in some of the physical sciences and engineering fields. The present
paper sheds lights on the current professional situation of Arab female scientists in the Middle East North
African (MENA) region. The paper argues that women in science in the MENA region, on the one hand,
have been and are being heard and seen through their: a) outstanding contributions and innovative outputs
in in applied sciences (STEM) and beyond; b) participation in various international scientific gatherings; c)
winning of a number of internationally recognized honors and prices; and d) securing substantial amounts
of research external funding establishing transnational collaborations for launching scientific undertakings.
On the other hand, Arab female scientists in the region still suffer inequality in terms of involvement in
science-based professions, decision-making and power-sharing positions, which is why although the
number of Arab female enrolments and graduations in post-graduate science education have increased
during the current decade, many of these scientists do not make their career paths into science profession
and industries, because once there, most of them are faced up with a public sphere governed by
androcentrism. The paper suggests two programmatic recommendations for bridging the gap between
women’s transition from education to career building in scientific fields.
1. How can international scientific engagement assist diplomacy, advance science, and help solve global problems in a better and faster pace? 2. What can we, and by we I mean young scientists, do (in addition to what senior scientist are already doing) to help facilitate this engagement?To answer these two questions, the paper benches out into three sections, embarking on three main concepts: 1) the challenges and interplays between politicians and scientists’ communication during the process of transforming the evidence based-scientific knowledge into applicable policies that have tangible impact on the laymen’s lives; 2) the modes and functions of leadership in the science policy-making process and interaction between the two bodies: scientists and politicians; and 3), the paper will be concluded with highlight of some of the areas that both decision makers and scientists need to invest more ways and means in order to leverage tangible solution to cross-cutting societal challenges though science diplomacy.
Supranational Integration Versus Intergovernmental Structure: The European U...Abdeslam Badre, PhD
The thesis of this essay provokes a statement holding that the AU, compared the EU, has so far failed in its endeavor to develop an “integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens and representing a dynamic force in global arena”. The reason behind this partial failure is accounted for in terms the level of intergovernmental and supranational arrangements characterizing both the EU and AU. To support this claim, the paper suggests a comparative analysis of the functional mechanisms of each of the Unions, by discussing the variables of Intergovernmentalism and supranationalism, as distinguishing features between the two Unions. Three sections constitute the body of the essay: 1) a brief presentation of three key concepts: i) intergovernmentalism, ii) supranationalism, and iii) regional integration; 2) the historical contexts within which each of the Unions was created; and 3) a comparative analysis.
The Archetect and the Ruin: Richard C. Holbrooke and the Bosnian ConflictAbdeslam Badre, PhD
Research based findings have already shown that factors in the management of critical situations in the field of foreign policies and multi-lateral negotiations do not only require an understanding of the contextual, political, social, and strategic factors of those situations but also, and maybe more importantly, they necessitate a deep grasp of a number of psychological factors that affect the management and proceeding of international negotiations and mediations of the leader. The paper attempts to materialize its objectives by scrutinizing one of the most influential diplomats and foreign envoys the US foreign policy has witnessed during the last half of 20th century: Richard C. Holbrooke. In order to narrow the scope of this essay, the paper will focus on the Holbrooke’s Dayton Peace Accord that put an end to the tragic war in Bosnia, in 1995. Since the debate here is about the psychological dimension in foreign decision making, the focus then will be on sketching out an analysis of personality traits of Holbrooke, not simply as an individual; but Holbrooke the architect of one of the most recent and most challenging peace treaties in the post-cold war Eastern Europe. Accordingly, the Operational Code model (OCA) is adopted as the main framework of analysis, since it focuses on the beliefs of political leaders as causal mechanisms in foreign policy decisions.
