Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause disease in animals. Seven, including the new virus, have made the jump to humans, but most just cause cold-like symptoms.
Two other coronaviruses – Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) – are much more severe,
PROPERTIES OF CORONAVIRUSES,Coronavirus Replication,CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS PATHOGENESIS,Clinical Findings,Laboratory Diagnosis,Treatment, Prevention, and Control
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause disease in animals. Seven, including the new virus, have made the jump to humans, but most just cause cold-like symptoms.
Two other coronaviruses – Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) – are much more severe,
PROPERTIES OF CORONAVIRUSES,Coronavirus Replication,CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS PATHOGENESIS,Clinical Findings,Laboratory Diagnosis,Treatment, Prevention, and Control
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Infections caused by a group of viruses spread to people by the bite of infected arthropods (insects) such as mosquitoes and ticks. These infections usually occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO
Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.In the last Nine months, almost Ten lakhs of
lives have already been Death, around three billion of people are in quarantine, and global
economies have been decreased. The outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has
broken down the political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole
world. The World’s top economies country such as the Australia, USA, India China, UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others. The Stock Markets around the world have
been broken down and oil prices have fallen off a cliff. A report was published on BBC where
they describe every single week 3.3 million Americans have been unemployment and a week
later another 6.6 million people started searching for new jobs. The novel coronavirus is a
microscopic organism that has become an epidemic over time around the world. The United
States, Europe, Britain, Italy, Spain and France have already been hit by the virus. These
countries have already become mortal by Corona virus.
This Power Point presentation deals with the Dengue virus its cause and mechanism. How the virus infects the host and how the host immune cells kill the virus. vaccines against this virus and the recent advances related to these virus.
Infections caused by a group of viruses spread to people by the bite of infected arthropods (insects) such as mosquitoes and ticks. These infections usually occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO
Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.In the last Nine months, almost Ten lakhs of
lives have already been Death, around three billion of people are in quarantine, and global
economies have been decreased. The outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has
broken down the political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole
world. The World’s top economies country such as the Australia, USA, India China, UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others. The Stock Markets around the world have
been broken down and oil prices have fallen off a cliff. A report was published on BBC where
they describe every single week 3.3 million Americans have been unemployment and a week
later another 6.6 million people started searching for new jobs. The novel coronavirus is a
microscopic organism that has become an epidemic over time around the world. The United
States, Europe, Britain, Italy, Spain and France have already been hit by the virus. These
countries have already become mortal by Corona virus.
This Power Point presentation deals with the Dengue virus its cause and mechanism. How the virus infects the host and how the host immune cells kill the virus. vaccines against this virus and the recent advances related to these virus.
...Understand the Definition and the underlying pathology of endometriosis
...sites of endometriosis
....Theories of development of endometriosis
...the Clinical presentations and investigations
...Management options for endometriosis in patients presenting by pain and those presenting by infertility
....Understand the Definition of and the underlying pathology of adenomyosis.
.......the clinical presentation, diagnosis of adenomyosis.
....... management options (medical and surgical) for adenomyosis
Histology of group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Learning Objectives
Neuropathogenic Viruses
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus
Western Equine Encephalitis virus
West Nile virus
Main properties Pathogenic mechanism Clinical significance Laboratory diagnosis
3. Introduction
Arbovirus Acronym for arthropod-borne virus and highlights the fact that these viruses are
transmitted by arthropods
Primarily mosquitoes and ticks
Blood-filled proboscis and the abdomen engorged with blood
It is a collective name for a large group of diverse viruses, more than 600
Important Properties
Most arboviruses are classified in three families, namely, Togaviruses,
Flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses
4. Important Properties
Togaviridae Flavivirdae
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Enveloped
Single-stranded
Positive-polarity RNA genome
Alphaviruses
70 nm in diameter 40 to 50 nm in diameter
Flaviviruses
Family
Genus
West Nile virus
EEEV
WEEV
5. Transmission
Humans are dead-end hosts ?
Must be present in the bloodstream of the
vertebrate host (viremia) in sufficiently high titer
Extrinsic incubation period, must pass before
the virus has replicated sufficiently for the saliva
to contain enough virus
Only the female ?
Only she requires a blood meal in
order for progeny to be produced
Ranges from 7 to 14 days
Some are transmitted by vertical “transovarian”
passage from the mother tick to her offspring.
Value?
