New definition and new theory (stem cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer.General concept of cancer
by
CTGU, YICHANG CHINA-dr. rk dhaugoda
Visiting Assistant professor ( FROM NEPAL)
New definition and new theory (stem cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer-by dr.ra...Rajkumar Dhaugoda
Lecture notes on New definition and new theory (stem cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer
General concept of cancer
By Dr.Rkdhaugoda
CTGU, YICHANG CHINA-
Visiting Assistant professor ( FROM NEPAL)
2014- MAY-5th
Role of cancer stem cells in cancer therapyniper hyd
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs) and potential therapies targeting them. It begins with introductions to stem cells and CSCs, then covers the history of discovering CSCs. New therapies discussed include targeting CSC-specific markers, signal pathways like Wnt and Notch, CSC metabolism, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clinical trials targeting CSC pathways are also summarized. The document provides an overview of CSCs and recent research into developing treatments focused on these cells.
Identification Of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cellsbegelfer
The study identified cancer stem cells in pancreatic tumors that have the ability to self-renew and generate differentiated tumor cells. Highly tumorigenic cancer cells were found that expressed the cell surface markers CD44, CD24, and ESA. These cells showed properties of stem cells by forming tumors in mice after injection, undergoing self-renewal, and generating differentiated progeny. Targeting these cancer stem cells may be needed to effectively treat pancreatic cancer as traditional therapies often miss these cells.
Cancer stem cells have implications in clinical settings. Only a small portion (<1%) of tumor cells can form new tumors, known as tumor initiating cells or cancer stem cells. These cells express specific cell surface markers that can be identified using flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Targeting cancer stem cells is important for therapy because they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Combination therapies that target cancer stem cell pathways such as Hedgehog and Wnt signaling or aldehyde dehydrogenase activity may be more effective treatments.
This document discusses the use of stem cells in neurosurgery. It begins with an introduction on how the brain was once thought to lack the ability for self-repair but is now known to regenerate neurons. The outline includes topics on different types of stem cells, their use in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain tumors, and stroke. Methods of stem cell implantation and challenges are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the current and future prospects of neural stem cells in treatment and the need for more preclinical and clinical trials.
This document discusses using stem cells for diabetes treatment. It mentions:
1. Human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, umbilical cord blood, and mesenchymal stromal cells can potentially be used for diabetes treatment.
2. Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into insulin-expressing cells through a stepwise process involving definitive endoderm and embryoid body formation under specific factors.
3. The goal is to generate enough functional insulin-producing beta cells to restore normal blood glucose levels in diabetics through cell-based therapies.
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are rare cells in tumors that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the diverse cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs were first hypothesized in the 1870s and experiments in the 1950s-60s provided early evidence for their existence. The concept of CSCs was revived in the 2000s, with the definition that they can recapitulate tumor growth. CSCs are identified experimentally by markers and assays. They are thought to originate from somatic or adult stem/progenitor cells and have properties of self-renewal, differentiation, immortality. CSCs may cause metastases, therapy resistance and recurrence. Targeting CSCs may improve cancer treatment and CSCs may serve
This document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state. This allows them to differentiate into various cell types. The document outlines the properties and characterization of iPSCs, the genes involved in reprogramming, potential applications for modeling diseases and regenerative medicine, and advantages and limitations of iPSCs compared to embryonic stem cells.
New definition and new theory (stem cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer-by dr.ra...Rajkumar Dhaugoda
Lecture notes on New definition and new theory (stem cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer
General concept of cancer
By Dr.Rkdhaugoda
CTGU, YICHANG CHINA-
Visiting Assistant professor ( FROM NEPAL)
2014- MAY-5th
Role of cancer stem cells in cancer therapyniper hyd
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs) and potential therapies targeting them. It begins with introductions to stem cells and CSCs, then covers the history of discovering CSCs. New therapies discussed include targeting CSC-specific markers, signal pathways like Wnt and Notch, CSC metabolism, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clinical trials targeting CSC pathways are also summarized. The document provides an overview of CSCs and recent research into developing treatments focused on these cells.
Identification Of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cellsbegelfer
The study identified cancer stem cells in pancreatic tumors that have the ability to self-renew and generate differentiated tumor cells. Highly tumorigenic cancer cells were found that expressed the cell surface markers CD44, CD24, and ESA. These cells showed properties of stem cells by forming tumors in mice after injection, undergoing self-renewal, and generating differentiated progeny. Targeting these cancer stem cells may be needed to effectively treat pancreatic cancer as traditional therapies often miss these cells.
Cancer stem cells have implications in clinical settings. Only a small portion (<1%) of tumor cells can form new tumors, known as tumor initiating cells or cancer stem cells. These cells express specific cell surface markers that can be identified using flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Targeting cancer stem cells is important for therapy because they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Combination therapies that target cancer stem cell pathways such as Hedgehog and Wnt signaling or aldehyde dehydrogenase activity may be more effective treatments.
This document discusses the use of stem cells in neurosurgery. It begins with an introduction on how the brain was once thought to lack the ability for self-repair but is now known to regenerate neurons. The outline includes topics on different types of stem cells, their use in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain tumors, and stroke. Methods of stem cell implantation and challenges are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the current and future prospects of neural stem cells in treatment and the need for more preclinical and clinical trials.
This document discusses using stem cells for diabetes treatment. It mentions:
1. Human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, umbilical cord blood, and mesenchymal stromal cells can potentially be used for diabetes treatment.
2. Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into insulin-expressing cells through a stepwise process involving definitive endoderm and embryoid body formation under specific factors.
3. The goal is to generate enough functional insulin-producing beta cells to restore normal blood glucose levels in diabetics through cell-based therapies.
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are rare cells in tumors that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the diverse cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs were first hypothesized in the 1870s and experiments in the 1950s-60s provided early evidence for their existence. The concept of CSCs was revived in the 2000s, with the definition that they can recapitulate tumor growth. CSCs are identified experimentally by markers and assays. They are thought to originate from somatic or adult stem/progenitor cells and have properties of self-renewal, differentiation, immortality. CSCs may cause metastases, therapy resistance and recurrence. Targeting CSCs may improve cancer treatment and CSCs may serve
This document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state. This allows them to differentiate into various cell types. The document outlines the properties and characterization of iPSCs, the genes involved in reprogramming, potential applications for modeling diseases and regenerative medicine, and advantages and limitations of iPSCs compared to embryonic stem cells.
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL AND GENOME ENGINEERINGharrisonjoshua
This document summarizes a presentation on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome engineering. It defines iPSCs as adult cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state through the introduction of certain genes. The document discusses how iPSCs can be generated and differentiated into various cell types, offering potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. It also presents several case studies demonstrating how iPSC technology could be applied to develop treatments for retinal pigmentosa, frontotemporal dementia, and preclinical toxicology screening of new drugs.
