Neural tube defects
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Neural tube defects are caused by the abnormal closure of neural folds and can be influenced by teratogens and multifactorial genetic and environmental factors. Spina bifida is a general term used for neural tube defects in the spinal region where the vertebral arches are split apart and the underlying nervous tissue may or may not be involved. Spina bifida occulta involves a defective vertebral arch covered by skin, while spina bifida cystica features a protrusion in the form of a sac where the underlying neural tissue is involved along with the meninges. Hydrocephalus can develop in spina bifida cystica when the spinal cord is tethered to the vertebral column, pulling the cerebellum through the
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Clinical Features Of Neural Tube Defects
Neural tube defects occur due to interference with cranial or caudal closure during embryological development between 3-4 weeks. Risk factors include genetic and environmental influences. Neural tube defects are classified as open spina bifida, where the spinal cord and meninges are exposed through an opening in the vertebral column, or occult spina bifida, where defects are hidden below the skin surface and can include tethered cord, dermal sinus, lipoma of the cord, diastematomyelia, or thickened filum terminal. Clinical features of neural tube defects include weakness, sphincter disturbances, back pain, scoliosis, sensory deficits, and cutaneous signs.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are birth defects that occur when the spine and brain do not develop properly early in pregnancy. The document discusses several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, cranioschisis, exencephaly, encephalocele, rachischisis, and spina bifida. Spina bifida is further classified into spina bifida occulta, spina bifida cystica, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The causes include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Clinical features and management involve surgical closure of defects and prevention of complications. Prognosis depends on location and severity of defect but quality of life can be improved with treatment and care.
NÖRAL TÜP DEFEKTLERİ
Neural tube defects are among the most common birth defects. They occur due to the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. There are several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, and iniencephaly. Prenatal ultrasound can detect neural tube defects as early as 10 weeks gestation by identifying characteristics such as absent skull structures, heterogeneous masses where brain tissue should be, and spinal defects. Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
Birth Defects: Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur when the neural tube fails to close properly early in development. There are three main types: anencephaly, encephalocoele, and spina bifida. Neural tube defects affect around 1 in 1,000 live births in industrialized nations. They result from genetic and environmental factors interacting, and can often be prevented by adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on the specific defect but may include brain and spinal cord abnormalities, intellectual disability, paralysis, and hydrocephalus.
Neural Tube Defects for Undergraduate Medical Students
Neural tube defects are congenital abnormalities that occur during early embryonic development caused by the neural tube failing to close properly. There are two types: open defects which result in exposed spinal cord or brain tissue, and closed defects where the spine and skull do not fully close. Risk factors include low folic acid intake, certain medications, diabetes, and obesity during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on the location and severity of the defect but may include paralysis, weakness, learning disabilities, vision problems, and bowel/bladder issues. Prenatal screening includes ultrasound and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Treatment options include in utero surgery, conventional post-birth surgery, or endoscopic repair to close the opening.
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects, which result from failure of the neural tube to close during early development. It describes the classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, and prevention of various neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation are important for prevention, while management requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, developmental, and cognitive issues.
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. It describes the normal embryonic development of the neural tube and causes of NTDs, which can include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Management involves prenatal screening, surgical repair after birth, lifelong treatment of symptoms like paralysis, and prevention through folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy. Children with NTDs may experience permanent disabilities and require ongoing monitoring and support.
Neural Tube Defects
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are congenital malformations of the brain and spinal cord caused by improper closure of the neural tube early in embryonic development, usually due to folic acid deficiency. It defines various types of NTDs including spina bifida, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and tethered cord syndrome. For each type, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management approaches including surgery, bracing, physical therapy, and shunting procedures. Genetic and environmental risk factors are also discussed. The document provides a detailed overview of NTDs for medical professionals.
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Clinical Features Of Neural Tube Defects
Neural tube defects occur due to interference with cranial or caudal closure during embryological development between 3-4 weeks. Risk factors include genetic and environmental influences. Neural tube defects are classified as open spina bifida, where the spinal cord and meninges are exposed through an opening in the vertebral column, or occult spina bifida, where defects are hidden below the skin surface and can include tethered cord, dermal sinus, lipoma of the cord, diastematomyelia, or thickened filum terminal. Clinical features of neural tube defects include weakness, sphincter disturbances, back pain, scoliosis, sensory deficits, and cutaneous signs.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are birth defects that occur when the spine and brain do not develop properly early in pregnancy. The document discusses several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, cranioschisis, exencephaly, encephalocele, rachischisis, and spina bifida. Spina bifida is further classified into spina bifida occulta, spina bifida cystica, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The causes include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Clinical features and management involve surgical closure of defects and prevention of complications. Prognosis depends on location and severity of defect but quality of life can be improved with treatment and care.
NÖRAL TÜP DEFEKTLERİ
Neural tube defects are among the most common birth defects. They occur due to the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. There are several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, and iniencephaly. Prenatal ultrasound can detect neural tube defects as early as 10 weeks gestation by identifying characteristics such as absent skull structures, heterogeneous masses where brain tissue should be, and spinal defects. Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
Birth Defects: Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur when the neural tube fails to close properly early in development. There are three main types: anencephaly, encephalocoele, and spina bifida. Neural tube defects affect around 1 in 1,000 live births in industrialized nations. They result from genetic and environmental factors interacting, and can often be prevented by adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on the specific defect but may include brain and spinal cord abnormalities, intellectual disability, paralysis, and hydrocephalus.