Deconstructing the “Arab Spring”: A Constrcutivist AnalysisAbdeslam Badre, PhD
This paper endeavours to offer an alternative reading to the sweeping revolutions in the Arab region from within social constructivist theory, by sketching out the historical context as well as the political environments that have fuelled the masses outrageous uprisings. Accounted for also is a discussion of how the struggle of some neighbouring countries over power and strategic attempts to lay sway over the region is trying to shape the future of the internal socio-political profile as well as the international geopolitical relations of the MENA region. This paper holds the belief that the consequences of the Arab Spring cannot be accurately predicted; yet, regional involvement will be fully active in determining the future course of the Middle East. The centres of power that are active in this political process are located in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran. Each centre of power has a different political agenda, possesses different means of influence and is motivated by its religious orientations as well as its internationals allies’ agenda. The rationale motivating the selection of social constructivist theory lurks in the intrinsic premise of the latter, which does not seek to provide predictive outcomes of the events, but offers analytical tools for understanding the roots and forces manoeuvring the socio-political change.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the MENA Regions - Abdeslam BadreAbdeslam Badre, PhD
Relatively new in the Arab World, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one among the ethical practices which has already become crucial in promoting a positive image about a few Arab Macro-economic projects throughout the Arab business community. Still, Arab companies make up just 1% of the 4,650 organizations which are registered and have filed reports on the Global Reporting Initiative’s Sustainability Disclosure Database (GRISDD. With the recent political uprisings in the Arab region, along with the international economic crisis, new challenges have came to the forth to shape new realities; yet, unfolding invaluable opportunities for modernizing the Business infrastructure in the region.
It is on this ground that civil society, being the backbone of the non-state power, especially in a region where most of the political institutions have been either inexistent or undemocratic, could play a leadership role in monitoring and enforcing social responsibilities‘ practices on both public and private sectors; with the intent 1) to modernize the Business Structure in the region, 2) to motivate and preserve collective investments, 3) and to optimize the number of companies registering in the Global Reporting Initiative’s Sustainability Disclosure Database (GRISDD).
This presentation talks about the unprecedented role Arab local and regional body of NGOs, which for decades have suffered from their regimes‘ oppressions, can and should play in monitoring and enforcing ethical practices and sustainable strategies of social responsibilities on the State as well as private-owned companies towards their communities, especially in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco wherein most of the vital economic sectors have been monopolized by the regimes‘ entourage. The presentation will also showcase the UAE experience in establishing partnerships for a sustainable future along with the Lebanese experience in implementing CSR initiatives, and Qatar's ethical investments.
This paper provides a brief summary ob the major literary movements from the 18th to the 20th century. I also highlights the major works of the prominent figures of each literary era.
Towards a Reflective Classroom peer.doc: ESL/EFL Teachers' Professional TrainingAbdeslam Badre, PhD
While teachers’ peer observation is receiving widespread interest, and is being implemented in numerous institutions in different fields of education around the world (more than 40% of US colleges and universities now use classroom peer observation), it is still looked upon with much wariness within most Arab countries ELT context, which is presently leading to consensual reluctance to incorporating it within the MENA regions’ ELT community and public schools alike. In the light of this, touchstones of this paper are twofold: on the one hand, it is an attempt to dissociate the traditional notion of observation from the modern one, based on reflective aims rather than evaluative ends. On the other hand, it endeavors to promote a systematic incorporation of peer observation within the professional and pedagogical continuous training of Moroccan public schools. Will peer observation’s implementation be an easy task? Of course not; otherwise, we would not be talking about “ELT global challenges.” To reach this end, the paper comprises five main parts
Towards a Capacity-Building and Apprenticeship Education within African Nations Abdeslam Badre, PhD
Africa is the most interesting and diverse continent on the earth. It is the home of an incredible variety of people, animals, climates, and spectacular places. It is a country known for its beautiful colorful clothing and its history of incredible works of art. The African continent has the second largest population in the world, at about one billion people. Africa is the second largest continent on earth, approximately 11.7 million square miles. One of the oldest universities in the world is in Timbuktu, Mali. By the 12th century Timbuktu was home to three universities. Over 25,000 students attended one of the Timbuktu universities in the 12th century.
The period from the 8th to the 14th centuries was not only an era
marking the existence of the Muslim empire in Andalusia; it was one of the
historical eyewitnesses on the remarkably outstanding model of interfaith
tolerance in which nowhere else in the world had there been so long and so
close of a relationship between the three faiths: Islam, Christianity and
Judaism. To pay tribune to that era and bridge its impact on our modern
time, the Foundation of Three Cultures came to the forth with the aim to
unite Christian, Jewish and Muslim cultures and contribute in synergizing
the three regions’ efforts to face up the third millennium’s challenges. The
aim of this presentation, accordingly, is to bridge up the past with present
of interfaith and intercultural coexistence in Andalusia by zooming in on the
work of the foundation as a non-state body that works to create a
framework for multilateral relationships to promote shared prosperity,
peace and intercultural understanding across the Mediterranean.