Pluripotent Stem Cells and their applications in disease modelling, drug disc...tara singh rawat
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes key topics related to cancer stem cells. It discusses how cancers contain and arise from stem cells, known as cancer stem cells. Traditional cancer therapies target transit amplifying cells but not cancer stem cells. The document outlines several mechanisms of targeting cancer stem cells, including targeting surface markers, inducing apoptosis, and modulating signaling pathways like mTOR, SHH, and WNT/β-catenin. Radiation therapy is also described as damaging cancer cell DNA to kill cells or slow growth. The conclusion emphasizes that identifying therapies targeting cancer stem cells could help prevent cancer recurrence when combined with standard chemotherapy.
Cell within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor”.
“CSC can thus only be defined experimentally by their ability to recapitulate the generation of a continuously growing tumor”.
Liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs), also known as oval cells in rodents, are thought to be bipotential precursors to liver parenchymal cells. Transplant of LSPCs has been done via injection into the spleen or veins, but this causes a severe fibrogenic response driven by progenitor activation and requires immunosuppression. The ability of LSPCs to fully differentiate into hepatocytes remains unclear. Adult LSPCs are limited in supply, and use of human fetal LSPCs faces ethical issues. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hepatic progenitors may be an alternative approach.
Cancer is diagnosed in about 1 in 250 men and 1 in 300 women annually according to the WHO. Cancer is clonal in origin and has six hallmarks including immortality, producing growth signals, overriding stop signals, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis, and causing metastasis. Treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first derived from mouse cells in 2006 and human cells in 2007, earning the discoverers the Nobel Prize. iPSCs can differentiate into many cell types and are useful for modeling diseases, developing immunotherapies and cancer treatments, and studying mechanisms of disease. However, obstacles remain regarding
This document summarizes the current status of stem cell research and therapy for cardiac repair. It discusses the types of stem cells used, including embryonic, bone marrow-derived, and resident cardiac stem cells. Methods of stem cell delivery like intravenous, intracoronary, and direct injection are presented. The mechanisms by which stem cells home to the heart and differentiate are described. Clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells for acute myocardial infarction and heart failure are mentioned. While benefits are seen, long-term effects and several unresolved issues are still being investigated.
Control of Cancer Stem Cell Migration and invasionGirish Kumar K
Cancer stem cells are rare cells within tumors that can self-renew and generate all cell types in a tumor. They are responsible for tumor initiation and driving metastasis. Cancer stem cells are identified through sphere formation assays, flow cytometry to detect drug efflux pumps, and cell surface marker expression. They can be isolated from tumors using fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic-activated cell sorting based on specific cell surface markers. Targeting cancer stem cells may help control metastasis and tumor relapse.
This document discusses the potential use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from fibroblasts for treating Parkinson's disease. It summarizes that iPSCs can be generated from adult fibroblasts through retroviral transduction of specific transcription factors. One study discussed found that when neurons derived from reprogrammed mouse fibroblasts were transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's, they functionally integrated into the brain and improved motor symptoms. The document concludes that while iPSC-derived cells show promise for treating Parkinson's, more research is still needed to address safety issues before applying this technique to humans.
Martin Pera stem cells and the future of medicineigorod
This document discusses stem cell research and regenerative medicine. It begins by defining regenerative medicine and stem cells. It describes different types of stem cells including tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It discusses some clinical uses of tissue stem cells and limitations. It then covers the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 and their potential uses and challenges. The rest of the document discusses various stem cell research projects at USC including using stem cells to study disease, induced pluripotent stem cells, and stem cell-based therapies for conditions like macular degeneration and HIV/AIDS.
iPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells, are adult cells that have been artificially reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state through the expression of specific genes. Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka conducted research demonstrating that mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed into iPS cells through the use of transcription factors. While iPS cells show promise for regenerative medicine applications, current research is focused on addressing issues such as variability in gene expression and DNA methylation between iPS cell lines as well as developing methods to create iPS cells without integrating vectors that could cause mutations.
Cancer stem cell theory and evidence from colorecatalKareem Ahmed
This is a presentation of a review article explaining theory of cancer stem cells with evidences from colorectal cancer at a glance. It was presented at Student Research Symposium at Faculty OF Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,
Anti-cancer stem cell drug starts clinical trialsrandazzov
OncoMed Pharmaceuticals has commenced a Phase 1 clinical trial of its anti-cancer stem cell drug OMP-59R5 in patients with advanced solid tumors. OMP-59R5 targets cancer stem cells and Notch receptors in tumors and aims to improve cancer treatment by targeting pathways critical for tumor growth and survival. Preliminary results from the trial have shown decreases in tumor-initiating cells and positive indications of disease control and tumor responses to the drug.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), including indications for autologous and allogeneic HSCT, pre-transplant evaluation procedures, sources of stem cells, HLA matching, peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and collection, and cryopreservation of stem cells. Key points include that HSCT involves transferring stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow, common indications include various forms of cancer and blood disorders, extensive pre-transplant testing is required, and stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or cord blood and must be cryopreserved at specific temperatures and rates to maintain viability long-term.
Stem cell therapy in neurological disorderNeurologyKota
Stem cell therapy shows promise for treating neurological diseases. Various stem cell sources like embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult neural stem cells can differentiate into neural cells and may be able to replace damaged or dead cells. Clinical trials have been conducted for conditions like Parkinson's disease and stroke with some patients showing improvements, but larger trials are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. Challenges remain in ensuring stem cells engraft and properly differentiate in the brain.
16. identification and characterization of cancer stem cells in liver cancer ...Dr. Wilfred Lin (Ph.D.)
This document summarizes research on cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It first provides background on HCC as the 5th most common cancer and 3rd leading cause of cancer death, with risk factors including HBV/HCV infection, aflatoxin B1, alcohol, and obesity. It then defines CSCs as cells within tumors that self-renew and cause heterogeneous lineages. Studies identified a CD133+ subpopulation in HCC with CSC properties like tumorigenicity, self-renewal, differentiation, and chemoresistance. Further research showed this CD133+ CSC population contributes to chemoresistance through specific pathways and can be better characterized by A
The document discusses the cell cycle, which is a programmed series of events that allows a cell to duplicate its contents and divide into two daughter cells. It describes the stages of the cell cycle including gap phases, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. Checkpoint controls ensure each step is completed before advancing to the next. Cancer cells often lose these checkpoint controls, allowing uncontrolled cell division. The roles of cyclins, CDKs, and inhibitors like pRb in regulating the cell cycle are also summarized. Understanding the cell cycle can aid developing anticancer drugs that target specific regulatory proteins.
