Biological fixation of nitrogen
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nitrogen.ppt
Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This reaction is catalyzed by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. Rhizobia bacteria form symbiotic relationships with legumes, living in root nodules and providing fixed nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon sources. The genes and proteins involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation are well-studied, including the nodulation genes that allow bacteria to signal to and infect the plant roots, ultimately resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.
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Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. This reaction is catalyzed by certain bacteria that are able to fix nitrogen. The best-known nitrogen-fixing symbiosis is between rhizobia bacteria and legume plants, in which the bacteria infect plant root nodules and reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that is exchanged for carbon from the plant. Key genes and gene products involved in this process include nodulation genes that control nod factor production, which signals to induce nodule formation, and the nitrogenase enzyme complex that facilitates nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogenase functioning in biological system
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Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is converted from its stable dinitrogen form in the atmosphere into ammonia. This process is essential because plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. It is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that contain the nitrogenase enzyme complex. There are two types of biological nitrogen fixation - symbiotic fixation occurs through root nodules in legumes formed via their association with Rhizobia bacteria, and asymbiotic fixation by free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria in soil. Nitrogen fixation requires a large amount of energy, so it is tightly regulated by various mechanisms at the genetic level and through feedback inhibition when fixed nitrogen is abundant.
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Plants assimilate mineral nutrients by incorporating them into organic compounds. This requires complex biochemical reactions that are highly energy-demanding, such as the assimilation of nitrogen and sulfur which uses 12-16 ATPs per reaction. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate that plants can absorb. Nitrate assimilation is a two-step process where nitrate is first reduced to nitrite then to ammonium. Ammonium is rapidly converted to glutamine and glutamate to avoid toxicity.
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biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
Nitrogen assimilation in plants
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Establishing Symbiosis Requires an Exchange of Signals
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AMMONIUM ASSIMILATED BY GS/GOGAT PATHWAY
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The document discusses nitration, which is the introduction of nitro groups (-NO2) into organic molecules. It can produce nitro aromatic compounds, nitro paraffinic compounds, or nitramine compounds. The main nitrating agents are mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. Nitration of aromatic compounds produces nitrobenzene and related compounds. The orientation of nitro substitution depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating effects of substituents. Nitration of aliphatic compounds requires high temperatures and yields complex product mixtures. Process parameters like temperature, agitation, composition, and phase ratios influence nitration kinetics and yields.
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Nitrogen is an essential element that cycles through various forms in the environment. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification processes carried out by microorganisms. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium which can then be used by plants and other organisms. Ammonification and nitrification convert organic nitrogen and ammonium into nitrates. Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas. The nitrogen cycle is crucial for ecosystems as it makes nitrogen available to support primary production.
nitrogen.ppt
Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This reaction is catalyzed by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. Rhizobia bacteria form symbiotic relationships with legumes, living in root nodules and providing fixed nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon sources. The genes and proteins involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation are well-studied, including the nodulation genes that allow bacteria to signal to and infect the plant roots, ultimately resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.
Cours_Fixationsymbiose_-_copie.ppt
Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. This reaction is catalyzed by certain bacteria that are able to fix nitrogen. The best-known nitrogen-fixing symbiosis is between rhizobia bacteria and legume plants, in which the bacteria infect plant root nodules and reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that is exchanged for carbon from the plant. Key genes and gene products involved in this process include nodulation genes that control nod factor production, which signals to induce nodule formation, and the nitrogenase enzyme complex that facilitates nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogenase functioning in biological system
This document discusses nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen cycle. It describes the key enzyme nitrogenase, which consists of an iron protein and an iron-molybdenum protein. Nitrogenase facilitates the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through its metal components. Biological nitrogen fixation can occur through non-symbiotic bacteria or through a symbiotic relationship between rhizobia bacteria and legumes in root nodules. The process involves the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia using solar energy and coenzymes like ferredoxin.