Usually, when speaking about reading in FL, the first thing that comes to the mind is a
picture of long boring text with a list of questions the aim of which is to challenge one’s
IQ. This picture among a number of other factors stand behind the negative attitudes a
great number of ESF/ESL learners hold toward READING SKILLS. This presentation
might help you help your students change their negative attitudes, if there were any,
towards reading skills, by demonstrating to you how you can eclecticize your teaching of
reading and making your students excitingly benefit from it! Discussed are: 1) the
different typologies of reading skills in EFL/ESL classroom; 2) the various strategies
following each type; and 3) the implementation procedures of each type.
" Audio-visualizing EFL Students’ Learning of The US Culture Via an Effective use of Videos" is meant to provide salient teaching strategies, techniques of video usage in an ESL classroom setting, besides the theoretical rationales behind using them for an effective teaching learning of intricate cultural aspects of the target culture
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
3. 3
The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Enforcing Social Corporate
Responsibilities in Post-Colonial MENA States: The Case of Morocco
Abdeslam Badre
Institute for Cultural Diplomacy – Berlin
In a globalized world, profitability and growth are no longer the sole indicators for the
success and accountability of companies and investments. On the one hand, Corporate Social
Responsibilities (CSR), Sustainable Development (SD), Preservation of Environment and
Natural Resources, and Protection of Minorities are now key elements for a sustainable success
and branding of enterprises worldwide. On the other hand, the role of civil society organizations
(CSO) is becoming crucial to good governance and transparent politico-economic models that
serves the empowerment of citizenry, especially with the still existing lack of social and
environmental accountability of corporations under existing national and international laws.
During the last three decades, both CSR and CSO have started to gain momentum in the post-
colonial Arab Region. The objectives of this paper are twofold. First, it lays out the historical
trajectories both CSR and CSO have gone through in the MENA region since the 1970s,
highlighting the synergic roles CSO play and should play in order to promote CSR, especially
with regards to Multi-National Corporations (MNC). Second, the case of Morocco is scrutinized
with the intent to understand, on the one hand, how the developmental evolution of SCO brought
the latter form freedom fighters to the realm of business and corporate responsibilities; and on
the other hand, to deconstruct the challenges slows down the work of SCOs in advocating and
promoting CSR among MNCs. Finally, some recommendations are suggested.
The Evolution of CSR in West
Initially, corporations believed that their only obligation was to generate profits. This
understanding started to change in the 1970s, when a series of corporate scandals, including
Lockheed and Ford Pinto, led the United States to mandate the United Nations Economic and
Social Council and other international organizations to attempt to regulate multinational
corporations, thereby creating the first step for a framework for corporate social responsibility. A
wave of change came in the 1980s in response to highly publicized environmental disasters
involving large corporations, such as Exxon Valdez, which started to be pressured by NGOs to
act to protect the environment. In the following decade, labor rights, human rights,
environmental quality, and sustainable development became part of the CSR agenda, thus
4. 4
broadening the role and the perception of the field. From the early 1990s on, human rights NGOs
and other voices within civil society started calling upon corporations to accept responsibility for
promoting labor rights, human rights, environmental quality, and sustainable development, (See
Figure I: summarizing the historical development in the West).
Figure I. Evolutionary Development of CSR in the West
CSO Approaches of Promoting CSR
The World Bank defines CSR as “the commitment of business to ensure the management
and improvement of the economic, environmental and social implications of its activities at the
firm, local, regional and global levels1.” As such, CSR is more of a moral and ethical
partnership bounding the enterprise with multi-stakeholder working together for sustainable
development of local communities and beyond. Because not all forms of CSR have beneficial
impacts either on the business itself and/or the served community, many businesses need to seek
expert knowledge and collaborate with local stakeholders. In many developed economies,
SCOs/NGOs have assumed discernible roles in this partnership, especially in terms of
consultancy, expert-knowledge sharing, and advocacy. This synergy has contributed to the
emergence of an array of local, regional and international NGOs, specializing in insuring
workers rights, consumers’ rights, minorities’ rights, natural resource preservation, sustainability,
among others. Of course, not all NGOs work in synergy with enterprises; some tend to adopt a
confrontational approach to keep the corporate feet to the fire.