This document discusses stem cell therapy and the properties and types of stem cells. It outlines the history of key stem cell discoveries from the 1950s to present. Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, hematopoietic, or other types. Clinical trials are exploring using stem cells to treat conditions like macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and more. Challenges include developing cell types that can properly integrate and replacing lost or damaged tissues.
ABC of STEM CELL therapy (Lifecare - ReeCure Centre)Lifecare Centre
This document provides information about LifeCare - ReeCure Centre for Stem Cell Therapy. It introduces the directors and board members. It discusses sources of stem cells, procedures for stem cell therapy, and indications that can be treated. Key points include that stem cell therapy depends on cell type, technology for differentiation and multiplication, and quality control analysis. A variety of diseases are described that stem cell therapy may help treat, including cardiovascular, liver, bone, neurological, and more. The document outlines the stem cell therapy process and notes it is safe, non-toxic, and without side effects. Pricing for various conditions is also listed. The future of stem cell medicine is described as having great potential. Contact information is provided
This document provides an overview of different theories of wages. It discusses subsistence theory, which states that wages will tend toward the minimum needed to keep workers alive. Wages fund theory argues wages are paid from a predetermined fund. Surplus value theory says workers are paid less than the value they create, with the surplus going to expenses. Residual claimant theory views labor as the residual claimant to the value created after other factors are paid. Marginal productivity theory holds that wages are determined by how much value workers add at the margin.
1. The document discusses various economic theories of factor pricing and distribution, including the theory of rent, wages, and profit.
2. It provides details on marginal productivity theory and critiques it, explaining modern theory of factor pricing under perfect competition using demand and supply.
3. Theories of rent such as Ricardian and theories of wages such as marginal productivity and modern supply and demand theories are summarized, along with criticisms of each approach.
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL AND GENOME ENGINEERINGharrisonjoshua
This document summarizes a presentation on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome engineering. It defines iPSCs as adult cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state through the introduction of certain genes. The document discusses how iPSCs can be generated and differentiated into various cell types, offering potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. It also presents several case studies demonstrating how iPSC technology could be applied to develop treatments for retinal pigmentosa, frontotemporal dementia, and preclinical toxicology screening of new drugs.
Pluripotent Stem Cells and their applications in disease modelling, drug disc...tara singh rawat
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes key topics related to cancer stem cells. It discusses how cancers contain and arise from stem cells, known as cancer stem cells. Traditional cancer therapies target transit amplifying cells but not cancer stem cells. The document outlines several mechanisms of targeting cancer stem cells, including targeting surface markers, inducing apoptosis, and modulating signaling pathways like mTOR, SHH, and WNT/β-catenin. Radiation therapy is also described as damaging cancer cell DNA to kill cells or slow growth. The conclusion emphasizes that identifying therapies targeting cancer stem cells could help prevent cancer recurrence when combined with standard chemotherapy.
Cell within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor”.
“CSC can thus only be defined experimentally by their ability to recapitulate the generation of a continuously growing tumor”.
Liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs), also known as oval cells in rodents, are thought to be bipotential precursors to liver parenchymal cells. Transplant of LSPCs has been done via injection into the spleen or veins, but this causes a severe fibrogenic response driven by progenitor activation and requires immunosuppression. The ability of LSPCs to fully differentiate into hepatocytes remains unclear. Adult LSPCs are limited in supply, and use of human fetal LSPCs faces ethical issues. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hepatic progenitors may be an alternative approach.
Cancer is diagnosed in about 1 in 250 men and 1 in 300 women annually according to the WHO. Cancer is clonal in origin and has six hallmarks including immortality, producing growth signals, overriding stop signals, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis, and causing metastasis. Treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first derived from mouse cells in 2006 and human cells in 2007, earning the discoverers the Nobel Prize. iPSCs can differentiate into many cell types and are useful for modeling diseases, developing immunotherapies and cancer treatments, and studying mechanisms of disease. However, obstacles remain regarding
This document summarizes the current status of stem cell research and therapy for cardiac repair. It discusses the types of stem cells used, including embryonic, bone marrow-derived, and resident cardiac stem cells. Methods of stem cell delivery like intravenous, intracoronary, and direct injection are presented. The mechanisms by which stem cells home to the heart and differentiate are described. Clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells for acute myocardial infarction and heart failure are mentioned. While benefits are seen, long-term effects and several unresolved issues are still being investigated.
Control of Cancer Stem Cell Migration and invasionGirish Kumar K
Cancer stem cells are rare cells within tumors that can self-renew and generate all cell types in a tumor. They are responsible for tumor initiation and driving metastasis. Cancer stem cells are identified through sphere formation assays, flow cytometry to detect drug efflux pumps, and cell surface marker expression. They can be isolated from tumors using fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic-activated cell sorting based on specific cell surface markers. Targeting cancer stem cells may help control metastasis and tumor relapse.
This document discusses the potential use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from fibroblasts for treating Parkinson's disease. It summarizes that iPSCs can be generated from adult fibroblasts through retroviral transduction of specific transcription factors. One study discussed found that when neurons derived from reprogrammed mouse fibroblasts were transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's, they functionally integrated into the brain and improved motor symptoms. The document concludes that while iPSC-derived cells show promise for treating Parkinson's, more research is still needed to address safety issues before applying this technique to humans.
Martin Pera stem cells and the future of medicineigorod
This document discusses stem cell research and regenerative medicine. It begins by defining regenerative medicine and stem cells. It describes different types of stem cells including tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It discusses some clinical uses of tissue stem cells and limitations. It then covers the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 and their potential uses and challenges. The rest of the document discusses various stem cell research projects at USC including using stem cells to study disease, induced pluripotent stem cells, and stem cell-based therapies for conditions like macular degeneration and HIV/AIDS.
iPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells, are adult cells that have been artificially reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state through the expression of specific genes. Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka conducted research demonstrating that mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed into iPS cells through the use of transcription factors. While iPS cells show promise for regenerative medicine applications, current research is focused on addressing issues such as variability in gene expression and DNA methylation between iPS cell lines as well as developing methods to create iPS cells without integrating vectors that could cause mutations.