6. Pathogenic mechanism
On biting a host, the mosquito regurgitates virus-containing saliva
into the bloodstream
female
Circulates freely in the host’s plasma and Comes
into contact with susceptible target cell
Flulike symptoms
The virus gains access to the brain by infecting
the endothelial cells lining the small vessels of
the brain or the choroid plexus
7. Clinical significance
Most human arboviral infections are asymptomatic
A minority of infections cause neuroinvasive disease, such as encephalitis and meningitis
The clinical picture usually fits one of three categories
Encephalitis
Hemorrhagic fever
Fever with myalgias, arthralgias, and nonhemorrhagic rash
The pathogenesis of these diseases involves not only the cytocidal effect of the
virus, but also, in some, a prominent immunopathologic component
Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Western equine encephalitis virus
West Nile virus
Immunity following the
infection is lifelong
8. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Causes the most severe disease and is associated with the highest fatality rate (approximately 50%)
Encephalitis
Characterized by the sudden onset of :
Severe headache
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Changes in mental status
Rapidly progressive downhill course with nuchal rigidity
Seizures
Coma
The diagnosis is made by either isolating the virus or demonstrating a rise in antibody titer
Atlantic and Gulf states
If the patient survives, the central nervous system sequelae are usually severe occur in one third of survivors
The disease does not occur in the winter ?
9. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
Causes disease more frequently than does EEE virus
The virus is transmitted primarily by Culex mosquitoes among the wild bird
The clinical picture of WEE virus infection is similar but less severe, the fatality rate is roughly 2%.
The diagnosis is made by isolating the virus or observing a rise in antibody titer
West of Mississippi
Sequelae are less common
Wild birds
10. West Nile Virus
The clinical picture is one of encephalitis with or without signs of meningitis, typically in a person over 60
years of age
Less than 1% of those infected have symptomatic disease, the mortality rate is roughly 12%.
The laboratory diagnosis can be made by either isolation of the virus from brain tissue, blood, or spinal
fluid or by detection of antibodies in spinal fluid or blood and PCR-based assays are also available.
Detection of IgM antibody is the most efficient diagnostic method
Endemic in Africa; Widespread in United States
The most common cause of neuroinvasive (encephalitis, meningitis) arboviral disease
11. Laboratory
diagnosis
Clinical significance
Main properties
Virus
isolating the virus
or demonstrating a
rise in antibody
titer
The majority of infections are
subclinical
May cause acute encephalitis
(most severe disease)
Family Togaviridae
Genus Alphavirus
Enveloped, icosahedral viruses
Positive sense
Single-stranded RNA genome
70 nm in diameter
Transmitted to humans by mosquitoes
Eastern Equine
Encephalitis virus
The majority of infections are
subclinical
May cause acute encephalitis
(less severe disease)
Western Equine
Encephalitis virus
Isolation of the
virus from brain
tissue, blood, or
spinal fluid or by
detection of
antibodies in spinal
fluid or blood and
PCR-based assays
are also available
Usually self-limited illness
May result in aseptic meningitis or
meningoencephalitis, especially in
the elderly
Family Flaviviridae
Genus flavivirus
Enveloped, icosahedral viruses
Positive sense
Single stranded RNA genome
40 to 50 nm in diameter
Transmitted to humans by mosquito
West Nile virus
13. Reference
Warren E. Levinson (2014) Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 13th edn., New
York, United States: McGraw-Hill Education - Europe.
Neal R. Chamberlain ( 2009) Medical Microbiology: The Big Picture, New York, United States:
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe.
Richard A. Harvey , Cynthia Nau Cornelissen (2012) Lippincott Illustrated Reviews:
Microbiology, Third edn., Philadelphia, United States: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Editor's Notes
The life cycle of the arboviruses is based on the ability of these viruses to multiply in both the vertebrate host and the bloodsucking vector
Most arboviruses maintain an enzootic (animal) cycle that does not
involve human infection. After a bite from an infected mosquito, the
virus replicates in dendritic cells and macrophages in local tissue and
lymph nodes, resulting in a primary viremia that disseminates virus to
end organs including the CNS. The ability of an arbovirus to invade
the CNS (neuroinvasiveness) is determined by multiple viral and host
factors.138 Proposed routes of arboviral CNS entry include penetration
of the cerebral microvasculature after infection of endothelial cells,
diapedesis of infected leukocytes, or penetration of the choroid plexus.
When the virus has penetrated the blood-brain barrier, arboviruses
can directly infect and cause death of neurons. Several studies have
shown that apoptosis is an important mechanism of WNV neuron cell
death and CNS injury.139-141 Immune responses also contribute to clearance
of virus and immunopathologically mediated neuronal cell death.
Clinicians should
have a high index of suspicion in the summer months in
the appropriate geographic areas. The disease does not
occur in the winter because mosquitoes are not active. It is
not known how the virus survives the winter—in birds,
mosquitoes, or perhaps some other animal.
No antiviral therapy is available. A killed vaccine is
available to protect horses but not humans. The disease is
too rare for production of a human vaccine to be economically
feasible.
Approximately 1 in 30
individuals exposed to eastern equine encephalitis virus develops
disease
The case-fatality rate is approximately 4% to 10% but is higher in
infants and the elderly
fever and headache without encephalitis occur in about 20%,
and roughly 80% of infections are asymptomatic
Mortality from WNV neuroinvasive disease is approximately 12%