The document discusses reading and writing skills. It defines reading as retrieving stored information or ideas and explains that reading helps with mental development, vocabulary, and understanding new information. It also discusses different types of reading like skimming, scanning, intensive reading, and literature reading. The document then covers various writing skills and types of writing like formal, informal, narrative, expository, descriptive, and persuasive writing. It provides details on writing paragraphs, letters, stories, and using dialogue in writing.

2. Topic: Reading and Writing Skills Subject: English Submitted to: Miss Mudassar Jehan Submitted by: Safa Murtaza -074 Aiman Murtaza-039 Ayesha Liaqat-042 Date: 27-01-2011

4. Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another.

5. reading Writing speaking listening

6. Reading is a process of retrieving the meaning of stored information or ideas.

7. To acquire knowledge Reading helps in mental development Improvement of conversational skills Helps readers to decipher new words Developing vocabulary, language skills If the reader don't know anything about a subject, then it will be difficult for him to grab the information.

8. The way to understand reading: Two ways: 1. calling words – ability to recognize word structures 2. understand words – ability to understand the meaning within the context of the words One does not exist without the other.

9. READING Types Reading according to purpose. According to reading performance. According to Reading Instruction Program.

10. Skimming , Scanning, literature Reading Intensive Reading Reading for General Comprehension , Detailed Reading , Reading according to purpose .

11. 1. Skimming General understanding of the whole text. Fastest type of reading based on purpose. Also called rapid-survey reading.

12. 2. Scanning Look for specific information in the text. It makes you “skip more than you read”. Also called search reading.

13. Comprehension Skills The ability to use context and prior knowledge to aid reading and to make sense of what one reads and hears . Comprehension is based on: Knowledge that reading makes sense Readers' prior knowledge Information presented in the text The use of context to assist recognition of words and meaning.

14. 3-Five Basic Steps to Reading Comprehension 1. Previewing 2. Reading and Comprehending 3. Skimming 4. Scanning 5. Following Up

15. 4. Intensive or functional reading Also called word for word type of reading. Requires one to read materials related to his/her field of specialization. The object of intensive reading demands a great deal of content-area reading.

16. 5. Extensive Also called light-type of reading. Reading for leisure. You love what you read.

17. 6. Literature reading Not mainly for pleasure. Intends to familiarize readers with different genres of literature pieces: Novels, short stories, biography, etc.

18. B. ACCORDING TO READING PERFORMANCE / RATE OF UNDERSTANDING

19. 1. Speed reading Information tends to stay superficially in one’s mind. Not a good method if your objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the text.

20. 2. Sub-vocalized reading One recognizes the form of the word and internally sounds it in the mind the way one pronounced it as a spoke word. Focuses primarily on the form, stress, intonation, phrasing of the language. This prevents one from quick reading and comprehension of the text.

21. 3. Proofreading To see typographical errors Proofreading vs. editing

22. 4. SPE (structure proposition evaluation) Three stages Recognizing language structures Making inferences Evaluation ideas, reasons, or conclusions Judgment is withheld until the text is fully understood.

23. C. ACCORDING TO READING-INSTRUCTION PROGRAM

24. 1. Read aloud Mostly teachers use this in instruction. Students will learn good expressions, proper pacing, and correct pronunciation.

25. 2. Shared reading It is also called as group reading. Enhance IQ level. It is necessary for students

26. 3. Guided reading Reader is left alone to do silent reading. But the reader is motivated by the teacher by various strategies. Reader is not totally left alone.

27. 4. Fluency reading Main objective: To gain mastery of the Pronunciation, Phrasing, Pausing, Intonation, Stress of the text. Progress: measured by the number of words one can read aloud and comprehensions Qs answered correctly.

28. Fluency Reading Text is read several times e.g. comprehension reading. Importance: Taped reading, Timed reading.

29. 6. Developmental reading Aims to refine one’s reading: Reading readiness in the nursery. Beginning reading. Rapid growth. Refining and widening reading.

30. 7. Selective or key-word reading Characterized by skimming and scanning

31. 8. Remedial reading One submits himself/herself to a reading program that will give him/her special reading sessions under the guidance of a reading specialist. This requires one to reflect on thoughts.

32. Memory and Concentration To really learn well, there are two things you need: The ability to and minimize distractions while you are studying. techniques to help you remember what you have learned. concentrate Memory

33. Writing Skills

34. Definition Writing skills are specific abilities which help writers put their thoughts into words in a meaningful form and to mentally interact with the message.

35. What is Writing? Writing may be: Persuasive writing. Author hopes to convince and audience on his/her opinion. Objective writing. Presents facts and information organized in an accessible way.

36. Objective of Writing To acquire generally useful techniques for effective writing. To utilized easy exercise that can help to improve your reading. To become familiar with common working mistakes.

37. Rules of Effective Writing Basic Rules Getting to the point Being Concise Paragraphing Framing Effective Questions Use of Nondiscriminatory Language Punctuation. Grammar Spelling

38. Types of Writing Formal writing Informal writing

39. Formal Writing. It may be: Letter writing Paragraph writing Essay writing Story writing Dialogue writing … etc.

40. TYPES OF LETTER WRITING Formal Letters: Tone is formal such as Business Letters. Semi-Formal Letters: Tone and style is formal and meant for relatives. Invitation Letters. Informal Letters: Tone and style is relaxed. It is written to relatives, friends, etc. Form Letters: Preprinted, Administration form, Application Form, etc.

41. What is Paragraph? A paragraph usually contains a general idea in one sentence, and 4 - 5 supporting sentences which expand this idea by giving explanation.

42. The Parts of a Paragraph Topic Sentence: To introduce the main idea of the paragraph 2. Details: Main body of the paragraph. 3. Concluding Sentence: To wrap-up your ideas.

43. Types of Paragraphs For our purposes, here are the basic types of paragraphs: Narrative Exposition Descriptive Persuasive

44. Narrative Tells a story Uses specific details Is not a mere listing of events. It has characters, setting, conflict, and resolution. Time and place are usually established

45. Exposition Informative/explanatory Can be included incidentally with narrative or descriptive, but can also stand alone.

46. Description Series of detailed observations Usually not used by itself, but rather as a part of a whole The challenge is to make it interesting Imagery Sensory details; five senses Similes, metaphors

47. Persuasive Uses direct approach “ Believe me and do it!” Calls reader to action or to take a stand on an important issue More than just opinion is needed; information, analysis, and context must be given to the reader to let him/her make a decision

48. Writing a Story Helpful hints for story writing.

49. Dilemma Opening Build-up Resolution Ending Story Mountain

50. Humour Making the audience laugh as part of telling a story

51. Crime Regular cop and robber story (often made into films)

52. Real-life fiction Stories in a present day reality

53. Historical fiction Ancient traditional stories, myths and legends Eg: Lord of the Rings

54. Mystery Thrilling tales of the unknown phenomenon Eg: Alien stories, X-Files

55. Science fiction Use a setting involving science and technology Eg: Star Wars, The Matrix

56. Adventure Action-packed stories with dangerous obstacles to overcome.

57. Fantasy Stories with magic and fairytale characters

58. What is Dialogue? When people speak in a piece of writing whether real or imaginary The direct speech is set off by quotation marks Example: “ Hi! ”

59. Why Use Dialogue? Makes writing more interesting. Reveals more information about the characters and situation.

60. Some common problems while writing ... Repetition repeating words or ideas Vagueness and verbosity using over-long sentences using imprecise terms Lack of analysis too much description no clear plan Lack of clarity assumption of knowledge

61. Objective : evidence driven. Accurate : style, referencing, data. Concise: not wordy, balanced, within word limit. Clear : point evident. Consistent: expression, spelling, grammar. Convincing: argument and language. Reader friendly.