Cancer stem cell theory and evidence from colorecatalKareem Ahmed
This is a presentation of a review article explaining theory of cancer stem cells with evidences from colorectal cancer at a glance. It was presented at Student Research Symposium at Faculty OF Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,
Anti-cancer stem cell drug starts clinical trialsrandazzov
OncoMed Pharmaceuticals has commenced a Phase 1 clinical trial of its anti-cancer stem cell drug OMP-59R5 in patients with advanced solid tumors. OMP-59R5 targets cancer stem cells and Notch receptors in tumors and aims to improve cancer treatment by targeting pathways critical for tumor growth and survival. Preliminary results from the trial have shown decreases in tumor-initiating cells and positive indications of disease control and tumor responses to the drug.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), including indications for autologous and allogeneic HSCT, pre-transplant evaluation procedures, sources of stem cells, HLA matching, peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and collection, and cryopreservation of stem cells. Key points include that HSCT involves transferring stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow, common indications include various forms of cancer and blood disorders, extensive pre-transplant testing is required, and stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or cord blood and must be cryopreserved at specific temperatures and rates to maintain viability long-term.
Stem cell therapy in neurological disorderNeurologyKota
Stem cell therapy shows promise for treating neurological diseases. Various stem cell sources like embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult neural stem cells can differentiate into neural cells and may be able to replace damaged or dead cells. Clinical trials have been conducted for conditions like Parkinson's disease and stroke with some patients showing improvements, but larger trials are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. Challenges remain in ensuring stem cells engraft and properly differentiate in the brain.
16. identification and characterization of cancer stem cells in liver cancer ...Dr. Wilfred Lin (Ph.D.)
This document summarizes research on cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It first provides background on HCC as the 5th most common cancer and 3rd leading cause of cancer death, with risk factors including HBV/HCV infection, aflatoxin B1, alcohol, and obesity. It then defines CSCs as cells within tumors that self-renew and cause heterogeneous lineages. Studies identified a CD133+ subpopulation in HCC with CSC properties like tumorigenicity, self-renewal, differentiation, and chemoresistance. Further research showed this CD133+ CSC population contributes to chemoresistance through specific pathways and can be better characterized by A
The document discusses the cell cycle, which is a programmed series of events that allows a cell to duplicate its contents and divide into two daughter cells. It describes the stages of the cell cycle including gap phases, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. Checkpoint controls ensure each step is completed before advancing to the next. Cancer cells often lose these checkpoint controls, allowing uncontrolled cell division. The roles of cyclins, CDKs, and inhibitors like pRb in regulating the cell cycle are also summarized. Understanding the cell cycle can aid developing anticancer drugs that target specific regulatory proteins.
This document discusses stem cell therapy and the properties and types of stem cells. It outlines the history of key stem cell discoveries from the 1950s to present. Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, hematopoietic, or other types. Clinical trials are exploring using stem cells to treat conditions like macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and more. Challenges include developing cell types that can properly integrate and replacing lost or damaged tissues.
ABC of STEM CELL therapy (Lifecare - ReeCure Centre)Lifecare Centre
This document provides information about LifeCare - ReeCure Centre for Stem Cell Therapy. It introduces the directors and board members. It discusses sources of stem cells, procedures for stem cell therapy, and indications that can be treated. Key points include that stem cell therapy depends on cell type, technology for differentiation and multiplication, and quality control analysis. A variety of diseases are described that stem cell therapy may help treat, including cardiovascular, liver, bone, neurological, and more. The document outlines the stem cell therapy process and notes it is safe, non-toxic, and without side effects. Pricing for various conditions is also listed. The future of stem cell medicine is described as having great potential. Contact information is provided
This document provides an overview of different theories of wages. It discusses subsistence theory, which states that wages will tend toward the minimum needed to keep workers alive. Wages fund theory argues wages are paid from a predetermined fund. Surplus value theory says workers are paid less than the value they create, with the surplus going to expenses. Residual claimant theory views labor as the residual claimant to the value created after other factors are paid. Marginal productivity theory holds that wages are determined by how much value workers add at the margin.
1. The document discusses various economic theories of factor pricing and distribution, including the theory of rent, wages, and profit.
2. It provides details on marginal productivity theory and critiques it, explaining modern theory of factor pricing under perfect competition using demand and supply.
3. Theories of rent such as Ricardian and theories of wages such as marginal productivity and modern supply and demand theories are summarized, along with criticisms of each approach.
Wage fund theory – wage theories - compensation management - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This theory was developed by Adam Smith and was further expounded by J.S.Mill.
J.S. Mill said that wages mainly depend upon demand for and supply of labour or the proportion between population and capital available.
Managerial economics applies economic principles and methodologies to business decision-making. It seeks to establish rules and principles to help businesses attain their economic goals. The key aspects of managerial economics are decision-making, using economic methodology, and achieving the economic goals of the firm like maximizing profits from scarce resources. While economic theories are too general, managerial economics adds business logic and analytical tools to make the theories useful for rational managerial decision-making.
Wage concept and wage meaning in variuos actAbhilash Nair
This document defines and discusses various concepts of wages under different Indian labour laws and committees. It discusses definitions of minimum wage, living wage, and fair wage as defined by the 1948 Committee on Fair Wages. Minimum wage is defined as providing bare sustenance and efficiency, while living wage provides basic needs plus some comforts. Fair wage falls between minimum and living wage depending on industry capacity. Payment of Wages Act and Minimum Wages Act definitions of wages include cash payments and some benefits but exclude bonuses and housing. ESI Act definition also includes authorised leave payments.
Rent can take several forms according to economic theories. Differential rent arises due to differences in the fertility or location of land, where more fertile land commands a higher rent. Scarcity rent is determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the land market, with rent rising as demand increases relative to the fixed supply of land. Quasi-rent is the temporary surplus earned on factors of production besides land when supply cannot immediately respond to increased demand in the short run.
Ricardo developed the Ricardian theory of rent, which states that rent arises due to differences in the fertility of land used for agriculture. Land is assumed to have original and indestructible powers of fertility bestowed by nature. Rent is the surplus earned from more fertile land over the least fertile 'marginal' land that marks the extensive limit of cultivation. Rent is determined by the law of diminishing returns in agriculture under both extensive and intensive cultivation. The theory explains the origin of differential rent but makes unrealistic assumptions about land.
The Service Profit Chain
Customer Lifecycle
Profitably Serving Customers
Followed by:
Part One – Linking the Customer Lifecycle and Business Logic
Part Two – Developing the Customer Value Package
Part Three – Developing Service Products to fill the Value Package
Part Four – Understanding Service Pricing Strategies
Part Five – Improving Margins through the Service Value Chain
This document discusses theories of factor pricing and rent. It defines factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship which are rewarded through rent, wages, interest and profit respectively. It then describes the marginal productivity theory which states that factors are paid their marginal revenue product. The modern theory considers both demand and supply factors. Rent is defined as payment for using land and there are different views on its conceptualization such as differential surplus, scarcity rent and quasi-rent.
The document discusses various economic and behavioral theories of wages, including:
1) Early wage theories included the wage fund theory (1870-1914) and marginal productivity theory (1914-present), which involve wages being determined by demand and supply of labor.
