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More from Rajan Kumar (20)
Neurons
- 1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurons:
Cellular and Network Properties
• Neurons:
Cellular and Network Properties
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- 2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Positive feedback loop
• Absolute refractory period
• Relative refractory period
Regulating the AP
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- 3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulating the AP
Figure 8-11: Ion movements during the action potential
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- 4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulating the AP
Figure 8-12: Refractory periods
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- 5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Firing rate
• "Wave" of APs
• Proportional neurotransmitter (NT) release
• Stronger GP initiates more APs & more NT
Frequency of Action Potentials
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- 6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frequency of Action Potentials
Figure 8-13: Coding for stimulus intensity
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- 7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Kinetic energy
• Depolarizes ahead
• Drives AP to terminal
Conduction of Action Potentials
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- 8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Conduction of Action Potentials
Figure 8-14a: Conduction of action potentials
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- 9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Conduction of Action Potentials
Figure 8-14b: Conduction of action potentials
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- 10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Conduction of Action Potentials
Figure 8-14c: Conduction of action potentials
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- 11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Larger diameter faster conduction
• Myelinated axon faster conduction
• Salutatory conduction
• Disease damage to myelin
• Chemicals that block channels
• Alteration of ECF ion concentrations
Speed of Conduction
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- 12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Speed of Conduction
Figure 8-16b: Axon diameter and speed of conduction
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- 13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Speed of Conduction
Figure 8-17: Saltatory conduction
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- 14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell to Cell Conduction: the Synapse
• Electrical synapses: gap junctions
• Very fast conduction
• Example: cardiac muscle
• Chemical synapses
• Pre synaptic terminal
• Synthesis of Neurotransmitters
• Ca2+
releases Neurotransmitters
• Synaptic cleft
• Postsynaptic cell: Neurotransmitter receptors
PLAY Animation: Nervous System II: Anatomy Reviewvisit us www.dentaltutor.in
- 15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell to Cell Conduction: the Synapse
Figure 8-19: A chemical synapse
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- 16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synapse Mechanism
Figure 8-20: Events at the synapse
PLAY Animation: Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmissionvisit us www.dentaltutor.in
- 17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Acetylcholine synthesis
Figure 8-21: Synthesis and recycling of acetylcholine at the synapse
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- 18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Neurotransmitters
• Neuromodulators
• Neurohormones
Neurocrines
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- 19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurocrines
Table 8-4-1: Major Neurocrines
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- 20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurocrines
Table 8-4-2: Major Neurocrines
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