This document provides a summary of work on developing new tools for cassava characterization and improvement. Key points include:
- Developing a protocol for genetic transformation of African cassava landraces to introduce resistance to cassava brown streak disease viruses. Somatic embryogenesis was achieved for 7 genotypes.
- Creating a new vector for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the cassava virus movement protein promoter to drive gene expression. This could be used to transform cassava and other crops.
- Successfully transforming the cassava cultivar 'Tokunbo' using the new protocol and achieving stable, high-level expression of the reporter gene in transgenic plants.
Cassava at CIAT provides concise summaries:
CIAT is researching cassava to support farmer income, human health, and respond to trends like food prices, climate change. Projects focus on value-added traits like starch, carotenoids, and storage; and developing tools for genetic improvement. New challenges from pests are anticipated due to climate change, monocropping, and changing management practices. CIAT will conduct risk assessments, monitoring, capacity building and management to prepare for threats to cassava from pests.
This document discusses cassava agronomy research being conducted by IITA. It notes that cassava yields in Africa are typically much lower than potential yields, due to factors like soil degradation, lack of fertilizer recommendations, and insufficient knowledge of optimal planting and intercropping practices. IITA is working on various projects to develop improved agronomic techniques for cassava through on-farm trials evaluating the effects of fertilizers, plant spacing, variety selection, and intercropping. The goal is to close the gap between current and potential yields for this important crop in Africa.
Cassava at CIAT provides concise summaries:
CIAT is researching cassava to support farmer income, human health, and respond to trends like food prices, climate change. Projects focus on value-added traits like starch, carotenoids, and storage; and developing tools for genetic improvement. New challenges from pests are anticipated due to climate change, monocropping, and changing management practices. CIAT will conduct risk assessments, monitoring, capacity building and management to prepare for threats to cassava from pests.
This document discusses cassava agronomy research being conducted by IITA. It notes that cassava yields in Africa are typically much lower than potential yields, due to factors like soil degradation, lack of fertilizer recommendations, and insufficient knowledge of optimal planting and intercropping practices. IITA is working on various projects to develop improved agronomic techniques for cassava through on-farm trials evaluating the effects of fertilizers, plant spacing, variety selection, and intercropping. The goal is to close the gap between current and potential yields for this important crop in Africa.
World: Cassava - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: "World: Cassava - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020". The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global cassava market. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading producers are also included.
Sun Exports India, SENCE Agric, DADTCO
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
This document is an excerpt from a graduate course on advanced econometrics taught by Arthur Charpentier at Université de Rennes 1 in winter 2017. It discusses the origins and meaning of the term "regression" as coined by Francis Galton in reference to the tendency of offspring to regress towards the mean traits of the general population from their parents' traits. It also includes R code and plots demonstrating this concept using Galton's data on parental and offspring height.
This document summarizes notes from an advanced econometrics graduate course. It discusses topics like model and variable selection, numerical optimization techniques like gradient descent, convex optimization problems, and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions for solving convex problems. It also covers reducing dimensionality with techniques like principal component analysis and partial least squares, penalizing complex models, and information criteria like AIC that balance model fit and complexity.
This document analyzes and compares the value chains of the fast food industries of McDonald's, KFC, and fried chicken operations. It outlines the primary and support activities for each, including inbound logistics of raw materials from specific suppliers, food preparation operations, outbound logistics, marketing strategies, technology use, procurement processes, infrastructure, and human resource management. Key differences between the companies are noted, such as KFC offering spicier products more tailored to Indian tastes, providing free delivery, and employing local staff.
The document discusses the concept of a value chain, which refers to the series of activities involved in converting raw materials into a finished product delivered to customers, and includes both upstream supply chain activities and downstream distribution activities. It also covers the primary and secondary activities within a value chain, such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and services. Finally, it discusses how value chains can be improved through strategies like adopting e-business technologies, simplifying processes, and focusing on customer needs.
McDonald's uses value chain analysis to maximize value while minimizing costs. Primary activities include inbound logistics of procuring supplies from predefined suppliers, efficient kitchen operations, outbound logistics of distribution, marketing, and services like free Wi-Fi and gift cards. Support activities include infrastructure, human resource management focusing on flexibility, technology development through outsourcing, and efficient e-procurement system.
Value chain analysis was first suggested by Michael Porter in 1995 as a way to present how value is constructed for the end customer. It can be used to increase competitiveness, reduce costs, and improve market share, ultimately improving overall profitability. Value chain analysis involves examining a firm's internal costs and processes that differentiate its products or services from competitors, as well as vertical linkages along the entire supply chain from suppliers to end customers. Firms can use value chain analysis along with frameworks like industry structure analysis, core competencies analysis, and segmentation analysis to develop strategies to enhance competitiveness.
Porter's Value Chain model analyzes a firm's activities and how they create value. It identifies primary activities like operations, marketing, and service, and support activities like procurement, technology development, and human resources. Porter argued that by excelling in value chain activities through cost advantages, firms can achieve competitive advantage. Cost advantages come from reducing individual activity costs or reconfiguring the entire value chain.