2) Behavioral theories of motivation include equity theory, expectancy theory, and agency theory, which examine how motivation and wages can align employer and employee goals.
3) Wage differentials refer to differences in pay based on skills, industries, occupations, sectors, regions, and personal characteristics, and aim to incentivize workers.
(1) The document discusses various theories on rent and wages, including the Ricardian theory of rent, modern theory of rent, and theories of wages such as the subsistence theory, wages fund theory, and marginal productivity theory of wages.
(2) Key aspects of the Ricardian theory are that rent arises due to differences in land fertility and location, and rent is a surplus from more productive "intra-marginal" lands over the least productive "marginal" land.
(3) The modern theory extends the concept of rent beyond just land to other factors with inelastic supply like labor and capital in the short-run.
The document discusses several theories of wages:
1) The subsistence theory argues that wages are determined by the cost of bare subsistence and do not depend on labor demand.
2) The wage fund theory claims wages are determined by a fixed fund set aside by employers for wages, so increased employment leads to lower wages.
3) Classical labor theories view labor as the source of value and determinant of commodity prices and wages.
4) Neoclassical marginal productivity theory holds that wages are determined by demand and supply of labor in the market, where demand depends on marginal productivity and supply on preferences between work and leisure. Unions may achieve higher wages for members but reduce employment per the theory.
The document discusses the hallmarks of cancer as proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg. It identifies the eight hallmarks as sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics, and avoiding immune destruction. It also discusses two enabling characteristics - genome instability and mutation, and tumor-promoting inflammation. Finally, it summarizes how several of these hallmarks, including sustaining proliferative signaling, activating invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, and genome instability and mutation have been identified in breast cancer and contribute to its heterogeneity and treatment resistance.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growth) and cancer. It discusses the history and nomenclature of cancer, the difference between benign and malignant tumors, epidemiology, and the molecular basis and hallmarks of cancer development. Specifically, it describes how cancer arises from genetic mutations that cause cells to grow uncontrollably, evade growth controls, develop new blood vessels, and spread to other areas of the body. The document also examines in more detail the roles of tumor suppressor genes like RB and p53, which normally inhibit cell growth but are inactivated in cancer.
Malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, and form new tumors (metastasis). Benign tumors are not cancerous, do not invade tissues or spread, and can be surgically removed without threat to life. Cancer cells have characteristics like sustained growth signaling, evading growth suppression, resisting cell death, increased replication ability, inducing angiogenesis, and spreading to other areas (metastasis). These characteristics arise through genetic mutations that alter the functions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
1. Regenerative medicine aims to treat disease and injury by producing new cells to replace damaged or malfunctioning cells. This may involve stem cells, biological therapies, medical devices, or genes and cells.
2. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be created by reprogramming adult cells via gene transfer.
3. Stem cell therapies and tissue engineering hold promise for treating conditions where organs are damaged or in short supply, such as using a patient's own cells to regenerate skin or corneas.
Stem cell therapy : A hope to "No Hope Disorders" Diseased Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various "no hope disorders". It provides an overview of stem cell sources and types, including adult stem cells from bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and other tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their plasticity and low risk of rejection. A range of conditions are described as effectively treated with stem cell therapy, including diabetes, neurological disorders, bone/cartilage disorders and liver/kidney diseases. The document promotes an Indian stem cell company that offers various banking and treatment services.
Stem cell transplantation offers potential treatments for diseases like diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and heart disease. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells can be cultivated and differentiated into specific cell types using growth factors, cytokines, and physical scaffolds. While stem cell therapy shows promise, there are also ethical issues regarding embryonic stem cells and challenges to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Stem cell therpay a hope to no hope disodersStemcellGP21
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various incurable or "no hope" disorders. It provides an overview of stem cells, their sources and types. Mesenchymal stem cells from sources like bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and adipose tissue are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their ability to differentiate, lack of ethical issues, and potential to be used across HLA barriers. A number of incurable conditions are identified where stem cell therapy may be effective or very effective, including diabetes, neurological disorders, anti-aging, and orthopedic issues. The success of stem cell therapy depends on isolating and culturing the appropriate stem cell types for differentiation. Questions about the therapy are also addressed
The document discusses the eight hallmarks of cancer identified by Hanahan and Weinberg: 1) sustaining proliferative signaling, 2) evading growth suppressors, 3) resisting cell death, 4) enabling replicative immortality, 5) inducing angiogenesis, 6) activating invasion and metastasis, 7) evading immune destruction, and 8) deregulating cellular metabolism. It provides details on the molecular mechanisms cancer cells use to acquire these hallmark capabilities, such as generating their own growth signals, inactivating tumor suppressors, increasing anti-apoptotic factors, maintaining telomeres, secreting angiogenic factors, enhancing proteases, and adapting metabolism.
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The document discusses considerations for choosing an animal model for cancer research. It outlines various model types including spontaneous, chemically-induced, viral-induced, genetically engineered, xenograft, and tissue transplant models. For each model, the document discusses advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes that the choice of model depends on the specific research question and no single model is perfect.
This document discusses tumor-host interactions and the systemic effects of neoplasms. It covers topics such as invasion and metastasis, the molecular mechanisms of invasion through the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis in cancer, evidence of anti-tumor immunity including immune surveillance and immune escape, systemic symptoms of cancer including cachexia, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts and mechanisms.
Cancer is caused by defects in cell division that result from genetic mutations. Normal cell growth becomes unregulated, as cells multiply uncontrollably and crowd out healthy tissue. If cancer cells invade surrounding areas or spread to other parts of the body through metastasis and angiogenesis, it is considered malignant. Staging and grading of tumors helps determine prognosis and appropriate treatment options like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
Dr. Kenneth Dickie from Royal Centre of Plastic Surgery in Barrie, Ontario explained the use of stem cells technology in plastic surgery.
If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Kenneth Dickie at http://royalcentreofplasticsurgery.com/
These are Lectures of Basic molecular pharmacology presented by Dr.Omer Yahia In coordination with faculty of pharmacy university of Khartoum, al-Neelen medical research center, GENOM Professional training center and National center of Research (Ministry of science and communication).
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Oncology - For nursing students - tumors classification, cancer, differences between benign and malignant neoplasm,spread of cancer, pathophysiology with cancer cells, carcinogenesis, etiology, cancer screening, cancer prevention, management of cancer, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, oncologic emergencies
This document discusses cancer, including its causes, characteristics, types, detection, and treatment. Some key points:
- Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be due to physical, chemical, or biological carcinogens. Common types include carcinomas, sarcomas, melanomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.
- Cancer cells lose contact inhibition and cell adhesion, allow angiogenesis and metastasis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes like p53 can contribute to uncontrolled growth.