1
.
World
Bank.
http://www.worldbank.org
5. 5
Literature about the relationship between civil society and business, especially multi-
national corporations (MNCs), highlights two major approaches of interaction: engagement
versus confrontation. On the one hand, advocates of the engagement approach believe that while
MNCs do not generally commit violations of traditional categories of civil and political rights
(with some notorious exceptions), the former aim to softly persuade MNCs to adopt voluntary
codes of conduct and implement business practices that incorporate commitments to respect and
protect labor rights and human rights as well as the environment. This diplomatic approach is
based on the premise that the role of NGOs is to assist MNCs companies to smoothly and
voluntarily adopt a “triple bottom line” strategy when doing business—a) the financial account;
b) the environmental account; and c) the social account. The engagement approach is considered
to provide a practical response to the current lack of MNCs’ accountability, but not as an
alternative to government regulation or enforceable international legal standards.
Conversely, on the other hand, boosters of the confrontational approach advocate the
enactment of enforceable legal standards on MNCs to commit to social responsibilities. This
standpoint claims that MNCs are often in/directly complicit and routinely implicated in abuses of
many important social and economic rights. MNC managers control employment for millions of
people around the world and are in a position to influence directly the enjoyment of labor rights
and economic rights of their own employees, and to influence indirectly those of the employees
of their subcontractors and suppliers. Companies also have direct control over health and safety
issues in the work place, worker compensation, and rights to organize and bargain collectively.
On this ground, the confrontational advocates believe that if they can mobilize mass social
movement to compel governments to enact enforceable international legal standards (EILS), they
will manage to hold MNCs legally socially and environmentally accountable to global society by
means of economic coercion or through binding legal obligations. (See Figure II:
Confrontational Approach)
6. 6
Figure II: Rationale of Confrontational Approach
In between the two radical poles come into play the role of other semi-public as well as
intergovernmental organizations; such as the International Courts of Human Rights, the World
Bank, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, among others. The work and influence
of each of these organizations with regards to CSR promotion vary but sometimes complement
each other. Yet, their emergence is among the main factors that have contributed to human rights
NGOs’ interest in the business sector, because their existence had provoked a shift of power
formation from States’ agencies to MNCs and international financial institutions such as the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. One must remember how the economic
liberalization perused by developed economies led to a political and economic power shift from
governments to corporations.
The power dynamic has frequently allowed corporations- especially multinational ones-
to have more economic power than governments do, and to control access to most of the
countries’ valuable natural resources. They can also control the impoverished population in
Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America, as examples. In this context, managers
of NGOs are pushed to see multinational corporations as dominant institutions in contemporary
society, and continue to increase their power and influence over its economic, political, and
cultural lives, while remaining largely unaccountable to the global civil society. This shift in
7. 7
power balance and lack of accountability of multinational corporations regarding social and
environmental issues have finally given birth to intercontinentally radical global civil society
movement, such as the Green Movement and the Anti-Corporate–Globalization Movement.
Other international human rights organizations also realized that they were too focused
on traditional categories of civil and political rights, thereby neglecting economic, social, and
cultural rights. All those factors help to explain the recent shift of NGOs from social to business
affairs. After all, the stability of nations is directly linked to and dependent on its economy. Once
a nation’s economy is made to enslave its citizens instead of serving them, one can expect to see
the like of the so-called “Arab Spring,” as is now the case of Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.
Speaking of The MENA again, although, it has become a common knowledge that the concept of
CSR is branded in the West, the reality is that social initiatives of enterprise towards their
communities have been practiced for centuries but under different names in Muslim societies.
Likewise, the developmental trajectory of civil society as social mobility structure in the Arab
region has taken different itinerary and was created for different causes than that of Western
Cultures. The coming section anchors on CSR and CSO in the MEMA.
CSR in the MENA: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Corporate Social Responsibility has already stepped a foot in the business culture in the
region, and it is progressively but slowly gaining attention in branding a positive image about a
few Arab Macro-economic models throughout the MENA business community. Still, Arab
companies make up just 1% of the 4,650 organizations that are registered and have filed reports
on the Global Reporting Initiative’s Sustainability Disclosure Database. With the recent political
uprisings along with the international economic crisis, new challenges came to the forth to shape
new realities; and equally, unfolding invaluable opportunities for modernizing business
infrastructures. However, while countries in the MENA do not yet have a culture of practicing
CSR in a sustainable and accountable ways, in spirit, CSR has been practiced in the region for
more than 14 centuries.