Pizza Hut is an international pizza chain with over 6,000 locations in the United States and over 5,600 locations in 94 other countries. It entered India in 1996. Pizza Hut believes in providing excellent pizza and service to create happy customers who return frequently. Its value chain involves primary activities like procuring ingredients, producing pizzas and pastas, and delivering orders on time. Support activities include human resource management to train employees, technology development to improve products, and procurement to source high quality ingredients from local and international suppliers.
Value chain analysis is a tool used to identify sources of competitive advantage. It examines a firm's activities and how they interact and affect costs and performance. Michael Porter developed the value chain model which divides a firm's activities into primary and support activities. Primary activities directly involve creating and delivering a product. Support activities provide inputs for primary activities. Tata Motors' value chain includes long-term supplier contracts, efficient manufacturing processes, a large dealer network, and investments in research and development. Analyzing a firm's value chain can reveal opportunities to lower costs or differentiate products compared to competitors.
Artificial seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos that can convert into plants under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. Somatic embryos are bipolar structures that can form shoots and roots. There are two types of artificial seeds: desiccated and hydrated. Desiccated seeds are hardened and encapsulated while hydrated seeds remain hydrated using gels like calcium alginate. Artificial seeds allow for large scale propagation of plants, including non-seed producing plants and plants with problems in seed propagation. However, more research is still needed to optimize artificial seed technology for commercial use.
Somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed productionArvind Yadav
This document discusses somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed production. It describes the two main types of somatic embryogenesis (indirect and direct), the steps involved in the process, and factors that affect it such as genotype, explant type, growth regulators, and nitrogen source. It also covers embryo maturation, secondary somatic embryogenesis, synchronization of embryo development, and production of artificial or synthetic seeds by encapsulating somatic embryos. The goal is large-scale clonal propagation of plants through synthetic seed technology.
Explants are pieces of tissue placed in culture. Callus is an unorganized mass of cells that forms from explants. There are three stages of callus culture: induction, proliferation, and differentiation. Cell suspension cultures can be initiated from callus and involve transferring callus pieces into liquid medium with agitation to break up cell aggregates. Organogenesis is the formation of organs like leaves and roots on explants, which can occur directly or indirectly through a callus stage. Somatic embryogenesis involves the formation of embryos from somatic cells and follows a similar development process to zygotic embryogenesis.
Dr. Mark Estienne - Nursery Management and Sow LongevityJohn Blue
Nursery Management and Sow Longevity - Dr. Mark Estienne, Virginia Tech, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
The document discusses embryo culture, which involves removing embryos from seeds and growing them in artificial conditions. There are two main types: mature embryo culture uses embryos from ripe seeds in simple media, while immature embryo culture, or embryo rescue, uses complex media to develop embryos from incompatible crosses that would otherwise abort. Key aspects of embryo culture include excising embryos at the proper developmental stage and using suitable nutrients, hormones, temperatures, and PH levels in the culture medium to support embryo growth and development. Embryo culture has applications in breeding hybrids, developing disease resistance, producing haploids, overcoming seed dormancy, and propagating rare plants.
Embryo culture involves growing immature or mature embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a viable plant. There are two main types - mature embryo culture, which cultures embryos from ripe seeds, and immature embryo culture, also called embryo rescue, which cultures immature embryos to produce plants from wide crosses. The document then discusses the media requirements and factors that influence embryo culture, including minerals, carbohydrates, amino acids, plant extracts, and growth regulators. Applications of embryo culture in maize and other plants include producing haploids, preventing embryo abortion from wide crosses, overcoming seed dormancy, shortening breeding cycles, and preventing abortion in early fruit crops.
Morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis & other techniquesHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document describes the process of somatic embryogenesis. It involves 7 key steps:
1) Induction of embryogenesis from explant tissue on media supplemented with auxin
2) Development of somatic embryos through globular, heart, and torpedo stages of growth
3) Maturation of embryos with the formation of root and shoot meristems and cotyledons
4) Conversion of mature embryos to plantlets through germination on auxin-free media
Factors like explant type, growth regulators, and genotype influence the process. Somatic embryos differ from zygotic embryos in lacking a seed coat and having greater potential for propagation but weaker plantlets.
World: Cassava - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: "World: Cassava - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020". The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global cassava market. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading producers are also included.
Sun Exports India, SENCE Agric, DADTCO
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
This document is an excerpt from a graduate course on advanced econometrics taught by Arthur Charpentier at Université de Rennes 1 in winter 2017. It discusses the origins and meaning of the term "regression" as coined by Francis Galton in reference to the tendency of offspring to regress towards the mean traits of the general population from their parents' traits. It also includes R code and plots demonstrating this concept using Galton's data on parental and offspring height.
This document summarizes notes from an advanced econometrics graduate course. It discusses topics like model and variable selection, numerical optimization techniques like gradient descent, convex optimization problems, and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions for solving convex problems. It also covers reducing dimensionality with techniques like principal component analysis and partial least squares, penalizing complex models, and information criteria like AIC that balance model fit and complexity.
This document analyzes and compares the value chains of the fast food industries of McDonald's, KFC, and fried chicken operations. It outlines the primary and support activities for each, including inbound logistics of raw materials from specific suppliers, food preparation operations, outbound logistics, marketing strategies, technology use, procurement processes, infrastructure, and human resource management. Key differences between the companies are noted, such as KFC offering spicier products more tailored to Indian tastes, providing free delivery, and employing local staff.
The document discusses the concept of a value chain, which refers to the series of activities involved in converting raw materials into a finished product delivered to customers, and includes both upstream supply chain activities and downstream distribution activities. It also covers the primary and secondary activities within a value chain, such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and services. Finally, it discusses how value chains can be improved through strategies like adopting e-business technologies, simplifying processes, and focusing on customer needs.
McDonald's uses value chain analysis to maximize value while minimizing costs. Primary activities include inbound logistics of procuring supplies from predefined suppliers, efficient kitchen operations, outbound logistics of distribution, marketing, and services like free Wi-Fi and gift cards. Support activities include infrastructure, human resource management focusing on flexibility, technology development through outsourcing, and efficient e-procurement system.
Value chain analysis was first suggested by Michael Porter in 1995 as a way to present how value is constructed for the end customer. It can be used to increase competitiveness, reduce costs, and improve market share, ultimately improving overall profitability. Value chain analysis involves examining a firm's internal costs and processes that differentiate its products or services from competitors, as well as vertical linkages along the entire supply chain from suppliers to end customers. Firms can use value chain analysis along with frameworks like industry structure analysis, core competencies analysis, and segmentation analysis to develop strategies to enhance competitiveness.
Porter's Value Chain model analyzes a firm's activities and how they create value. It identifies primary activities like operations, marketing, and service, and support activities like procurement, technology development, and human resources. Porter argued that by excelling in value chain activities through cost advantages, firms can achieve competitive advantage. Cost advantages come from reducing individual activity costs or reconfiguring the entire value chain.
Pizza Hut is an international pizza chain with over 6,000 locations in the United States and over 5,600 locations in 94 other countries. It entered India in 1996. Pizza Hut believes in providing excellent pizza and service to create happy customers who return frequently. Its value chain involves primary activities like procuring ingredients, producing pizzas and pastas, and delivering orders on time. Support activities include human resource management to train employees, technology development to improve products, and procurement to source high quality ingredients from local and international suppliers.
Value chain analysis is a tool used to identify sources of competitive advantage. It examines a firm's activities and how they interact and affect costs and performance. Michael Porter developed the value chain model which divides a firm's activities into primary and support activities. Primary activities directly involve creating and delivering a product. Support activities provide inputs for primary activities. Tata Motors' value chain includes long-term supplier contracts, efficient manufacturing processes, a large dealer network, and investments in research and development. Analyzing a firm's value chain can reveal opportunities to lower costs or differentiate products compared to competitors.
Artificial seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos that can convert into plants under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. Somatic embryos are bipolar structures that can form shoots and roots. There are two types of artificial seeds: desiccated and hydrated. Desiccated seeds are hardened and encapsulated while hydrated seeds remain hydrated using gels like calcium alginate. Artificial seeds allow for large scale propagation of plants, including non-seed producing plants and plants with problems in seed propagation. However, more research is still needed to optimize artificial seed technology for commercial use.
Somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed productionArvind Yadav
This document discusses somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed production. It describes the two main types of somatic embryogenesis (indirect and direct), the steps involved in the process, and factors that affect it such as genotype, explant type, growth regulators, and nitrogen source. It also covers embryo maturation, secondary somatic embryogenesis, synchronization of embryo development, and production of artificial or synthetic seeds by encapsulating somatic embryos. The goal is large-scale clonal propagation of plants through synthetic seed technology.
Explants are pieces of tissue placed in culture. Callus is an unorganized mass of cells that forms from explants. There are three stages of callus culture: induction, proliferation, and differentiation. Cell suspension cultures can be initiated from callus and involve transferring callus pieces into liquid medium with agitation to break up cell aggregates. Organogenesis is the formation of organs like leaves and roots on explants, which can occur directly or indirectly through a callus stage. Somatic embryogenesis involves the formation of embryos from somatic cells and follows a similar development process to zygotic embryogenesis.
Dr. Mark Estienne - Nursery Management and Sow LongevityJohn Blue
Nursery Management and Sow Longevity - Dr. Mark Estienne, Virginia Tech, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
The document discusses embryo culture, which involves removing embryos from seeds and growing them in artificial conditions. There are two main types: mature embryo culture uses embryos from ripe seeds in simple media, while immature embryo culture, or embryo rescue, uses complex media to develop embryos from incompatible crosses that would otherwise abort. Key aspects of embryo culture include excising embryos at the proper developmental stage and using suitable nutrients, hormones, temperatures, and PH levels in the culture medium to support embryo growth and development. Embryo culture has applications in breeding hybrids, developing disease resistance, producing haploids, overcoming seed dormancy, and propagating rare plants.