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- Common treatments are surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy
Stem cell therapy shows promise for treating various neurological disorders. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent, and adult stem cells which are multipotent. Stem cells may promote cell replacement in damaged organs through proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Challenges include optimal cell types and doses, monitoring transplanted cells, and ensuring safety. While stem cell therapy is being studied for conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and stroke, more research is still needed to address current obstacles in translating laboratory findings to clinical applications.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Newer concept, definition and theory of cancer by dr. rkdhaugoda of Nepal
1. New definition and new theory (stem
cell-microRNA Theory) of cancer
General concept of cancer
by
CTGU, YICHANG CHINA-dr. rk dhaugoda
Visiting Assistant professor ( FROM
NEPAL)
2. CANCER AT A GLANCE- CURRENT
CONCEPT
big challenging SUBJECT even though our advance medical knowledge
few oncologic diseases we can able to treat when detected in early stage by
means surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
ACTUAL CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN
MULTI-FACTORIAL CAUSES- PROPOSED
PROPOSED MECHANISM – MUTATION OF NORMAL GENE-FORMING
ONCOGENE- UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH, METABOLIC CHANGES
INCREASED GLYCOLYSIS.
New theory- stem cell theory-deregulated microRNA
DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEM. due to late detection, and
multiple metastases locally as well as distantly
no specific ways to prevent, as it is multifactorial, acquired and genetic
dependent causes.
High mortality/ morbidity- high cost/ expensive.
3. CANCER AT A GLANCE
• There are many cause have been listed for the
causation or initiation of oncologic diseases
• genetic causes- mutation
• There are over 200 different known cancers that
affect humans
• environmental factors like smoking, various
viruses, foreign proteins, chemicals, toxins,
radiations, immune deficiency conditions like
AIDS, anti cancer drugs and many other stress
factors.
4. Normal cell physiology
• Controlled cell growth – normal cell replication
• Controlled cell transformation- normal stem cell
• Normal DNA- repair mechanism
• Destruction of unrepaired/ abnormal-cell-naturally-
apoptosis
• Limited life span- cancer cells live for longer time.
• Normal level of –IkBa AND NFkB; TNF-alpha,IKK
• Normal level of intracellular Ca:Mg ( 1:4 )
• NORMAL- CELL METABOLISM-normal glycolysis
• NORMAL CELLS ARE CONTROLLED BY NORMAL STEM
CELLS
5. We have to work for cancer
• Better understanding of pathophysiology
• Finding out of early / sub clinical stage –
detection.
• Finding out of effective prevention of metastasis.
• Finding out cheap less side effect drugs
• Finding out effective prevention method
• Finding out the cause of relapse and treatment
resistant
6. NEW-CONCEPT OF CANCER
• Healthy cells( simple and stem) have a specific
size, structure, function and growth rate that best
serves the needs of the tissues they compose.
• Cancer cells (simple and stem) differ from
normal cells in size, structure, function, and
growth rate.
• Simple cancer cells differentiates with cancer
stem cells
• The malignant cells lack the normal controls of
growth seen in healthy cells, and grow
uncontrollably.
7. General concept OF DISEASE AT
MICRO-MOLECULAR LEVEL
activated NFkB
• Disease( inflammation/vasculitis)=-------------------------
( cancer-stem cell/normal stem cell) IkBa
Persistent stress- inflammation and hypoxia-metabolic
alteration-altered protein synthesis-gene mutation
(immature gene-microRNA)-abnormal-stem cell
physiology- CANCEROUS- INFLAMMAION.
8. Significance of new definition of cancer
• NEW DEFINITION OF CANCER will change
everything about old concept of cancer and
the method of diagnosis, prevention and
treatment of cancer . To
• Helps to carry solution of cancer pollution by
dilution of cancer stem cells.
• Dilution is the solution of pollution.
9. New definition of cancer-BY- Dr.RKD
“It is the process of transformation of normal stem cells
into abnormal (cancer) stem cells due to decreased
matured micro RNA production into the stem cells due
to chronic exposure of any cellular stress factor or
relative low level of antistress factors.”
– Dr. Rajkumar Dhaugoda.
Visiting assistant professor.
China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei
May 1st 2014
10. NORMAL STEM CELL
• Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells
that can differentiate into specialized cells and
can divide (through mitosis) to produce more
stem cells.
• There are two broad types of stem cells:
embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the
inner cell mass of blastocysts.
• Adult stem cells, which are found in various
tissues. Umbilical cord blood, bone marrow,
adipose tissue. and other corresponding organ
tissues
11. difference between stem cells and ordinary cells
self renewal
Stem cells can divide to make exact copies of themselves - a property scientists
call self-renewal.
They differentiate
Stem cells can differentiate to make specialized cells called progenitor cells that
go on to form the organs and tissues in the human body.
They duplicate
Every time a stem cell divides, it makes one exact copy and one progenitor cell.
When the progenitor cell divides, it produces two cells that are somewhat more
specialized. Each generation of new cells is more specialized than the previous
generation until, eventually, mature cells are produced.
They divide indefinitely
Many cells can divide to make copies of themselves, but they can only divide a
certain number of times before they die. Stem cells can keep dividing
indefinitely. Because stem cells are essentially immortal, the body keeps them
under tight control, so they will divide only when a new supply of cells is needed.
12. ADULT STEM CELL
• Every organ and type of tissue in the body
contains a small number of what scientists call
"adult" or "tissue" stem cells.
• Since most cells in the body live for just a
short time, the body needs to keep making
new cells to replace them.
• Adult stem cells ensure a continuous supply
of new cells to replace old cells that wear out
or are destroyed.
13. DEREGULATION OF OF STEM CELL
• Stem cell controls growth of corresponding
somatic cells
• REGULATED BY- MATURE microRNA-
• DECRESEAD LEVEL OF microRNA-
DISREGULATION OF STEM CELL- AND
CAUSING PRODUCTION OF CANCER STEM
CELLS- CAUSED CANCER.
14. TYPES OF STEM CELLS
PRIMITIVE-FETUS/MULTIPOTENT-CELLS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID/
UMBELICAL BLOOD/ SOMATIC-ADULT TYPE-UNIPOTENT
15. CANCER STEM CELL
• Cancer stem cells are defined as those cells
within a tumour that can self-renew and drive
tumorigenesis.
• cancer stem cells have been isolated from a
number of human tumours, including
haematopoietic, brain, colon and breast
cancers
• The cancer stem-cell concept has important
implications for cancer therapy
17. Cancer stem cells
• Cancer stem cells are the small number of
cells within a tumor that drive the tumor's
growth. These cells generally make up just 1%
to 3% of all cells in a tumor.