Traditional definitions of CSR are based on the Qu’ran and the Sunnah in forms of
“Zakat2” alms and other types of charity. According to the Qu’ran, for example, “Righteousness
2 . Zakat (n) is an obligatory payment made annually under Islamic law on certain kinds of property and used for charitable and religious
purposes.
8. 8
is not to turn your face toward East and West in prayer, but righteousness is the one who
believes in Allah, the last day, the angel, the book, the prophet, and who gives his money, in
spite of love for it, to kinsfolk, orphans, poor people, and wayfarer3.” [Sūrat l-baqarah: 2:177].
Furthermore, different Hadiths of the Prophet Mohammad in the Sunnah encourage good
behavior of traders by talking about trade and business, prevention of monopolization, and
corruption. Some examples are: “All of you are guardians and responsible to his subjects4,”
“God bless tolerant men in case of sale or purchase5,” “Monopolization is a wrongful act,”
and “Gifts for the responsible is considered a bribe6,” [Prophet Mohammad]. These texts
represent regulatory frameworks of the rules and values that guide the lives of individuals and
communities, and CSR can be seen as part of this context.
Social responsibility initiatives of Arab corporations, accordingly, are different from
those adopted by Western companies and are based on the nature and specificities of Islamic
civilization and teachings. The current globalized economic cooperation, international financial
transaction, and multinational business environments, Arab and Muslim business communities
are now urged to restructure their social initiatives according to the demands of modern society,
thereby bringing the MENA practices of CSR in harmony with international models, without
having to contradict with the spirit of Islamic laws. Conversely, the West should look at the
Islamic heritage of CSR and cooperate with Arab countries to come up with a model adequate to
the region. After all, CSR must be a concept and a practice flexible enough to fit the cultural
specificities of each society.
The transition from a purely religious model of social responsibility of business to an
internationally compatible model of CSR requires time, determination, operational framework,
expertise, and a very specialized and strong civil society organizations. So far, the presence and
roles of civil society specializing in advocating CSR are still modest, if not inexistent, in the
region. This is due to the fact that civil society sector itself is a relatively new exercise that saw
light with the post-colonial era. Most of its body came as an offspring from national resistant
movements that had fought against colonial powers back then. Going back to the colonial period,
the primary life-goal of Arab communities was to organize themselves to resist the colonial
power and to fight for sovereignty. The same movements, after independence, shifted their focus
3
.
Holy Qu’ran. Sūrat l-baqarah: verse 2:177. English Translation
4
.
M. Muhsin Khan. Introduction to Translation of Sahih Bukhari: Judgments (Ahkaam). Volume. 9; book 89. Available at:
http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/089.sbt.html
5
.
Ibid.
6
.
Ibid.
9. 9
from nationalism to political construction. People worked to reconstruct their countries by
developing constitutions and building political institutions. Among those institutions were
political parties, and within them were formed women’s associations, trade unions, and other
organizations. The next step was to focus on social issues.
History explains some of the difficulties faced by NGOs in the Middle East. Because
many of the movements started as anticolonial forces and had a strong political performance
before turning to the business world, Arab regimes view them as opposition actors. Hence, they
were considered a threat and have been oppressed from the beginning. Those that were allowed
to survive are extremely close to the official powers and do not question them. NGOs that were
permitted to start their work right after independence also have a strong identification with the
government, because the ones launched in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s usually were financed by
the government and had little ability to oppose it. (See Figure. III: Trajectory of CSOs in MENA).
Once established, NGOs needed time and expertise to assimilate their institutional and
social rights, being non-governmental, independent from the State’s agencies, and supposedly
nonprofit making groups. In other words, civil society activists, NGOs and other forms of
associative work had to understand and accept the distance between governmental boundaries
vis-a-vis their social position, which they had to fight really hard to optimize in a constitutional
way; thus, civil society’s zones of interventions started progressively optimizing to include
contribution to the promotion of human rights and democracy, forums for democratic
participation, autonomy and intermediation between the State and citizens. This moment
generated a sharp increase in the number of NGOs, which also became more effective. Finally,
the rise of globalization and the help of international sister NGOs, gave birth to NGOs
specialized in business and CSR.