Embryo culture involves growing immature or mature embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a viable plant. There are two main types - mature embryo culture, which cultures embryos from ripe seeds, and immature embryo culture, also called embryo rescue, which cultures immature embryos to produce plants from wide crosses. The document then discusses the media requirements and factors that influence embryo culture, including minerals, carbohydrates, amino acids, plant extracts, and growth regulators. Applications of embryo culture in maize and other plants include producing haploids, preventing embryo abortion from wide crosses, overcoming seed dormancy, shortening breeding cycles, and preventing abortion in early fruit crops.
Morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis & other techniquesHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document describes the process of somatic embryogenesis. It involves 7 key steps:
1) Induction of embryogenesis from explant tissue on media supplemented with auxin
2) Development of somatic embryos through globular, heart, and torpedo stages of growth
3) Maturation of embryos with the formation of root and shoot meristems and cotyledons
4) Conversion of mature embryos to plantlets through germination on auxin-free media
Factors like explant type, growth regulators, and genotype influence the process. Somatic embryos differ from zygotic embryos in lacking a seed coat and having greater potential for propagation but weaker plantlets.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Embryo culture involves the sterile isolation and in vitro growth of zygotic embryos into plantlets. There are two main methods: mature embryo culture which uses developed embryos that may not survive in vivo due to dormancy or inhibitors, and immature embryo culture/embryo rescue which uses underdeveloped embryos from wide crosses or sterile seeds. The procedure involves surface sterilizing fruits, isolating embryos, inoculating them on callus media, and subculturing developing embryos and shoots on regeneration media. Applications include producing plants from embryos, studying embryo-endosperm relationships, overcoming dormancy, handling sterile seeds, scientific research, cloning, haploid production, biotechnology, and shortening breeding cycles.
Jenny Patterson - Repeatability of Litter Size in the Sow Population John Blue
Repeatability of Litter Size in the Sow Population - Jenny Patterson, University of Alberta, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
Similar to New tools for the characterization and improvement of cassava (12)
(1) IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, established in 1967 and headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria with 21 stations in 30 countries. (2) IITA adopted DataCite DOIs in 2017 through the British Library Consortium to create a trusted institutional data repository meeting FAIR data principles. (3) IITA mints DOIs through an automatic Python script integrating with its Cassavabase database, and manually through its Fabrica portal, to increase data visibility, citation, and improve data management practices.
This document summarizes Samwel Muiruri Kariuki's research at IITA Kenya on inducing early flowering in cassava. The document discusses two methods: using LED light supplementation to induce flowering within 4 months, compared to 10 months without light; and developing a CMV-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit cassava genes in a virus-activated manner. Preliminary results show light supplementation significantly increased the number of flowering plants compared to the control. The researcher is working to assemble constructs using a CMV promoter to drive Cas9 expression and test them in Nicotiana benthamiana transformations. The goal is to create a virus-inducible gene editing system for cassava.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
The document discusses conserving the Ibadan Malimbe, an endemic bird species found only in Nigeria that is endangered. It describes the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) efforts to conserve the species, which include hosting an Important Bird Area, monitoring the bird population, restoring habitat, and raising awareness. IITA's research has found declining numbers of Ibadan Malimbe due to forest isolation, clearance for agriculture and development, competition with other species, and increased nest destruction, threatening the estimated 2,500 remaining individuals.
This document summarizes a study on identifying the preferences of cassava product ("gari") end users in Benue State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers preferred cassava varieties with heavy, long roots that are not rotten or woody, while processors preferred varieties with white, dry peeled roots and less water in the mash. Marketers and consumers preferred gari that is shiny, dry, heavy, sweet with no lumps or smooth and white in color. The preferences identified will help breeders develop new cassava varieties that meet the needs of all end users.
The document discusses a study on the perception of quality in yam landraces among value chain actors in yam producing areas of Nigeria. It finds that Faketsa, Igum, Opoko, and Ushu are the most commonly cultivated varieties for pounded yam and yam flour production. Yam flour is typically processed from fresh yams through washing, peeling, cutting, drying, and grinding. Smoothness and mouldability are key factors in accepting pounded yam and yam fufu. The study recommends further research on Faketsa's qualities for pounded yam and yam flour to aid variety selection for these products.
1. The study evaluated the quality attributes of cookies flavored with Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as a substitute for vanilla. 2. Results showed that increasing the substitution level of Aidan for vanilla increased proximate nutrients but decreased carbohydrates and energy. 3. Cookies with 75% Aidan substitution had similar taste and crispness to the 100% vanilla cookie but were most acceptable overall to consumers.
This document reports on a study that analyzed the chemical, functional, and pasting properties of flours produced from four varieties of unripe plantain. The objectives were to determine the chemical composition, functional properties, pasting properties, and color parameters of the different plantain flours. Materials and methods included obtaining four varieties of plantain, producing the flours using various processing steps, and analyzing the flours for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, starch, sugar, minerals, functional properties using various tests, pasting properties using a rapid visco analyzer, and color parameters. The results showed differences between varieties in the measured properties, with some varieties having higher nutritional or functional qualities. The conclusions were that the
The document studied the effect of different drying methods on the carotenoid content of yellow maize varieties. It found that air drying maize grains under shade at 20°C was the most effective method for retaining carotenoids, as it exposed the grains to milder environmental conditions compared to sun drying and oven drying. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in carotenoid levels between drying methods and maize varieties. Air drying was recommended over other methods to preserve high pro-vitamin A content in maize grains.
This document summarizes a survey of dried plantain chip processors in Ondo State, Nigeria. It describes the background and methods used in the survey. Key findings include that most processors are women between the ages of 25-40 who view chip processing as difficult work. Common challenges included the time-consuming nature, pest infestation during storage, and weather issues during drying. The conclusion recommends addressing animal contamination during drying and limiting the use of toxic preservatives to improve product quality and safety.
The document examines the effect of crop diversification on food and nutrition security among smallholder farming households in Nigeria. It analyzes data from the 2015 Nigerian General Household Survey on 2,041 households. It finds that crop diversification has a positive impact on dietary diversity, increasing it by 10.9%, but negatively impacts subjective food security. However, households with greater crop diversification had a 53.8% higher likelihood of being food secure. The study thus concludes that while crop diversification improves nutrition, broader support is still needed for farming households to ensure food security.
The document summarizes a study on the apparent retention of carotenoids in ogi flour made from different provitamin A maize genotypes. It finds that PVA SYN HGBC0 showed the highest carotenoid and provitamin A retention after processing ogi flour, making it the best genotype studied for producing nutritious ogi. The study aims to establish how processing affects carotenoid levels in ogi, an important food in Nigeria, to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in children.
The document assessed the level of consumption of pro-vitamin A cassava products among rural households in Nigeria. It found low levels of consumption of products like tapioca, flakes, and vitamin-fortified baked goods. Consumption varied by state, with Akwa Ibom having the highest levels. It recommends increasing production of value-added products and nutritional education campaigns to boost consumption and reduce vitamin A deficiency.
Professor Janice Olawoye had a 38-year career as a Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Ibadan, where she served in various administrative roles including Head of Department and Dean. She supervised 30 PhDs and many other students and published over 70 papers. Professor Olawoye also consulted for international development organizations and worked with IITA on workshops, advisory boards, and fellowship programs. She is married with four sons and six grandchildren.
inqaba Biotec is Africa's leading genomics company that aims to catalyze Africa's prosperity through genomics. It offers core services including oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA sequencing using ABI3130XL, ABI3500XL, and Illumina MiSeq platforms, SNP genotyping, bioinformatics, and molecular diagnostic solutions. inqaba Biotec works to address challenges African researchers face regarding logistics, technical know-how, cost, and support through its partnerships and local services. Its vision is to remain a leading genomics company in Africa.
Janice E. Olawoye presented on adaptation to climate change and indigenous and formal mitigation strategies. She discussed how climate change negatively impacts people through changes in weather patterns, threats to food security and health. Indigenous communities have adapted through practices like multiple cropping and migration. However, increased frequency and intensity of climate events requires more formal strategies like afforestation, drought-resistant crops, and early warning systems. Adaptation is needed to support livelihoods as traditional strategies are no longer sufficient. Gender must also be considered in climate policies and projects to address women's increased burdens. Individual actions like conserving resources and research can contribute to addressing this challenge.
The document discusses managing climate-driven biological risks through a One Health approach. It outlines strategies such as developing early warning and rapid response systems through a farmer interface app connected to pest forecasting tools. The document also discusses building capacity, especially among youth, on modeling species distributions under climate change scenarios. Climate change is expected to impact insect distributions and life cycles, threatening food security. An integrated approach considering human, animal, and ecosystem health is needed to address emerging risks.
More from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (20)
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
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In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
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inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
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Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
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New tools for the characterization and improvement of cassava
1. New tools for the characterization and
improvement of cassava
Contract Review
15 April 2009
I Ingelbrecht
IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria
2. Outline
1. Work plan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Project management
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
3. Cassava
Root crop; ranks 6th as source of
carbohydrates globally (163 M ton/yr)
Allopolyploid with disomic inheritance;
2n=36
C=700-800 Mbp
Vegetatively propagated
Grown in (sub)tropics of South Am.,
Asia, and Sub Saharan Africa;
introduced in SSA in 16th century
4. Cassava
+
• Resilient to adverse growth conditions (soil, drought)
• Adaptable to range of agroecologies
• Low maintenance
• High yield potential (80 ton/ha)
-
• Pest & disease: virus (CMD & CBSD), whitefly, other
• Highly heterozygous, vegetatively propagated
• Root: main use, has low nutritional value
• Long breeding cycle, shy flowering
5. Work plan achievement
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
6. Developing new tools for cassava
Why?
- Contribute to IITA mission & community effort to enhance cassava R4D
- Develop tools that will be useful to IITA for various applications and also by other
groups; reduce dependence
How?
- Strengthen local skills & capacities; balance outsourcing and in house research
What?