19. dialectics
“It is the philosophy, science and methodology
of interrelation and transformation of outer
and inner sets of contradictions of any given
particle, unite, process, phenomena, system
or object” -
Rkdhaugoda
20. X
↕
A↔ ---------- KEY LAW OF DIALECTICS ----↔B
↕
Y
“ In any event, system,objects,process,thought or unit contains an
external set of opposite phenomena which are also connected
relatively by means dynamic reciprocal association with other inner
essence one or more sets of opposite phenomena again”. (It is a
new law explored by Dr. R.K.Dhaugoda in the field of dialectics,
called RK Dhaugoda’s key law of dialectics)
i.e. association of opposite phenomena within opposite phenomena,
systems, which are interdepended,interchangable each other as
four dimensional certain reciprocal associations primarily
21. RK Dhaugoda’s Key law of dialectics
• Here, A and B are outer opposite sets-contained in
every system or events or object or process.
• X and Y are another internal opposite sets’
reciprocally associated with the outer opposite sets
dynamically again
22. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer- By dr. rk dhaugoda of Nepal
• The stem cell –microRNA theory of cancer
proposes that among all cancerous cells, a few
act as CANCER stem cells due to decreased
matured microRNA production due to
persistent exposure to the any cellular stress
factors or relative decreased level of cellular
anti-stress factors into the stem cells.
23. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of Cancer
• APPLICATION OF KEY LAW OF DIALECTICS
• “OPPOSITE PHENOMENA WITHIN OPPOSITE PHENOMENA”-
RKDHAUGODA
1. NORMAL CELL ------- CANCER CELL=OUTER OPPOSITES
2. NORMAL STEM CELL---CANCER stem CELL=INNER OPPOSITES
24. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
Normal stem cell
normal cell cancer cell
cancer stem cell
25. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
Wnt sig. off in stem cells
Normal stem cell cancer stem cell
Wnt sig. on in stem cells
26. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
high level of activated NFkB in stem cell
Wnt sig. off in stem cell Wnt sig. on in stem cells
Relative decreased level of IkBa
27. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
activated IKK enzyme in stem cell-by stress factors
activated NFkB in stem cell inactive NFkB in stem cell
Inactive IKK enzyme in stem cell
28. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
persistent exposure of various stress factors-
ROS,enviromental,maternal- in stem cell
activated IKK enzyme Inactive IKK enzyme in stem cell
optimum level of prime ANTI-STRESS FACTOR – X-factor stem cell
29. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
UPTIMUM LEVEL OF MATURE microRNA
NORMAL STEM CELL CANCER STEM CELL
DOWN REGULATED MATURE micro-RNA
30. Normal gene translation by micro RNA in stem cell
Inactive NFkB activated NFkB in stem cell
abnormal gene translation BY microRNA in stem cell
31. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of
Cancer
Down regulated mature –micro RNA
Activation of Myc gene inhibition of Myc gene
(Tumorgenesis)
Optimum level of MATURE micro-RNA
32. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of Cancer
DICER AND microRNA
• DICER (contains cyclin dependent kinase)-ACTIVE
Optimum mature microRNA Immature microRNA
( tumor suppressor micro RNA) (oncogenic microRNA)
DICER (contains cyclin dependent kinase)-INACTIVE
(DECREASE PRODUCTION OF MATURE-microRNA)
34. The Stem Cell –microRNA Theory of Cancer
DICER AND microRNA
low level of stem cell stress factor
high level of stem cell anti-stress factor
( normal microRNA level ) ( decreased microRNA
level)
DICER active DICER inactive
( normal stem cell ) ( cancer stem cell )
high level of stem cell stress factor ( NFkB And TNF-alpha)
low level of stem cell anti-stress factor( IkBa And X-factor)
35. Stem cell , micro RNA AND CANCER
• Activated NFKB enters into nucleus of stem cell-
abnormal gene transcription- causing inhibition
of tumor suppressor gene and mutation of proto-
oncogene to form oncogene.
• Thus- wnt target gene activated resulting in and
Abnormal trasformation of stem cells causing
abnormal cell proliferation(tumer- genesis)-that
is production of cancer stem cells.
36. Stem cell , micro RNA AND CANCER
• Activated tumor suppressor protein p53- causes
abnormal stem cell ( beyond repaired )apoptosis
( natural destruction)
• In cancer stem cell p53 –tumor suppressor gene is
inhibited and DNA repair mechanism also damaged
due to inactivation of DNA polymerase –II.
37. Stem cell , micro RNA AND CANCER
• Scientists have identified a new group of culprits that plays a major role in
the development of human cancers. They are tiny bits of ribonucleic acid
(RNA) called microRNAs that control gene activity. In particular, they stop
or slow the production of cellular messengers necessary for division and
growth.
• microRNAs can regulate gene expression and give stem cells a green light
to pass from the normal stop phase to the stage in which they begin
replicating their DNA for later division
• MicroRNAs interact with the Myc gene, an important cell-growth regulator
that appears to be abnormal in as many as half of all tumours, according
to researchers led by Kathryn O'Donnell, a cancer researcher at Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. In normal tissues,
Myc prompts production of microRNAs that appear to keep those growth
processes in check by influencing another gene called E2F, said Josh
Mendell, a Johns Hopkins geneticist who co-wrote the study
38. microRNA
• A microRNA ( miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA
molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found
in plants, animals, and some viruses, which
functions in transcriptional and post-
transcriptional regulation of gene expression
• The first human disease known to be associated
with miRNA deregulation was chronic
lymphocytic leukemia and later many miRNAs
have been found to have links with some types of
cancer
39. microRNA
• A malfunction in microRNAs may be the cause of a
specific cancer.
• microRNAs and RNA interference in their control over
division of stem cells
• The expression of miRNA seems to be lower in cancer
s than normal tissue .
• Reduced miRNA expression leads to a cancer specific
block and halts in normal development of cells.
• The mature miRNA IS PRODUCED DY DICER (contains
cyclin dependent kinase CKD REGULATES THE miRNA )
40. CANCER
• Cancer – a large group of diseases
( CH.INFLAMMATION/VASCULITIS) characterized
by the uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal STEM cells
• Neoplasm – new growth of tissue that serves no
physiological function
• Tumor – clumping of neoplasmic cells
• Malignant - cancerous
• Benign - noncancerous
41. • Metastasis – malignant tumors that are not
enclosed in a protective capsule have the
ability to spread to other organs
• Mutant cells – disruption of RNA and DNA
within normal cells may produce cells that
differ in form, quality and function from the
normal cell
42. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
• Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
• Sores that do not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of the
body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Persistent coughing or hoarseness
43. Carcinomas (cells
that cover internal and
external body surfaces)
Types of Cancers
Lung
Breast
Colon
Bladder
Prostate
(Men)
Leukemia
(Blood Cells)
Lymphomas
(Lymph nodes &tissues)
Sarcomas
Cells in supportive
tissues – bones &
muscles
45. Cancer
• Cancer is known medically as malignant
neoplasia, is a broad group of diseases involving
unregulated cell growth
• The cancer may also spread to more distant parts
of the body through the lymphatic system or
bloodstream.
• Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do
not invade neighboring tissues and do not spread
throughout the body.
• There are over 200 different known cancers that
affect humans
46. neoplasm
• Neoplasm (from Ancient Greek - neo- "new"
and plasma "formation, creation"), tumor or
tumour is an abnormal mass of tissue as a
result of abnormal growth or division of cells.
• Prior to abnormal growth (known as
neoplasia), cells often undergo an abnormal
pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or
dysplasia.
47. neoplasia
• the process of tumor formation
• Cellular Transformation from normal to
neoplastic cell.
• Neoplastic cell= transformed cell
48. benign tumor
• A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the
ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.
These characteristics are required for a tumor to be
defined as cancerous and therefore benign tumors are
non-cancerous. Also, benign tumors generally have a
slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the
tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have
normal features).[1][2][3] Benign tumors are typically
surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of
connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium.[4]
Common examples of benign tumors include moles
(nevi) and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas).
49. Two major types: Benign and
Malignant
Benign:grow slowly
1) low mitotic rate
2) well differentiated
3) not invasive; well-defined borders
4) remain localized;
5) do not metastasize
50. malignant
• Malignancy (from Latin male "badly" + -gnus
"born") is the tendency of a medical
condition,
• especially tumors, to become progressively
worse and to potentially result in death.
Malignancy in cancers is characterized by
anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis.
51. 51
Stages of cancer spread:
Stage 1 – confined to site of origin
Stage 2- cancer is locally invasive
Stage 3 – cancer has spread to
regional structures
Stage 4- cancer has spread to
distant sites
52. Modes of cancer Therapy
• Surgery- curative/palliative
• Radiation-
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy -interferon or interleukins
• Antibodies-TNF-alpha-inhibitors
• IKK- enzyme inhibitors
• Small molecules-proteins- that activates the DICER-enzyme
• Adjunctive-anti-inflammatory-thalidomide.
• Stem cell- implantation/transplantation
• Supplement of IkBa agonists
• Supplement of microRNA agonists
• Drugs for killing of cancer stem cells of tumor
53. CARCINOMA OF LUNG/bronchial
carcinoma
• malignant lung tumor characterized by
uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
• Most cancers that start in the lung, known as
primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive
from squamous epithelial cells/ mucus gland
• The main primary types are-squamous cell
carcinoma,adenocarcinoma, small-cell lung
cancer (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and
large cell carcinoma
54. Ca- lung
• Lung cancer is a common disease that has a
poor prognosis.
• Survival is inversely proportional to the stage,
with early detection and diagnosis being the
key to achieving surgical cure.
• Cross-sectional imaging is now the main
radiological means of assessment.
55. Types of lung cancer
two major types based on the appearance of lung cancer cells under the microscope
The two general types of lung cancer include:
A. Small cell lung cancer.
Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in
heavy smokers and is less common than non-small
cell lung cancer.
B. Non-small cell lung cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancers include squamous cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell
carcinoma
56. Clinical features
• The most common symptoms are coughing
(including coughing up blood), weight loss,
shortness of breath, and chest pain.
• Supra-clavicular nodes may be present.
• Digital clubbing.
• signs due to large tumor compression- wheeze
,creps , decreased air entry.
• signs of pleural effusion.
57. Major cause- smoking
• The most common cause is long-term
exposure to tobacco smoke, which causes 80–
90% of lung cancers. Cigarette smoke contains
over 60 known carcinogens.
• Nonsmokers account for 10–15%
• exposure to; radon gas, asbestos, and air
pollution including PASSIVE smoking
58. Other causes- Ca lung
• Some metals (aluminum production, cadmium and cadmium
compounds, chromium(VI) compounds, beryllium and beryllium
compounds, iron and steel founding, nickel compounds, arsenic and
inorganic arsenic compounds, underground hematite mining)
• Some products of combustion (incomplete combustion, coal
(indoor emissions from household coal burning), coal gasification,
coal-tar pitch, coke production, soot, diesel engine exhaust)
• Ionizing radiation (X-radiation, radon-222 and its decay products,
gamma radiation, plutonium)
• Some toxic gases (methyl ether (technical grade), Bis-(chloromethyl)
ether, sulfur mustard, MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen
mustard-procarbazine mixture), fumes from painting)
• Rubber production and crystalline silica dust
59. Chest x-ray
• an obvious mass ( coin lesion),
• widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of
spread to lymph nodes there),
• atelectasis (collapse),
• consolidation (pneumonia),
• pleural effusion
60. INVESTGATIONS
Confirm diagnostic should be done by biopsy
• BLOOD TESTS-
• INVESTIGATIONS TO RULE OUT –PTB
• CHEST-X-RAY- EFFUSION/ OPAQUE COIN LESION
• SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
• BRONHOSCOPY- BAL / BIOPSY-HPE
• FNAC-
• THORACOSCOPY
• USG- ABDOMEN- TO SEE PLERAL EFFUSION.
• Tumor markers-M2-PK, other- CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125
• micro-RNA
61. Early diagnosis- of cancer
• Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung
cancer
• MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small
noncoding RNA genes found to be abnormally
expressed in several types of cancer, suggesting a
role in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
Clin Lung Cancer. 2009 Jan;10(1):42-6. doi:10.3816/CLC.2009.n.006.
Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer.
Rabinowits G1, Gerçel-Taylor C, Day JM, Taylor DD, Kloecker GH.
62. A NEW TUMOR MARKER
FOR LUNG CANCER-IDH1
• A protein called isocitrate dehydrogenase
(IDH1) is present at high levels in lung cancers
and can be detected in the blood, making it a
noninvasive diagnostic marker for lung
cancers, according to a study published in
Clinical Cancer Research, a journal of the
American Association for Cancer Research.
63. Imaging for Ca- lung
• Chest X-ray is still important, and frequently
suggests the first diagnosis.
• CT is MORE ACCURATE THAN- CHEST X-RAY
• MRI- is More accurate than CT
• Currently there is little to choose between CT and
MRI in staging the disease although CT is more
widely available and less expensive.
• PET imaging offers heightened sensitivity for
both detection of the primary malignancy and
disease spread, although it is not 100% accurate
and is only available in a few centers.