Figure. III: Trajectory of CSOs in MENA
This situation started to change only in the 1990s, when transnational organizations
arrived in the region. They were important models to local citizens and organizations, which
10. 10
became more aware of their rights and learned how to demand them. Some national associations
in Lebanon, Jordan and Tunisia, in this regard, were pioneer in establishing partnership bridges
with other transnational organizations. Thanks to the logistical, financial, and knowledge-sharing
benefits they drew from international partnerships, those local NGOs were progressively
recognized as participants in democratization process, and gained the trust of their governments
and people alike. They are particularly associations dealing with human rights, women's rights,
anti-corruption, accountability of rulers towards their citizens, working for the emergence of
citizenship, as well as raising awareness about economic, political, social and cultural rights.
Today, in light of the sweeping uprisings motivated by an unprecedented determination
of youth who already toppled the Tunisian and Egyptian regimes, Arab civil society has proven
itself to be able to contribute in redefining and re-shaping the social capital and the density of the
social networks of MENA, which covers aspects of community life, a high level of participation,
trust and reciprocity. This type of social capital is essential to economic development and
businesses’ performances and responsibilities towards the communities they serve. By the same
token, civil society in the Maghreb can and should be the cornerstone in sensitizing, organizing,
and mobilizing corporations, for their interactions with private and public enterprises fluctuate
between collaborative partnership as well as organized counterbalance of defense and promotion
of collective and public rights.
Evolution of Moroccan Civil Society
The presence of civil society as an active political body within Morocco’s institutional
tissue dates back to more than three decades when the country ratified the International Pact on
Civil and Political Rights; freedom of association in 1979 (Kausch, 2008a). Generally, NGOs
can be clustered into three categories: 1) business association, 2) labor unions, and 3) political
parties. On the one hand, Labor Union, regardless of its long existence and experience in
militarism, is still ineffective due to its old dated management and vision. Syndicalism in
morocco started as early as the beginning of the French protectorate (1912). It witnessed a
structural reform in the mid 1950 when the Moroccan unions decided to align the Nation’s
oppositional movements, giving birth to the first union (Moroccan Work Union) in 1956. Since
then, their presence has gained more space, diversity, and affiliations in political parties.
However, it has not been able to step out of its traditional operational framework. According to
11. 11
Zef (2005):
“The Moroccan unions’ way of working is largely delayed in relation
to the demands of the moment. Their attachment to syndicalism of the
fifties and sixties doesn’t prepare them to hoist themselves to the level
of decision-making. Their managements are not yet ready to use
modern tools and methods. They act in the logic of a primary force
report without reference to modern methods.” (P.11)
On the other hand, political parties, which can be localized under three blocks. First, there
are the State’s parties. They have old tradition, and are equipped with organized structures, such
as economic commissions, social commissions, and institutional commissions, which allow them
a unique proximity to the monarchy and an active participation in the political debate. The
second type is the occasional party, created by administration during electoral periods. It is
known for its managerial competency having first hand information about the social and
economic data due to their close position to the administration. Finally, there is the unrepresented
party. These are the advocates of social rights of the rural side population.
There are also parties of the two extremes: the extreme left and the Islamic parties. Out of
all these categories emanates an eclectic spectrum of women’s associations. They are more than
30 organizations. Some deal with the political and institutional emancipation of women, others
with socio-economic issues such as education and poverty, others with issues related to civic
rights, and the list goes on. Founded in 1985, the Democratic Association of Moroccan Women
(Association Démocratique des Femmes du Maroc, ADFM), for instance, is one of the leading
and oldest feminist organizations. It assigns itself the mission of protection and promotion of
women’s human rights as universally recognized. The third category is the associations of
entrepreneurs. They emerged as an independent economic power in the Moroccan public sphere
in the 1990s thanks to the linearization and privatization process the States ventured into. Later
on, they have constituted an autonomous centrality within the economic life. The rise of the
associations of entrepreneurs was the results of a daunting struggle coupled with a failing
economic model in 80s.