Nitrogen cycle
The document discusses nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen cycle. It notes that while nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere, plants cannot use it directly and must obtain nitrogen from the soil in the forms of nitrates and ammonium salts. Nitrogen fixation is carried out by both biological and non-biological processes, with biological nitrogen fixation being the primary means of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil through the action of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their enzyme nitrogenase. The nitrogenase enzyme converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia through an ATP-dependent process.
nitrogencycle-140327111119-phpapp02 (1).pdf
The document discusses nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen cycle. It notes that while nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere, plants cannot use it directly and must obtain nitrogen from the soil in the forms of nitrates and ammonium salts. Nitrogen fixation is carried out through both biological and non-biological processes, with biological nitrogen fixation being the primary means of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil through symbiotic bacteria like Rhizobium that form nodules on legume roots. The nitrogenase enzyme is responsible for this nitrogen fixation through an energy-intensive process requiring ATP.
Electrophillic substitution reaction
The document discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. It explains that benzene's pi electrons are available to electrophilic reagents seeking to attack the ring. The methyl group activates the benzene ring by stabilizing developing positive charge through its inductive effect, making reactions faster. Nitro groups deactivate the ring by intensifying positive charge. The position of substitution is directed by any substituent's ability to stabilize the intermediate carbocation through resonance structures.
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This document summarizes a seminar on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. It introduces the topic, discussing how UV and visible light cause electronic transitions in atoms and molecules. It then describes the four main types of electronic transitions that can occur. The document also summarizes Beer's and Lambert's laws, instrumentation used in UV-Vis spectroscopy, and rules like Woodward-Fieser and Fieser-Kuhn that can be used to correlate spectra with molecular structure. Finally, some applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy are mentioned like qualitative and quantitative analysis.
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This document discusses the generation and sources of free radicals in the human body. There are several ways that free radicals are generated, including photolysis (decomposition using light), thermolysis (decomposition using heat), and redox reactions. Specific examples of compounds that generate free radicals through these processes include peroxides, azo compounds, and ketones. Free radicals are also generated through internal biological sources like mitochondria and enzymes, as well as external sources like cigarette smoke, pollution, radiation, and solvents. Physiological stress and disease states can further influence free radical production levels in the body.
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measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Recently uploaded (20)
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Biological fixation of nitrogen
- 1. CECH-612 UNIT-4(A) BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 2. • The nitrogen atoms containing biomolecules such as amino acids, pyrimidines etc come from NH4+ which in turn come from atmospheric nitrogen by its biochemical reduction. • The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into NH4+ ions is known as fixation of nitrogen. • Biological fixation of nitrogen is carried out by blue green algae viz a family of bacteria is known as rhizhobium bacteria. • These bacteria invades the roots of leguminous plants such as peas, beans, alfafa etc and form root nodules in which nitrogen fixation takes place. BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 3. BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 4. • The bond energy of N=N bond is quite high (950 KJ/mol), The nitrogen is highly receptable to electronical attack. • This is why chemical process of nitrogen fixation (viz. haber process) takes place at high pressure and temperature. • The biological process of nitrogen fixation, through less efficient, takes place under ordinary conditions of pressure and temperature. • The enzyme present in the nitrogen fixing bacteria is the nitrogenase complex, which is infact family of enzymes varying slightly from one bacterial species to another in which they are present. BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 5. • The nitrogenase complex is composed of two kinds of protein components : • one kind of component is known as reductase. • Other kind of component is known as nitrogenase. • The reductase supplies electrons which are used by the nitrogenase to NH4+. • The reductase is an Fe-S protein while the nitrogenase is an Fe- Mo-S protein. • The stoichiometry of the reaction catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex is: N2 + 6 e- + 12 ATP → 2 NH4+ + 12 ADP + 4H+ BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 6. • RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST FOLLOWING SEQUENCE :- 1. The reduced ferridoxine ( which is the real source of electrons in the reactive given above ) transferases its electrons to the reductase component of the nitrogenase complex. 2. ATP then binds to the reductase and thereby alters its conformation in such a way that it causes a shift in thr reduction potential of the reductase from 0.30 V- 0.40 V. The greater the magnitude of the negative value of the reduction potential. The greater its tendency to loose electrons and hence the greater is the reducing power of reductase. BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
- 7. • RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST FOLLOWING SEQUENCE :- 3. The increased reducing power of reductase enables it to transfer its electrons to the nitrogenase component of the nitrogenase complex which contains the bound nitrogen. 4. The ATP then gets hydrolysed and the nitrogen bound to the nitrogenase component gets reduced to NH4+. Since the source of energy required for the chemical fixation of nitrogen to ammonia are becoming more and more costly, efforts are being made by bioscientists to carry out nitrogen fixation by microorganisms. BY - Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA