Antibiotics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of antibiotics 1.3 Production of antibiotics 1.4 Mechanism of action methods 2. Vaccine 2.1 Definition 2.2 Types of vaccines 2.3 Types of manufacturing 2.4 Mechanism of action

1. WELCOME
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2. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
PRESENT BY:
NAVEED UR REHMAN
BS, MICROBIOLOGY

3. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• CONTENTS
1. Antibiotics 2. Vaccine
1.1 Introduction 2.1 Definition
1.2 Classification of antibiotics 2.2 Types of vaccines
1.3 Production of antibiotics 2.3 Types of manufacturing
1.4 Mechanism of action methods
2.4 Mechanism of action
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4. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1. Antibiotics
• 1.1 Introduction
• Antibiotics are chemical substances that can inhibit the growth of or destroy
microorganism
• They are from derived from special microorganism
• They are produced on industrial scale by fermentation
• Antibiotic may be bactericidal or may be bacteriostatic
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5. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.2 Classification of antibiotics
• There are several classification schemes for antibiotics
• Based on bacterial spectrum (broad versus narrow)
• Route of administration (injectable versus oral)
• Type of activity (bactericidal versus bacteriostatic)
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6. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.2 Classification of antibiotics
• Major groups of antibiotics may be the following types:
• Penicillin's
• Cephalosporin's
• Fluroquinolones
• Tetracycline's
• Macrolides
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7. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.2 Classification of antibiotics
• Other classes of antibiotics include the aminoglycosides
• This is particularly useful for their effectiveness in treating Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection
• Lincosamindes, clindamycin and lincomycin are highly active against anaerobic
pathogens
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8. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3 Production of antibiotics
• Its is very critical
• Antibiotics are secretions from certain strain of bacteria to restrict growth of other
bacteria around them
• Production of antibiotic can be done by three methods
1. Natural microbial production using fermentation technology
2. Semi synthetic production
3. Synthetic production of antibiotics
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9. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3.1 Industrial production technique
• Antibiotics are produced industrially by a process of fermentation
• Microorganism is grown in large containers (100,000-150,000 liters or more)
containing a liquid growth medium
• Oxygen concentration, pH, temperature and nutrient levels must be optimal
• Antibiotics are secondary metabolites, the population size must be controlled for
maximum yield production before cells die
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10. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3.2 Strains used for production
• Microorganism used in fermentation are rarely identical to the wild type
• Species are genetically modified to yield the maximum amounts of antibiotics
• Mutation is often used encouraged by introducing mutagens such as ultraviolet
radiation, x-rays or certain chemicals
• Another technique used to increase yields is gene amplification
• Copies of genes coding enzymes involved in the antibiotic production can be
inserted back in to a cell, via vectors such as plasmids
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11. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3.3 Production of antibiotics by fermentation
1. A pure culture of the chosen organism, in sufficient quantity and in the correct
physiological state
2. Sterilized, carefully composed medium for growth of the organism
3. A seed fermenter, a mini-model of production fermenter to develop inoculums
to initiate the process in the main fermenter
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12. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3.3 Production of antibiotics by fermentation
4. A production fermenter, the functional large model and equipment for
a) Drawing the culture medium in steady state
b) Cell separation
c) Collection of cell free supernatant
d) Product purification
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13. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.3.3 Production of antibiotics by fermentation
Figure1.3.3 Example of antibiotics produce by different microorganism (Google)
Antibiotics Producing microbes
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acrimonium
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezulae
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus
Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvin
Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea
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14. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.4 Mechanism of action
• The term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical
interaction
• Through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect
• A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets
to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor
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15. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.4 Mechanism of action
• For example, β-Lactam antibiotics are bacteriocidal
• It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
• The final step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by penicillin-
binding proteins (PBPs)
• Penicillin bind with penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) become activated and
destroy the peptide bridge between amino sugar of cell wall
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16. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 1.4 Mechanism of action
• Penicillin kills susceptible bacteria by specifically inhibiting the transpeptidase
• Transpeptidase catalyzes the final step in cell wall biosynthesis, the cross-linking
of peptidoglycan
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17. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2. Vaccine
• 2.1 Definition
• An antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a
synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases
(or)
• A vaccine is a substance containing a harmless form of the germs that cause a
particular disease. It is given to people, usually by injection,
to prevent them getting that disease
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18. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.2 Types of vaccine
• There are two types of vaccines available in the market
2.2.1 Non-adjuvanted vaccines
2.2.2 Adjuvanted vaccines
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19. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.2 Types of vaccine
2.2.1 Non-adjuvanted vaccines
• It has only the antigen as its main component
• Examples, rabies vaccine
2.2.2 Adjuvant vaccines
• It has two main components, the antigen and the adjuvant
• Examples, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and diphtheria tetanus
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20. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.3 Types of Vaccine Manufacturing Methods
• There are different methods used to produce vaccines
2.3.1 Traditional method using eggs
2.3.2 New methods using mammalian cells
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21. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.3.1 Egg-Based Vaccine
• Over the last 60 years, seasonal flu vaccines have been manufactured using
fertilized embryonic eggs
• Using this method, it takes about four months to produce a batch of vaccines for a
new strain of influenza virus
• Advantage of using embryonic egg to manufacture seasonal flu vaccines
• Also produce effectiveness vaccines via embryonic egg
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22. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.3.2 Cell- Based Vaccines
• In this method, cells used from mammals to culture the influenza virus for vaccine
production
• Various pharmaceutical companies use different sources of mammalian cell
culture for vaccine production
• Baxter Health care uses cells extracted from the kidney of African Green Monkey
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23. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.4 Mechanism of action
• Function of vaccine is to enhance our natural defense system i.e. our immune
system, to fight and defend our body against disease
• When vaccine is injected into our body, it will trigger an immune response in same
way our body respond after exposure to virus
• Our immune system detect and recognize the antigen in vaccine as foreign invader
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24. HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS
• 2.4 Mechanism of action
• So immune system will start immune response to produce protein called
antibodies
• Antibodies neutralized these foreign invader
• If our body come in contact with same virus in future, our immune system should
be able to respond fast enough to prevent the development of disease
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25. Thank you
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