Up to the early 1980s, the Moroccan society was characterized by a sprit of a solidary
community life under an absolute political control of the State. But the political and economic
model followed back then had proved to be sterile. The State’s traditional strategy of equilibrium,
which consisted of the creation of relays, the recuperation of powers emerging at the base, the
12. 12
globalization at the top and the practice of state clientage, proved to be inadequate. The State’s
clientage led, in a context of shortage of resources, to an overcharge of demands and a crisis of
lawfulness of the State. Additionally, the increasing exclusion of young people from economic
and political life constituted the grounds for a radical and violent dispute between the people and
the ruling body. Furthermore, limiting the political participation to the notables and docile elites
has not been able to accommodate the presence of a middle class in full expansion, (Zef Bonn,
2005).
Faced with such vertebral handicaps, the State had no options other than devising new
political and economic strategies that would synchronize with regional as well as the transitional
fast rhythm of economic and social transformations, besides the opening up of the world market
and the economic liberalization. In 2002, new legislation was adopted to facilitate the use of
foreign funding by Moroccan Civil Society Organizations (fKhakee, 2008). Furthermore,
international pressure coupled with financial support for CSOs promoted an agenda focused on
political and civic rights: e.g. human rights, women’s rights, freedom of the press and association.
Consequently, in a process that could be termed as ‘boundary setting’, the country re-regulated
state–civil society relations by defining the political spheres assigned to state and civil society
actors.
This dynamism gave birth to the associative life in Morocco, providing a new public space,
which structured itself around the promotion of citizenship with autonomous social actors,
behaving as political forces. Since then, thousands of associations in defense of the rights of man,
women, young people, Berbers, civil liberties, political associations, fight against corruption,
fight against aids and economic development issues mushroomed, and now, they have gained
national and transitional recognitions. However, till then, few CSO or NGOs were outlining a
clear strategy of promoting CSR; neither in their working agenda nor in their discourses, expect
the few trade union organizations, most of which were concerned with the rights of state-workers.
As they gained both popular and institutional recognitions, CSO witnessed a fast growth
in number and quality-performance. They started expanding their exposure from metropolitan
cities to rural zones. Their dynamism attacked also the academic landscape; hence, a number of
Moroccan researchers initiated exploratory studies about the nature, structures, and mode of
operations of most prominent national NGOs back then. With the enthronement of Morocco’s
13. 13
new King, Mohamed VI, in 1999, branded as the inaugurator of “Morocco’s New Era”, Business
oriented NGOs started to see light along with various forms of economic and social movements
that were oppressed before. This new era also established a political conciliation between NGOs
and the State’s actor. For the first time in its history, Morocco has established the Ministry of
Governance and Civil Society in 2012, which is currently drafting a road map book that will
organize and regularize the work and rights of NOGs and SCOs. Thanks to this ministry,
Morocco for the first time is able to count the number of its NGOs (over 86,000 national and
local organizations), and categorize them according to their fields of interventions.
Challenges of Moroccan Civil Society
Although the efficacy of new organizations remains to be determined, the historical
significance of these new civil society organizations and associations helps bridging the gap
between public and private sectors, formal and informal ways of doing business, and exercising
individual liberties in Morocco. Nowadays, the most persistent voices are expected to come from
civil society. At the same time, the maintenance of an exclusive link between civil society and
good economic governance often leads to a dichotomous, if not a violent confrontation,
relationship between the state and civil society; and it is not always easy to maintain power
balance while surviving this dichotomy, especially when knowing that most of the business-
oriented NGOs lack expertise and knowledge with matters of international law, international
cooperation, macro-economic strategies, and the list goes on. This handicap weakens their efforts
and advocacy campaigns to promote CSR practices among both local and transnational
corporations.
Many believe that the role of business oriented civil society is very limited and clearly
defined within the ‘public spheres’ boundaries that are chartered by the States; and that they are
not qualified enough to lead a proactive role or even develop a long term strategy of promoting
CSR practices, neither in State-owned enterprise nor in private ones. Compared to some East
European States, such as Slovenia, Ukraine and Estonia, where the concept of civil society is
associated with the analysis of opposition to non-democratic states to foster economic and
political liberalization and lead to increased civic participation in the public sphere (Gellner,
1994; Hirsch, 2002), the Moroccan one and its oppositional role is tightly controlled and often
guided by the omnipresence and vigilance of the State.