- Regeneration and genetic transformation protocols for African landraces
- A new vector for Agro-mediated transformation of dicots with derivatives
- A cassava-specific DNA microarray: a tool for reverse genetics/gene discovery
- EST-derived SSR markers for cassava
7. 1.Transformation of farmer-preferred cassava
for CBSD resistance
Equatorial
Guinea Uganda
Kenya
ROC
DRC
Tanzania
Malawi
Zambia
Mozambique
CBSD devastating
CBSD damaging
CBSD reported
A transgenics approach for resistance to Potyviruses previously used and
grown commercially: eg papaya resistant to Papaya ringspot virus
8. Why target cassava landraces?
All current transformation protocols are for ‘model’ genotypes, not
used by farmers or breeders in Africa: excellent research tool but
limited application in the field
Bottleneck since current protocols are highly genotype-
dependent
Develop protocol for (African) farmer-preferred lines
Ongoing efforts on cassava landrace transformation
(unpublished):
- DDPSC, USA using FEC (based on Schopke et al., 1996)
- KU, Denmark using cotyledons (based on Li et al., 1996)
- CIAT, OSU, others?
9. Experimental Approach
- Produce SEs for cassava landraces (IITA)
- Develop new protocol for genetic transformation of cassava landrace
(using GUS reporter gene) (IITA)
- Determine CBSV sequence from viral isolates from different countries
(public domain; DSMZ)
- Make R-gene constructs; multiple constructs based on RNAi to aim for
resistance to different viral isolates (IITA; DSMZ)
- Test R-genes in N benthamiana (DSMZ)
- Transform farmer-preferred cassava using CBSD resistance gene(s)
(IITA)
10. Three basic steps in genetic transformation protocol:
1. In vitro shoot regeneration method
2. Gene transfer method: Agrobacterium-mediated
3. Selection and/or screening for transgenic shoots
Ideally, all steps are efficient (high % of success) and applicable to a range
of genotypes
11. Cassava regeneration/transformation
Explants; e.g. immature leaf lobes
Embryogenesis
Shoot organogenesis
Secondary
SE *
Primary
SE
Multiple shoots
Embryogenesis
Cotyledonary Friable embryogenic
stage SE * Callus *
Adventitious shoots
Embryos Protoplasts
Embryogenic
suspensions
Plantlets
Fig. modified from Zhang et al. 2006
12. Cassava genotypes
In use by
cultivar CBSD Origin
farmers
Albert S Tanzania ?
Kibaha S Tanzania Yes
TME 12 ND WCA Yes
TMS 96/0160 S IITA Yes
TME 117 T Nigeria Yes
TME 1 S Nigeria Yes
Kibandameno S ECA Yes
19. GUS expression in propagated ‘Tokunbo’ transgenic
~70 clones tested:
1 14 28
13 27 41
expression remains stable and high in all
plants after ratooning
21. 2. Transformation vector with CsVMV promoter
cassette
Objective
Develop new Agro transformation vector with two different,
constitutive promoters; CaMV 35S and CsVMV
Characteristics
• Generic vector, can be used for various traits in various dicot species:
- CBSD resistance - cassava
- starch modification - tobacco (N benthamiana)
- herbicide tolerance, etc
• Promoters are oriented towards the border sequences to reduce
unwanted gene silencing effects
• No repeats within the T-DNA to reduce gene silencing effects
22. - pCAMBIA2300 backbone
- Km gene for selection
- pCsVMV promoter cassette with polylinker for cloning gene of interest
p35S
pCsVMV
nptll
pING71 polylinker for cloning:
3’nos - GUS
9.5 kb
LB - virus resistance
RB - starch
- etc
23. p35S pCsVMV
GUS
nptll With GUS ORF for testing functionality
pOYE153 of the construct
3’nos
11.5
LB RB
25. F1 transgenic tobacco plants
pOYE153 pCAMBIA2301
pScVMV drives higher expression levels compared to
p35S of pCAMBIA2301
26. p35S pCsVMV
Intron
3’nos
nptll pING71-IV RB
9.7 With intron sequence for RNAi constructs
LB (DSMZ)
p35S pCsVMV
CBSV-IR
pRAJ42 With CBSV Inverted Repeat
nptll 3’nos
11.1 for CBSD resistance
LB (IITA)
RB
+ 2 other constructs targeting different viral isolates
27. Status cassava landrace transformation for CBSD
- Produce SEs for cassava landraces (IITA) OK
- Develop new protocol for genetic transformation of cassava OK
landrace (using GUS reporter gene) (IITA; KU) (TME12)
- Determine CBSV sequence from viral isolates from different OK
countries (public domain; DSMZ)
- Make R-gene constructs; multiple constructs based on RNAi OK
to aim for resistance to different viral isolates (IITA; DSMZ)
- Test R-genes in N benthamiana (DSMZ) ongoing
- Transform farmer-preferred cassava using CBSD resistance ongoing
gene(s) (IITA)
28. CBSD resistance is strain specific:
eg miRNA CBSV-Kenya in N benthamiana
Transgenic miRNA-Ke Empty vector miRNA-Ke No No
Infection CBSV-Ke CBSV-Ke CBSV-Moz CBSV-Ke No
R S!
