vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. HISTORY OF VACCINES- EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox. A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR . Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887. The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK. The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914. A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.

1. NEW GENERATION VACCINES
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya,
Sagar (M.P.)
Submitted By -
Megha Soni
M. Pharm 1st SEM

2. vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-
causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's
immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize
and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter
in the future.

3. HISTORY OF VACCINES-
 EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of
the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
 A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
 Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE
vaccine in 1887.
 The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH
BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
 The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
 A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.

4. CONVENTIONAL VACCINES- These are made up of complete virus or
bacteria. These are also known as first generation vaccine.
Types of conventional vaccines-
1. Attenuated vaccines – these live attenuated vaccines contain the major
types of pathogens, which have all the immunogenic features and attenuated
on laboratory conditions. These vaccines give long term safety and also no
need of booster dose. Eg. Vaccines for mumps, measles, rubella, influenza,
yellow fever, hepatitis A .
2. Inactivated vaccine – These vaccines involve usage of inactivated or killed
pathogens. However there are some concern , such as return of virulence,
characteristics of pathogens, which leads host disease and because of non-
proliferation pathogens clear rapidly from body , which could decrease the
efficiency and effectiveness of vaccine . Eg. Vaccines for cholera, pertussis.

5. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL VACCINES-
 There are possibilities of reversion of the virulence of live vaccine and failure
of inactivation of inactivated vaccines.
 Some conventional vaccines can produce secondary effects.
 Conventional vaccine need to be kept refrigerate during their storage and
shipment. So results difficulty to maintain effectiveness of vaccines.
 It has not been possible, using conventional techniques, to develop vaccines
against all the porcine diseases.
Eg. there is no effective vaccine against African swine fever virus.
 Conventional vaccines do not allow the differentiation between vaccinated
animals and sick or carrier animals.

6. NEW GENERATION VACCINES-
• new generation vaccines contain the proteins of the infectious agent that are able
to induce an immune response in a similar way to that produced by the whole
agent.
• Secondly, the identification of those proteins that are not immunogenic, do not
have a role in replication, or that are related to virulence; thus, these proteins are
not necessary. Using genetic engineering, the genes coded for these proteins can
be selected, cloned and expressed using different vectors; they can also be
eliminated by selective deletion. A variation of this system is the chemical
production of the selected proteins once they have been identified.

7. RECOMBINANT
VACCINE
DNA VACCINE
PEPTIDE
BASED
VACCINE

8. 1. RECOMBINANT VACCINE-
This technique is based on the
production of proteins from an infectious
agent without using the microorganism.
Using genetic engineering techniques,
DNA is fragmented expressed in vitro in
different vectors . Thus, large quantities
of a protein (subunit) are produced
(sometimes more than one protein is
produced). This can be used as a subunit
vaccine.

9. TYPES OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE –
1. Subunit vaccine-
Subunit vaccines are vaccines that use only part of the disease-causing virus which
is responsible for creating disease. The part responsible for creating disease is a protein,
which we call the antigen. Subunit vaccines can contain from 1 to 20 antigens, that are
either taken directly from the virus, or grown in the lab using the virus’ DNA. Eg
hepatitis B virus vaccine.
Advantages-
1. Subunit vaccines can be given to people
with weakened immune systems.
2. These vaccines appear to give long-lived
Immunity.
3. Since only parts of the virus are used for
these vaccines, the risks of reactions are
very low.

10. 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines-
It is now possible to genetically engineer the
organisms (bacteria or viruses) and use them as
live vaccines, and such vaccines are referred to as
attenuated recombinant vaccines. The genetic
manipulations for the production of these
vaccines are broadly of two types:
1. Deletion or modification of virulence genes of
pathogenic organisms.
2. Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic
organisms to carry and express antigen
determinants from pathogenic organisms.
The advantage with attenuated vaccines is that the
native conformation of the immunogenic
determinants is preserved; hence the immune
response is substantially high.

11. 3.Vector recombinant vaccine-
• These are genetically modified viral vectors that can be used as vaccines against
certain pathogens. The desired gene coding for target antigens of virulent
pathogen is cloned into a vector. Then vector is administered into person. Then
vector slowly replicates inside the cell and serve as source of antigen.
• “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as carrier. Vactor include vaccinia,
polio, adenovius, salmonella etc.

12. 2. DNA VACCINES-
• DNA vaccines are the vaccines which contain DNA that codes for specific protiens
(antigens) from a pathogen.
• DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting an organism against disease by
injecting it with genetically engineered DNA to produce an immunological response.
• Genetic material into a living host resulting in specific immune activation of the host
against the gene delivered antigen.
• DNA vaccine in early development (preclinical trials) includes:
leukaemia, Alzheimer, TB, Ebola, Multiple sclerosis, malaria etc.
Advantages-
 Very cheep to make.
 Easy to transport and store.
 Can be made in short time span.
Disadvantages-
 Initial attempt to create DNA vaccine have not worked.
 No DNA vaccine has been licenced for use in human yet.

13.  DNA vaccines uses only the dna from infectious organisms.
 It avoid risk of using actual infectious organism.
 Provide both humoral and cell mediated immunity.
 Refrigeration is not required.

14. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE-
 Peptide-based vaccines are built of defined, small-peptide antigens engineered
to induce the desired immune response. However, these peptides are poorly
immunogenic and need to be delivered with additional immune-stimulating
agents such as adjuvants or particulate delivery systems/carriers.
 they allow the immune response to focus solely on relevant epitopes, avoiding
those that lead to nonprotective responses, immune evasion, or unwanted side
effects, such as autoimmunity.
 The design of peptide-based vaccines takes advantage of an emergent
computational paradigm that couples immunoinformatic prediction with
rigorous experimental validation, thus facilitating the identification of epitopes
within protein antigens. Amongst extant prediction technologies, the most
fruitful has been data-driven prediction of T-cell epitopes.

15. The use of peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancer has expanded since one
of the first studies used a MAGE-1 peptide for treatment of melanoma.

16. REFERENCES:
• Vyas S.P., Dixit V.K. “Pharmaceutical biotechnology” first edition, 2011, CBS
Publishers, New Delhi, India, 313-315.