14. 14
Oftentimes, members of civil society can only be permitted to resist the State’s
totalitarianism to an extent that would save the face of the former and project a brightened image
of the latter outside its geographical boundaries. Working under such a condition renders the
productivity of this institution very limited and rarely extraordinary. Furthermore, there is even
the claim that many CSOs are too corrupt to be able to contribute to the public good. Bohdana
Dimitrovova (2009), for instance, argues that large segments of Moroccan civil society, that do
not accept the status quo imposed by the political elite, are shunned by the makhzenian structures,
and excluded from the public sphere. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that the
possibility of dialogue within this normative public sphere where “a fair balance of interests can
come about only when all concerned have equal right to participation,” (Habermas, 1999, p.
72) is rather limited.
Politics of exclusion and inequality are diametrically opposed to Habermasian (1999)
notions of the public sphere in which the dialogue between the state and civil society is based on
mutually accepted ethical principles. The oppressive character of the Moroccan public sphere has
important consequences on the actual functioning of civil society. It is agued here that civil
society does not always adhere to the principles of ‘civility’ and ‘tolerance’, and that it can be
subject to political patronage and competition. Another difficulty with Habermas’s somewhat
idealistic notion of the public sphere is the elitist nature of Moroccan civil society and its weak
social impact. Scholars such as Denoueux and Gateau (1995) have pointed out that many
Moroccan CSOs are linked more to the State than to the real concerns of society, which raises
the question of whom civil society actually represents. The elitist character of mainly urban
CSOs and their distance from the reality on the ground has generated widespread skepticism of
‘active’ or responsible citizenship through community involvement.
While the Moroccan public generally pays little attention to CSR, The European Union’s
Neighborhood Policy and preparations for the free-trade zone launched in 2012, for instance,
have had a significant effect on Moroccan industry. Businesses in Morocco are striving for
responsible and sustainable corporate management, not least because of the influence of the
European market. Foreign investors, such French, Spanish and German companies being
particularly numerous in the Moroccan market, are serving as role models with respect to social
engagement and helping to raise awareness of this topic. Siemens, Bayer, BASF, Beiersdorf,
Lufthansa and TUI are among those companies that have been active in Morocco for many years.
15. 15
Intermediaries such as GTZ are involved in public-private partnerships to help companies meet
international standards. For example, GTZ conducted a market study for the Argand’Or
Company, which partners with women’s cooperatives to produce hand-pressed argan oil using
traditional methods.
Today, Morocco offers a variety of opportunities for CSR projects. So far, vocational
training has been a particular focus. German companies recognize that they need to provide basic
and further training for their employees, since the Moroccan system is not producing enough
skilled workers. International organizations, too, are raising awareness. These factors are pushing
urging the government toward the adoption of European environmental standards and regulations,
since this is essential if Moroccan exports – especially textiles, shoes and food – are to remain
competitive.
Conclusion
All in all, at one level, both history and performance the Moroccan Civil Society has
walked reveal that the latter has come a long way; and yet, “the challenge facing these
organizations is to establish themselves as forces for innovation and to encourage the state to
change policies that are detrimental to Moroccans and their democracy. Indeed, the state in
Morocco relies on these organizations to implement policy and help meet the needs of the public.
Giving them the space to operate independently would help civil society have a genuine
partnership with the state.” However, the tasks of these organizations in their efforts to fosters
channels of cultural diplomacy within and across nation remain challenging as long as the
country does not show a bold political readiness to work hand in hand with these NGOs in an
context of mutual trust and respects.
At another level, unless NGOs are able to mobilize consumers and governments, they are
unlikely to be successful in the long run performance with regards to CSR. As long as the
majority of consumers remain either ill informed or indifferent to labor and human rights
conditions under which corporations produce the goods they deliver to marketplaces, no amount
of NGO pressure will produce sustainable changes. The good news is that studies have shown
that consumers are motivated to avoid purchasing products/services that they know are being
made under abusive labor conditions. Governments could and should be doing more not only in
setting standards and establishing negative regulations but also in providing tax and other
16. 16
regulatory incentives that reward corporations for good behavior. The NGO-led social
responsibility movement in the Middle East must now move the CSR agenda from voluntary
compliance, to soft-law approaches, and finally to rigorous national and international
enforcement regimes. Nevertheless, the NGO- led movement is unlikely to be successful unless
it can mobilize support for greater corporate social accountability from informed consumers,
concerned government officials, and progressive companies.
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