29. 3. a 14K custom cassava long oligo array
a tool for gene discovery and
transcriptome analysis
Generic tool
reverse genetics (genotype phenotype)
complements QTL & association mapping approaches
cassava genome sequencing effort
trait improvement through genetic transformation
Applications
1. Understanding function of genes/alleles/gene networks
2. Understanding allelic differences between gene families/varieties
3. Diagnostics
30. Target traits
drought response
plant-virus interactions
cyanogenesis
other
31. Previously
- Normalized cDNA libraries produced from control and water
stressed tissues (leaf, root and stem tissue)
- 18,166 ESTs sequenced (5’end) and assembled in 8,577
unigene set with functional annotation
Metabolism
10.2% Metabolism
10.2% Energy
Energy
25.7% 4.0%
25.7% 4.0% Cell growth, division DNA synthesis
Cell growth, division DNA synthesis
2.1% 2.1%
TranscriptionTranscription
6.1% 6.1%
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
Protein destination
3.5% 3.5% destination
Protein
Transport Facilitation
4.7% Facilitation
Transport
4.7% Cellular transport
11.2% Cellular transport
11.2% 3.2% Cellular Biogenesis
3.2% Cellular Biogenesis
3.1%
0.2% Cellular communication/signal
3.1% transduction
0.2% 3.1% Cellular communication/signal
1.6% transductionCell rescue, defense, death and
8.7% 3.1%
6.1% ageing
1.6% 0.1% 6.4% Cell rescue, defense, death and
8.7% 6.1% ageing
Ionic homeostasis
0.1% 6.4%
Ionic homeostasis
Cellular Organization
33. - Design and probe selection
Input: ~ 40,000 cassava sequences:
* 18,177 in house ESTs
* ~ 5,000 ESTs from root specific library (unpublished)
* remainder from public databases (EST, genomic, etc)
* ACMV and CBSV ORFs; Km ORF
Unigene set established, orientation determined
34. Design summary
Input Targets 14113
Targets with Probe 13865
Probe Length
Shortest Probe 60.0
Length Mean 60.0
Length SD 0.0
BC Scores (1 = good; 4= bad)
BC_1 13473
BC_2 360
BC_3 13
BC_4 19 Output: 13,865 unique probes ~ 14K
BC_poor 0 or ~ 25-50 % of cassava
transcriptome
Total Probes 13865
37. Transcriptome Analysis
A. ‘Diversity’: expression profiling of different cassava genotypes
GENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS
TME 3 Landrace, CMD resistant, parent of mapping population
TME 117 Landrace, source of majority of ESTs
TMS 96/0160 IITA breeding line, adopted in DR Congo, CBSD suscep.
TMS 30572 IITA breeding line, widely adopted in SSA, CMD tol.
TMS 96/1089A IITA breeding line, resistant to CMD & CBSD*
Kibaha Tanzanian landrace, susceptible to CBSD
Albert Tanzanian cultivar, susceptible to CBSD
38. B. Different growth conditions: greenhouse versus in vitro
(TMS 96/0160)
C. Healthy versus virus infected plant: ACMV and CBSV
Eg TME 4
CMD resist
CBSD suscept
43. Cassava Transcriptome Analysis - Summary
1. 14K Cassava-specific long oligo microarray developed
2. Microarray passed all QC, hybridization and detection limit is as expected
3. Results:
- Differential gene expression between varieties limited (~0.1% DEG)
- Profound effect of growth conditions on differential gene expression
- Sensitivity comparable or exceeds that of PCR: diagnostics tool
44. 4. Marker development
Objective
Number of markers for cassava limited; eg current map has
~ 400 markers; typically many 1000ds for non orphan crops
Contribute to the community effort to develop additional molecular
markers for cassava
• In silico identification of COS, SNPs and SSRs from EST unigene dataset
• 646 candidate EST-SSRs; duplicates with existing SSRs (CIAT collection)
eliminated; primers designed for 346 ESTs
• Candidate SNP markers + trace files provided to CBL colleagues
45. Workflow EST-SSR validation
Total number of EST sequences investigated: 18,166
Number of unigenes used for in silico identification of SSRs: 8,577
Total number of unique SSR loci appropriate for primer modeling: 646 (3.3%)
Number of candidate SSR investigated : 346
PCR successful: ~ 90% Failed PCR: ~ 10%
PCR products with expected sizes Amplification of introns
> 500 bp
Eliminate
Screen on diversity panel
46. Two panels
‘Africa’ panel: cassava elite lines and landraces from Africa
‘global’ panel: cassava from Africa, LA, Asia plus wild species,
and castor bean plus leafy spurge
Markers screened for polymporhism
Different levels of resolution:
SFR < PAGE < ABI3100 < DNA sequence
47. SFR
M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 M
Used for PCR optimization + screen for P using diverse panel:
All 346 primer pairs PCR optimized and screened on SFR gels
48. Polymorhism & cross species transferability
SET 1 – panel 2 SET 3 – panel 2
M 20 (23%) M 26 (33%)
P 66 (77%) P 53 (67%)
NA 3 NA 11
NS 2 NS 2
LONG 6 LONG 3
For set 1 and 3; a total of 119 markers are P
For set 3: 80 of 85 markers amplify wild Manihot species ~ 94%
13 of 85 and 9 of 85 amplify castor and leafy spurge resp. or 15 and 10%
TME117 TME419 M. M. M. Castor Leafy
epruinosa brachyandra glaziovii bean spurge
97% 94% 85% 87% 91% 15% 11%
54. Conclusions
- In total ~180 new polymorphic SSR markers (SFR)
- EST-SSRs transferable to other Manihot species but less to
other genera in Euphorbs
TME117 TME419 M. M. M. Castor Leafy
epruinosa brachyandra glaziovii bean spurge
97% 94% 85% 87% 91% 15% 11%
- More than 2 alleles/genotype in the marker/genotype
combinations examined so far! all multigene
families or ploidy in cassava higher than generally accepted
55. Quality of science
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
56. Bibliography
- Six articles published in refereed journals
- One article in R4D Review, 2nd Ed.
- Cowpea transposon sequences submitted to NCBI, USA with Acc No.
- Eleven abstracts (9 with poster) at various meetings
- Five manuscripts in preparation for refereed journals
Invited presentations
- Six invited presentations at (inter)national meetings in Uganda, Mozambique,
Tanzania, Belgium and USA (2).
Paper review (external)
- Eight manuscripts for international Scientific Journals
- Two proposals for granting agencies (NSF, USA; AARI, Canada)
57. Communications
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
58. • Attended to CBL visitors (donors, collaborators, etc) with on
average one visit every 1 to 2 weeks
• Gave two interviews on agricultural biotechnology, to NTA and
BBC
• Wrote one article for ‘R4D review, 2nd Ed (2009); provided
inputs for a second
• Contributed to DVD on IITAs R4D program:
‘Award winning Research for Development’
59. Capacity building
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
60. Trained 4 undergraduate students and 6 graduate students (4 MSc and 2 Phd)
Trained 3 technical staff in various biotechnologies
Hosted 4 external professionals for hands-on capacity building
Resource person at workshop on ‘Recent Advances in the Applications of
Molecular Markers in Tropical Agriculture’ and invited the WABWS to jointly organize
this workshop with IITA
Lab Safety Training: 59 lab users attended the CBL Lab Safety Training
between June 2006 and March 2009; also used at NRCRI, Nigeria
Organized training course on ‘Working with radioactive chemicals’ at IITA with
external resource people from the NNRA
61. Resource mobilization
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
62. Projects funded
• BioCassava Plus. Supplemental Grant. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. With Dr
Maziya-Dixon. 2008-2010
• Cassava genetic transformation for the longevity of cassava brown streak resistance
in Tanzania. Partners: IITA-Tanzania; Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute,
Tanzania. RF. 2007-2009. With Drs Herron, Ndunguru
Linking phenotypes with genotypes: development and validation of a genome-wide
DNA microarray as a reverse genetics tool in cassava (Manihot esculenta L Crantz).
2009 IITA Opportunity Grant. With Drs Gedil, Raji, Hearne and Franco
Proposal submitted
Enhancement of iron and zinc contents of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by soil
bacteria and bacterial secondary metabolites. With ETH, Switzerland
(Additional 5 proposals or CN submitted; not funded/considered)
63. Managing resources
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
64. • Established charge back system in CBL through bench fee and
service charges for cost recovery as recommended by the IITA
admin ($ 67,861 recovered for 2007-2008)
• Streamlining of procurement and inventories in CBL; worked with
Supply Chain for inventory of the CBL chemical and supply
stores
• Balanced special projects budgets
65. Other professional activities
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
66. • Assistant Editor: In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant
• Ad hoc reviewer of papers for international scientific journals and
granting agencies such as NSF, USA.
• Member RDC
• Collaboration with IITA Genebank, MARI-Tanzania and WARDA, Benin
67. Personnel effectiveness
1. Workplan achievement
2. Quality of science
3. Communication
4. Capacity building
5. Resource mobilization
6. Managing resources
7. Other professional activities
8. Personal effectiveness
68. • Manage facilities, oversee procurement and inventory of common items
and the CBL support staff:
• hold regular lab meetings with CBL scientists
• regular updating of booklet ‘Operational Guidelines of CBL’
• re-established a hot lab facility and renewed license for use of
radiochemical at IITA with support from DDG-Support and IITA Safety
committee
• jointly with colleagues, developed draft plan for CBL refurbishment
• CBL has been accident-free with enabling environment for biotech
research
• Act for IITA admin when requested
• Timely response to requests for inputs by CGO, PPS, Supply Chain and
IITA admin
Member of IITA’s procurement committee
69. Future planning
- Use tools for product development; move from ‘output’ to ‘outcome’
eg - cassava landrace with useful traits via genetic transformation
- microsatellite-based fingerprinting kit for the characterization of
cassava genetic resources
- Expand role of the Biotech Lab in Ibadan to serve as a research center
for national programs, other institutions (beyond traditional IITA
mandate crops)
70. Acknowledgements
IITA, Nigeria
A Raji
O Oyelakin
B Odeseye
F Kolade
J Opabode
U Okechukwu
DSMZ, Germany
S Winter
KU, Denmark
S Bak
K Jorgensen
J Gorodkin
B Moller