Neural Tube Defects for Undergraduate Medical Students
Neural tube defects are congenital abnormalities that occur during early embryonic development caused by the neural tube failing to close properly. There are two types: open defects which result in exposed spinal cord or brain tissue, and closed defects where the spine and skull do not fully close. Risk factors include low folic acid intake, certain medications, diabetes, and obesity during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on the location and severity of the defect but may include paralysis, weakness, learning disabilities, vision problems, and bowel/bladder issues. Prenatal screening includes ultrasound and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Treatment options include in utero surgery, conventional post-birth surgery, or endoscopic repair to close the opening.
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects, which result from failure of the neural tube to close during early development. It describes the classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, and prevention of various neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation are important for prevention, while management requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, developmental, and cognitive issues.
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. It describes the normal embryonic development of the neural tube and causes of NTDs, which can include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Management involves prenatal screening, surgical repair after birth, lifelong treatment of symptoms like paralysis, and prevention through folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy. Children with NTDs may experience permanent disabilities and require ongoing monitoring and support.
Neural Tube Defects
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are congenital malformations of the brain and spinal cord caused by improper closure of the neural tube early in embryonic development, usually due to folic acid deficiency. It defines various types of NTDs including spina bifida, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and tethered cord syndrome. For each type, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management approaches including surgery, bracing, physical therapy, and shunting procedures. Genetic and environmental risk factors are also discussed. The document provides a detailed overview of NTDs for medical professionals.
neural tube defects
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur when the neural tube fails to close properly in utero. It describes the development of the central nervous system from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Common NTDs include spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Location of the defect determines motor and sensory impairments. Management includes counseling, surgery, and UTI prevention. The document also discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome, describing their features and management.
Dr Shaker Ee
Neural tube defects occur during early embryonic development between 18-26 days of gestation when the neural tube is forming. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where there is a midline defect of the bone, skin, spinal column and/or spinal cord. Health professionals can help prevent neural tube defects by promoting folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy, as folic acid deficiency is a risk factor. The prognosis for a child with spina bifida is generally good if they receive proper medical care and support.
Neural tube defects and Craniosynostosis
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that affect the central nervous system, including neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. It describes the embryology of neural tube formation and risk factors for NTDs such as folic acid deficiency. The document also discusses craniosynostosis, which is the premature fusion of skull sutures, and the various types including plagiocephaly, scaphocephaly, and trigonocephaly. It notes treatment may involve surgery to correct skull growth abnormalities.
Neural tube defects a case series - copy
Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur due to defects during neural tube formation in early embryonic development. They can be open, where neural tissue is exposed, or closed, where neural tissue is confined but covered by dysplastic skin. Ultrasound and MRI are used for prenatal diagnosis and show findings characteristic of specific defects like anencephaly, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, or craniorachischisis. Management involves prenatal counseling and postnatal surgical intervention if needed.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
Neural tube defect [ntd]
Neural tube defects are openings in the spinal cord or brain that occur early in development when the neural tube fails to close fully. Common types include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects develop before most women know they are pregnant and are caused by factors like genetics, obesity, diabetes, malnutrition, certain medications, and low folic acid levels. They are diagnosed through MRI or CT scans and treated by a multidisciplinary team to address physical, developmental, and learning issues. Taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy can help prevent most neural tube defects.
Ntd
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are birth defects where an opening remains in the spine or skull early in development. The main types are open defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, and closed defects. NTDs can be caused by folic acid deficiency, genetics, medications, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the specific defect. Diagnosis may involve ultrasounds and alpha-fetoprotein testing. Treatment ranges from surgery to palliative care, while prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy.
Meningoencephalocele
Meningoencephalocele is a neural tube defect where intracranial structures protrude outside the skull through a bone defect, usually in the midline. It occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000-10,000 births worldwide. The protruding structures can include brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Meningoencephaloceles are classified based on their skull base location and may protrude into the nasal cavity, posterior nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, or orbit. They are thought to be caused by either arrested closure of tissues or early outgrowth of neural tissue preventing skull closure. Diagnosis involves prenatal ultrasound or postnatal CT/MRI imaging. Surgical excision and dural
The neural tube defects
The neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system. During development, the neural tube forms as the neural folds lift and fuse together. Improper closure of openings in the neural tube can cause neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. Anencephaly involves failure of the brain and skull to develop properly. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal cord, brain, or their protective coverings do not fully develop, and can range from mild to severe depending on the type and extent of involvement. Treatment options depend on the specific type and symptoms of each defect.
Spinal Dysraphism[1]
1. Spinal dysraphism refers to a spectrum of congenital spinal cord and spine abnormalities ranging from obvious conditions like myelomeningocele to more subtle occult forms.
2. Myelomeningocele, the most severe form, involves failure of the neural tube to close and results in an open spinal defect visible at birth with neurological impairment.
3. Treatment of myelomeningocele aims to close the defect surgically within 48 hours of birth to protect neural structures and prevent infection while preserving existing function.
Neural tube defect
This document provides an overview of neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most common birth defects. It discusses the embryology, causes, types (including anencephaly and spina bifida), clinical presentation, diagnostic tests (such as ultrasound and MRI), and management (including prenatal surgery, medical care of newborns, and post-natal surgical repair). Key points covered include the importance of folic acid supplementation to prevent NTDs, the variety of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, and ongoing areas of research and debate around improving treatment and outcomes.
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs) IN INFANTS
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs) in infants. It begins with an introduction that defines NTDs as complex birth defects involving the central nervous system that occur when the neural tube fails to close during fetal development. The outline then covers various topics related to NTDs including the meaning of NTDs, types of defects, causes, incidence and prevalence, roles of folic acid and other nutrients, detection and prevention. NTDs are serious congenital defects resulting from genetic, environmental and nutritional factors disrupting the development of the brain and spinal cord. Increased folic acid intake before and during pregnancy has been shown to significantly reduce NTD risk.
neurosurgery.Congenital anomalies of the cns,(dr.mazn bujan)
1. Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system can result from genetic malformations during organ formation, environmental deformities during development, or tissue disruption.
2. Normal central nervous system development occurs through 23 stages from week 4 to week 8 of gestation, during which the brain and spinal cord regions form and neural cell types develop.
3. Common types of central nervous system anomalies include arachnoid cysts, neuroenteric cysts, craniosynostosis, encephaloceles, Chiari malformations, Dandy-Walker malformations, aqueductal stenosis, neural tube defects, tethered cord syndrome, split cord syndrome, intracranial lipomas, and
Congenital malformation of cns
The document discusses various congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS), including neural tube defects and cortical migrational anomalies. It describes specific conditions like anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, heterotopia, and focal cortical dysplasia. It provides ICD-10 codes for different CNS malformations and includes images to illustrate various normal and abnormal brain structures.
Neural tube defect
Neural tube defects result from the failure of closure of the embryonic posterior and anterior neuropores, leading to abnormalities in neural tube and associated structures. The most common types are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Risk factors include hyperthermia, certain drugs, malnutrition, maternal obesity, diabetes, genetic mutations affecting folate pathways, and radiation exposure before conception. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include surgery to repair defects and treat conditions like hydrocephalus, as well as lifelong management of issues with organs and systems along the neural axis.
Spina bifida
This document summarizes the development of the central nervous system during the 4th week of gestation. It describes how the neural groove deepens and closes to form the neural tube. Cells within the neural tube then differentiate into neuroblasts and neurons. The meninges develop from surrounding mesenchyme. Vertebral bodies form around the notochord and projections extend around the neural canal to form the vertebral arches. Failure of these arches to fuse can result in spina bifida. The document further describes the types and causes of spina bifida and approaches to management.
Cns cong anomalies
This document discusses congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, including their etiology, primary neurulation, neural tube closure, and specific disorders. Key points include: Folic acid deficiency and infections like rubella can cause anomalies. Primary neurulation occurs around 3-4 weeks and involves the neural tube, epidermis, and neural crest. Neural tube closure begins in the cervical region and finishes around day 29. Specific disorders result from failures of these processes and include anencephaly, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, and Chiari malformation. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and treatment may involve surgical repair or decompression.
Embyrogenesis of the CNS and its disorders
Embyrogenesis of the CNS and its disorders
neural tube defect
spina bifida
Congenital brain disorders
Chiari malformations
Dandy Walker
Disorders of neural tube closure and neuronal migration
This document discusses various neural tube closure disorders and disorders of neural migration during embryonic development. It provides an overview of embryology and describes specific disorders including anencephaly, spina bifida, callosal dysgenesis, Dandy-Walker malformation, Joubert syndrome, holoprosencephaly, heterotopic gray matter, lissencephaly, schizencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and polymicrogyria. For each disorder it discusses features on imaging and clinical presentations.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early fetal development, between the 22nd and 28th day of gestation. This can result in abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Some examples of neural tube defects include anencephaly, spina bifida, encephaloceles, and craniorachischisis. Anencephaly is a severe neural tube defect where the brain is either partially or completely absent. Low folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy increases the risk. There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly and affected babies usually die shortly after birth.
Neural tube defects: Importance of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 intake
Birth defects are a global problem, but their impact is particularly severe in middle and low income countries where more than 94 percent of the births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur. Serious birth defect can be lethal. For those who survive, these disorders can cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory or visual disability. The report shows that at least 3.3 million children under five years of age die from birth defects each years. More than 70% of birth defects can be prevented. Educate the community about the birth defects and the opportunities for effective care and prevention.
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neural tube defects
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur when the neural tube fails to close properly in utero. It describes the development of the central nervous system from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Common NTDs include spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Location of the defect determines motor and sensory impairments. Management includes counseling, surgery, and UTI prevention. The document also discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome, describing their features and management.
Dr Shaker Ee
Neural tube defects occur during early embryonic development between 18-26 days of gestation when the neural tube is forming. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where there is a midline defect of the bone, skin, spinal column and/or spinal cord. Health professionals can help prevent neural tube defects by promoting folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy, as folic acid deficiency is a risk factor. The prognosis for a child with spina bifida is generally good if they receive proper medical care and support.
Neural tube defects and Craniosynostosis
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that affect the central nervous system, including neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. It describes the embryology of neural tube formation and risk factors for NTDs such as folic acid deficiency. The document also discusses craniosynostosis, which is the premature fusion of skull sutures, and the various types including plagiocephaly, scaphocephaly, and trigonocephaly. It notes treatment may involve surgery to correct skull growth abnormalities.
Neural tube defects a case series - copy
Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur due to defects during neural tube formation in early embryonic development. They can be open, where neural tissue is exposed, or closed, where neural tissue is confined but covered by dysplastic skin. Ultrasound and MRI are used for prenatal diagnosis and show findings characteristic of specific defects like anencephaly, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, or craniorachischisis. Management involves prenatal counseling and postnatal surgical intervention if needed.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
Neural tube defect [ntd]
Neural tube defects are openings in the spinal cord or brain that occur early in development when the neural tube fails to close fully. Common types include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects develop before most women know they are pregnant and are caused by factors like genetics, obesity, diabetes, malnutrition, certain medications, and low folic acid levels. They are diagnosed through MRI or CT scans and treated by a multidisciplinary team to address physical, developmental, and learning issues. Taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy can help prevent most neural tube defects.
Ntd
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are birth defects where an opening remains in the spine or skull early in development. The main types are open defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, and closed defects. NTDs can be caused by folic acid deficiency, genetics, medications, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the specific defect. Diagnosis may involve ultrasounds and alpha-fetoprotein testing. Treatment ranges from surgery to palliative care, while prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy.
Meningoencephalocele
Meningoencephalocele is a neural tube defect where intracranial structures protrude outside the skull through a bone defect, usually in the midline. It occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000-10,000 births worldwide. The protruding structures can include brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Meningoencephaloceles are classified based on their skull base location and may protrude into the nasal cavity, posterior nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, or orbit. They are thought to be caused by either arrested closure of tissues or early outgrowth of neural tissue preventing skull closure. Diagnosis involves prenatal ultrasound or postnatal CT/MRI imaging. Surgical excision and dural
The neural tube defects
The neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system. During development, the neural tube forms as the neural folds lift and fuse together. Improper closure of openings in the neural tube can cause neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. Anencephaly involves failure of the brain and skull to develop properly. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal cord, brain, or their protective coverings do not fully develop, and can range from mild to severe depending on the type and extent of involvement. Treatment options depend on the specific type and symptoms of each defect.
Spinal Dysraphism[1]
1. Spinal dysraphism refers to a spectrum of congenital spinal cord and spine abnormalities ranging from obvious conditions like myelomeningocele to more subtle occult forms.
2. Myelomeningocele, the most severe form, involves failure of the neural tube to close and results in an open spinal defect visible at birth with neurological impairment.
3. Treatment of myelomeningocele aims to close the defect surgically within 48 hours of birth to protect neural structures and prevent infection while preserving existing function.
Neural tube defect
This document provides an overview of neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most common birth defects. It discusses the embryology, causes, types (including anencephaly and spina bifida), clinical presentation, diagnostic tests (such as ultrasound and MRI), and management (including prenatal surgery, medical care of newborns, and post-natal surgical repair). Key points covered include the importance of folic acid supplementation to prevent NTDs, the variety of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, and ongoing areas of research and debate around improving treatment and outcomes.
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs) IN INFANTS
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs) in infants. It begins with an introduction that defines NTDs as complex birth defects involving the central nervous system that occur when the neural tube fails to close during fetal development. The outline then covers various topics related to NTDs including the meaning of NTDs, types of defects, causes, incidence and prevalence, roles of folic acid and other nutrients, detection and prevention. NTDs are serious congenital defects resulting from genetic, environmental and nutritional factors disrupting the development of the brain and spinal cord. Increased folic acid intake before and during pregnancy has been shown to significantly reduce NTD risk.
neurosurgery.Congenital anomalies of the cns,(dr.mazn bujan)
1. Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system can result from genetic malformations during organ formation, environmental deformities during development, or tissue disruption.
2. Normal central nervous system development occurs through 23 stages from week 4 to week 8 of gestation, during which the brain and spinal cord regions form and neural cell types develop.
3. Common types of central nervous system anomalies include arachnoid cysts, neuroenteric cysts, craniosynostosis, encephaloceles, Chiari malformations, Dandy-Walker malformations, aqueductal stenosis, neural tube defects, tethered cord syndrome, split cord syndrome, intracranial lipomas, and
Congenital malformation of cns
The document discusses various congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS), including neural tube defects and cortical migrational anomalies. It describes specific conditions like anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, heterotopia, and focal cortical dysplasia. It provides ICD-10 codes for different CNS malformations and includes images to illustrate various normal and abnormal brain structures.
Neural tube defect
Neural tube defects result from the failure of closure of the embryonic posterior and anterior neuropores, leading to abnormalities in neural tube and associated structures. The most common types are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Risk factors include hyperthermia, certain drugs, malnutrition, maternal obesity, diabetes, genetic mutations affecting folate pathways, and radiation exposure before conception. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include surgery to repair defects and treat conditions like hydrocephalus, as well as lifelong management of issues with organs and systems along the neural axis.
Spina bifida
This document summarizes the development of the central nervous system during the 4th week of gestation. It describes how the neural groove deepens and closes to form the neural tube. Cells within the neural tube then differentiate into neuroblasts and neurons. The meninges develop from surrounding mesenchyme. Vertebral bodies form around the notochord and projections extend around the neural canal to form the vertebral arches. Failure of these arches to fuse can result in spina bifida. The document further describes the types and causes of spina bifida and approaches to management.
Cns cong anomalies
This document discusses congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, including their etiology, primary neurulation, neural tube closure, and specific disorders. Key points include: Folic acid deficiency and infections like rubella can cause anomalies. Primary neurulation occurs around 3-4 weeks and involves the neural tube, epidermis, and neural crest. Neural tube closure begins in the cervical region and finishes around day 29. Specific disorders result from failures of these processes and include anencephaly, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, and Chiari malformation. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and treatment may involve surgical repair or decompression.
Embyrogenesis of the CNS and its disorders
Embyrogenesis of the CNS and its disorders
neural tube defect
spina bifida
Congenital brain disorders
Chiari malformations
Dandy Walker
Disorders of neural tube closure and neuronal migration
This document discusses various neural tube closure disorders and disorders of neural migration during embryonic development. It provides an overview of embryology and describes specific disorders including anencephaly, spina bifida, callosal dysgenesis, Dandy-Walker malformation, Joubert syndrome, holoprosencephaly, heterotopic gray matter, lissencephaly, schizencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and polymicrogyria. For each disorder it discusses features on imaging and clinical presentations.
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neurosurgery.Congenital anomalies of the cns,(dr.mazn bujan)
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Disorders of neural tube closure and neuronal migration
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Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early fetal development, between the 22nd and 28th day of gestation. This can result in abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Some examples of neural tube defects include anencephaly, spina bifida, encephaloceles, and craniorachischisis. Anencephaly is a severe neural tube defect where the brain is either partially or completely absent. Low folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy increases the risk. There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly and affected babies usually die shortly after birth.
Neural tube defects: Importance of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 intake
Birth defects are a global problem, but their impact is particularly severe in middle and low income countries where more than 94 percent of the births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur. Serious birth defect can be lethal. For those who survive, these disorders can cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory or visual disability. The report shows that at least 3.3 million children under five years of age die from birth defects each years. More than 70% of birth defects can be prevented. Educate the community about the birth defects and the opportunities for effective care and prevention.
Birth Defects: Neural tube defects
Birth Defects was written for healthcare workers who look after individuals with birth defects, their families, and women who are at increased risk of giving birth to an infant with a birth defect. This book is being used in the Genetics Education Programme which trains healthcare workers in genetic counselling in South Africa. It covers: modes of inheritance, medical genetic counselling, birth defects due to chromosomal abnormalities, single gene defects, teratogens, multifactorial inheritance
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth, causing part of the spinal cord to protrude out of the back. It affects around 1 in 800 infants and can range from a mild condition where the spine does not fully close to more severe cases where parts of the spinal cord and membranes protrude out. Symptoms include issues with bladder/bowel control, paralysis, and hydrocephalus in many cases. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation can help reduce risks, while surgery after birth and lifelong treatment can address symptoms and complications.
Spinal bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close around the spinal cord. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (meninges protrude through opening), and myelomeningocele (most severe where spinal cord and membranes protrude). Symptoms range from minor skin marks to paralysis depending on location and severity of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to cover the exposed tissues and may include shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, prevention of infections and complications, and addressing mobility, bladder, and bowel issues.
Spina Bifida And Open Neural Tube Defects
This document discusses the different types of spina bifida, including spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Spina bifida occulta is the mildest form where the spine does not fully close but the meninges are not exposed. Meningocele involves a protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the spine. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form where both the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine.
Imaging in developmental malformations of the brain
This document discusses imaging features of developmental malformations of the brain. It begins by outlining normal brain development and then categorizes malformations based on the developmental stage affected: neural tube formation, segmentation, migration, and myelination. For each category, specific malformations are described along with their imaging appearances and associated anomalies. Examples discussed in detail include holoprosencephaly, corpus callosal agenesis, lissencephaly, heterotopias, and Dandy-Walker malformation. The document provides an overview of major congenital brain anomalies and serves as an educational guide for recognizing these conditions on neuroimaging.
Spina bifida
This document discusses neural tube defects, specifically spina bifida. It defines spina bifida as a birth defect involving incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. There are two main types - spina bifida occulta, which is usually asymptomatic, and spina bifida manifesta, which includes meningocele (protrusion of meninges) and myelomeningocele (protrusion of meninges and spinal cord). Causes include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Symptoms depend on the type but may include bladder/bowel issues or developmental delays. Treatment involves surgery to repair the defect and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection, managing elimination
Spina Bifida
This document discusses spina bifida, a neural tube defect caused by the incomplete development of the spinal cord and vertebrae. It describes the case of a newborn with a bulging cyst on his back, limited leg movement, and foot deformities, which are signs of spina bifida. The document defines and classifies spina bifida, discusses risk factors, associated conditions, treatment options, complications, prevention methods through folic acid supplementation, and prognosis.
spina bifida
Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the vertebrae do not fully close around the spinal cord. It can cause neurological problems depending on the location and severity. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (dura protrusion), and myelomeningocele (spinal cord protrusion). Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including orthotics, surgery to address foot/spine issues, and management of associated conditions like hydrocephalus. The goal of orthopedic management is to achieve a stable, plantigrade position through bracing and surgery when needed.
cns embryology and anomalies
The document discusses the development of the central nervous system and neural tube defects. It covers:
1. The CNS appears in the third week as a neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, which closes from head to tail between 4-5 weeks. Failure of closure can cause neural tube defects.
2. The most common neural tube defects are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form with exposed nerves and spinal cord.
3. Prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy to reduce neural tube defect risk, as f
Meningomyelocoele
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where there is a cystic swelling over the spinal defect containing meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord outside the vertebral canal. It occurs due to failure of closure of the neural tube during development. Clinical features include lower limb paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, hydrocephalus, and Arnold-Chiari malformation in 95% of cases. Treatment involves closure of the defect soon after birth along with lifelong multidisciplinary care. One study found that children with meningomyelocoele who could walk, even with aids, performed better cognitively than those who used wheelchairs, suggesting locomotion may positively impact development.
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The document discusses the importance of training for physically restraining children. It states that staff should only restrain children if they have received appropriate, current and updated training. The training usually includes induction training, practitioner training, trainer training, and training for managers. It also provides questions for managers and staff to evaluate the adequacy and appropriateness of their training for physically restraining children. The questions address issues like ensuring training respects children's rights, is quality assured, minimizes risks, and emphasizes de-escalation and teamwork over restraint.
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This document summarizes a seminar on transcultural nursing. It discusses the origins and definitions of transcultural nursing, focusing on the work of Dr. Madeleine Leininger in the 1950s. The purposes of transcultural nursing are outlined as making providers aware of diversity, giving competent care, and using a holistic approach. Various cultural health practices, beliefs, and roles are described for different ethnic groups. The document emphasizes the importance of cultural competence and providing culturally congruent care that fits a person's values and meanings.
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What is spina bifida
A fault in the development of the spinal cord and surrounding bones (vertebrae) leaves a gap or split in the spine. The spinal cord has not formed properly, and may also be damaged. To help understand what it is, it is useful to explain the composition of the nervous system.
Neural tube Defect & Hydrocephalus
This document provides information on neural tube defects and hydrocephalus. It discusses the embryological development of the neural tube, causes and classifications of neural tube defects including anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. It also covers the causes, types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of hydrocephalus, including surgical management using shunts. Complications of both conditions and methods for prevention of neural tube defects are summarized.
Spina Bifida -1.pptx
Spina bifida is a birth defect caused by the failure of the neural tube to close during embryonic development, usually within the first month of pregnancy. There are different types including spina bifida occulta, the most common form where only the spinous process is affected, and spina bifida aperta where the entire vertebral arch is involved, exposing the meninges and possibly the spinal cord. While spina bifida occulta is often asymptomatic, spina bifida aperta can cause orthopedic deformities, bladder/bowel issues, and foot deformities in surviving infants. Physiotherapy focuses on correcting deformities, managing paralysis, preventing pressure sores, and training ambulation and mobility.
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spina bifida-@medicosguide.youtube.pptx
All about Spina Bifida:
Definition
7 Types
Causes
Health Status
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Prevention
Social impact
Management
Detection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotics
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Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
congenital_anomalies of central nervous system
This document discusses several congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, including hydrocephalus, microcephaly, and neural tube defects. Hydrocephalus is caused by impaired CSF absorption or increased production, leading to head enlargement in infants and cognitive/behavioral issues in older children. Microcephaly results from abnormal fetal brain development and is characterized by an abnormally small head circumference. Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, occur when the neural tube fails to close properly early in development and can cause neurological deficits depending on the location and severity of the defect.
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, leaving an opening in the vertebrae. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form and often results in paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the defect. Risk factors include family history, obesity, fever during early pregnancy, and folic acid deficiency. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, preventing infections and complications, and addressing issues with mobility,
Spina bifida ppt
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, causing part of the vertebrae to remain unfused and open. It occurs early in pregnancy from the incomplete closing of the neural tube. The most common type is myelomeningocele, which affects females slightly more and can cause various physical disabilities. While the cause is unknown, folic acid deficiency and certain drugs have been linked as risk factors. Prenatal screening and early postnatal care aim to monitor development and prevent infections. Managing symptoms may involve surgery, physical therapy, catheters, and antibiotics.
Peripheral nerve biopsy
This document discusses nerve biopsy interpretation. It begins by describing nerve anatomy and indications for biopsy such as vasculitis and neuropathy. The sural nerve is preferred for biopsy due to its sensory function and distal location. Processing involves formalin, glutaraldehyde and cryosectioning. Stains identify morphology, myelin, and amyloid. Features to examine include vasculature, demyelination, regeneration, and inflammation. Common neuropathies discussed are diabetic, inflammatory, leprosy, vasculitic and amyloid. Biopsy can reveal axonal damage or demyelination.
Spina bifida final
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, leaving an opening in the vertebrae. There are three main types - spina bifida occulta which has no symptoms, meningocele where only the meninges protrude out, and myelomeningocele where the meninges and spinal cord protrude out. Myelomeningocele is the most severe and can cause paralysis. Diagnosis is usually made prenatally through ultrasound or after birth upon visual inspection. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening soon after birth along with lifelong physical therapy and management of complications which commonly include hydrocephalus, learning disabilities, and bladder/bowel issues.
Annormalities of head size and shape
This document discusses various abnormalities of head size and shape, including macrocephaly, microcephaly, and craniosynostosis. It defines each condition and lists potential causes. For macrocephaly, causes include megalencephaly, increased cerebrospinal fluid, enlarged vascular compartment, increased bony compartment, and miscellaneous lesions or diseases. Microcephaly can be primary/genetic or secondary/non-genetic, with various infectious, toxic, metabolic, or hypoxic-ischemic causes provided. Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of cranial sutures, which can result in deformities like plagiocephaly or scaphocephaly. The document outlines approaches to diagnosis and
Spina bifida
This document defines and describes different types of spina bifida, a congenital defect involving the posterior bony wall of the spinal canal. It notes that spina bifida occurs most commonly in the lumbosacral region due to a failure of fusion of vertebral arches during development. The main types discussed are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, syringomyelocele, and myelocele, with descriptions of their characteristics and clinical presentations. Neurological deficits vary depending on whether the spinal cord or meninges are involved in the protrusion.
Spina bifida ppt
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly. It can range from mild to severe, causing physical and intellectual disabilities. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. The three main types are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Treatment involves surgery to repair the spine and prevent infection, along with physical therapy, bladder and bowel management, and orthopedic care. Prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy to help reduce risks.
Disorders of neural tube closure and neuronal migration
This document provides an overview of neural tube closure disorders and disorders of neural migration and development. It discusses various neural tube defects including spina bifida, anencephaly, and cranial defects. It also summarizes disorders of cerebral cleavage and neural migration including callosal dysgenesis, Dandy-Walker malformation, Joubert syndrome, holoprosencephaly, heterotopic gray matter, lissencephaly, schizencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and polymicrogyria. For each condition, it provides descriptions of features seen on imaging and clinical presentations.
Neural tube defect presentation
Neural tube defects are the most common congenital abnormality in India which can be easily prevented with due information and better nursing practices. Neural Tube Defects can be prevented with intake of folic acid.
MICROCEPHALY jo.pptx
This document defines microcephaly and discusses its classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Microcephaly is defined as an occipitofrontal circumference more than 3 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It can be classified as congenital or postnatal, genetic or environmental, symmetric or asymmetric, and isolated or syndromic. Causes include genetic conditions like primary microcephaly and chromosomal abnormalities, as well as congenital infections, metabolic disorders, and environmental factors. Neuroimaging can aid diagnosis by identifying brain abnormalities and calcifications.
Spina bifida and physiotherapy
This document discusses spina bifida, including:
- Defining spina bifida as an incomplete closure of the neural tube, usually in the lumbar or sacral region.
- Describing the different types from spina bifida occulta to myelomeningocele.
- Detailing the various clinical presentations depending on the location and severity, including neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, orthopedic issues.
- Explaining that treatment involves surgery to cover or untether the spinal cord, along with medications, physical/occupational therapy, and follow-up to address complications.
- Emphasizing prevention through adequate folate intake before and during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida
Developmental disease of spinal cord
This document discusses spina bifida, a developmental disease of the spinal cord caused by the incomplete closure of the neural tube during early embryonic development. It begins by describing the normal embryological development of the nervous system. There are two main types of spina bifida - spina bifida cystica (open type) and spina bifida occulta (closed type). Diagnosis involves prenatal testing and imaging. Treatment involves surgical closure of the opening and may include installation of a shunt. Complications can include neurological issues that are monitored and treated.
Neurological Disorders
This document discusses spina bifida, a birth defect involving the neural tube where the spinal cord fails to close properly. It describes the three main types - spina bifida occulta, cystica (myelomeningocele), and meningocele. Signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of the defect but can include paralysis, loss of sensation, bowel/bladder issues, and cognitive problems. Treatment involves early surgery to repair the opening along with lifelong management of symptoms and secondary complications. Spinal cord injuries are also discussed, covering causes, classifications, regional effects, and long-term management strategies.
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Disorders of neural tube closure and neuronal migration
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Combination of drugs
When multiple drugs are administered together, they can act independently, synergistically, or antagonistically. Drug synergy occurs when the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual drug effects, such as codeine and acetaminophen enhancing each other's pain-relieving effects. Antagonism is when drugs oppose each other's actions, like alcohol decreasing the effects of Valium. Negative drug synergies can have dangerous consequences such as exaggerated respiratory depression.
Blood supply and innervation of structures of head&neck
This document summarizes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of several head and neck structures including the soft palate, hard palate, tongue, pharynx, parotid gland, palatine tonsil, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. For each structure, it lists the main artery providing blood supply, vein(s) responsible for venous drainage, lymph nodes involved in lymphatic drainage, and nerves involved in motor and sensory innervation. References cited include Last's Anatomy.
Blood supply and innervation of structures of head&neck
This document summarizes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of various structures in the head and neck region. The structures include the soft palate, hard palate, tongue, pharynx, laryngopharynx, parotid gland, palatine tonsil, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. For each structure, the main arteries, veins, lymph nodes, and nerves involved are listed. The information is presented in a table format for easy comparison of the structures.
Paranasal sinuses
This document provides information on the sinuses, including the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses. For each sinus, it summarizes the boundaries, relations, openings, arterial supply, venous drainage, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage in bullet point form.
Cortical areas of brain and their lesions
This document summarizes cortical areas of the brain and their functions. It lists various brain areas including Broca's area, Wernicke's area, the frontal eye field, the primary visual area, secondary visual area, primary motor area, secondary motor area, primary somatosensory area, secondary somatosensory area, primary auditory area, secondary auditory area, the angular gyrus, and the prefrontal cortex. For each area, it provides the name, location in the brain, and common lesions or effects of lesions in that area, such as different types of aphasia, visual field defects, motor or sensory deficits, or other cognitive impairments.
Hirschprung disease
Congenital megacolon is caused by failure of nerve cells to migrate during development, resulting in an absence of parasympathetic nerves in part of the colon or rectum. This leads to non-innervated and narrow musculature in the affected region, causing dilation of the portion of colon above it. It is caused by genetic mutations.
Genital system d evelopment
1) The document describes the development of the genital system including the formation of gonadal ridges and primitive sex cords in early development of the gonads.
2) It explains the development of testes and ovaries including the roles of genes like SRY and the migration of primordial germ cells.
3) The descent of testes and ovaries is summarized along with the development of duct systems and external genitalia in males and females.
4) Common anomalies affecting genital development like Klinefelter's syndrome and hermaphroditism are also mentioned.
Development of metencephalon
The document discusses the development of the metencephalon region of the brainstem. It describes how the rhombic lips form and compress to become the cerebellar plate, on which the vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, and transverse fissure develop. It also outlines the initial and developing layers of the cerebellum, including the external granular layer and migration of granule cells. Finally, it notes that some cells of the cerebellar cortex reach their definitive size after birth, while deep nuclei reach their final position before birth.
Development of mesencephalon
The mesencephalon contains motor nuclei that control eye movements and pupil size. It has two longitudinal elevations called superior and inferior colliculi, separated by a groove. The superior colliculi serve as visual reflex centers while the inferior colliculi relay auditory signals. Fibers from the cortex to pons and spinal cord pass through the crus cerebri pathways surrounding the basal plates.
Development of diencephalon
The document describes the development of several structures in the brain, including the pineal body, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, and optic cup and stalk. It notes that the diencephalon forms the lateral walls and is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by the hypothalamic sulcus. The thalami proliferate and meet in the midline, while the hypothalamus forms nuclei involved in functions like sleep, digestion, blood pressure and temperature regulation. The pituitary gland develops from Rathke's pouch and the infundibulum, with the anterior lobe forming from cell proliferation and the posterior lobe forming the neurohypophysis. The pineal body develops from an epithelial ev
Development of ANS
The document summarizes the development of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which has two main divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It describes the migration of neural crest cells to form the sympathetic ganglia along the spinal cord and around the aorta. It also discusses the formation of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Additionally, it provides an overview of the development of the adrenal cortex and medulla from mesodermal and ectodermal tissues, respectively.
Central nervous system development
The document summarizes the development of the spinal cord. It describes how the neural tube forms from neuroepithelial cells. The neuroepithelial cells then proliferate and form layers, including the mantle layer which contains neuroblasts and forms the grey matter, and the marginal layer containing nerve fibers which forms the white matter. It further discusses the formation of basal, alar and roof plates, and how neuroblasts in different regions form motor and sensory areas. Glial cells including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes also develop from neuroepithelial cells to support neurons.
Anomalies
This document summarizes several neural tube defects and brain abnormalities:
- Holoprosencephaly is the absence of brain tissue in the midline and fusion of the lateral ventricles into a single chamber. The eye field area fails to separate.
- Schizencephaly involves clefts in the cerebral hemispheres and potential loss of brain tissue.
- Hydrocephalus is the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles, often due to obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius, which can cause pressure on the brain and skull.
Development of rhombencephalon
The document describes the anatomy and features of the myelencephalon, which forms the medulla oblongata. It notes that the myelencephalon extends from the rhombencephalic isthmus to the cervical flexure. Key features include lateral walls that are everted compared to the spinal cord, and a roof plate covered by pia mater and vascular mesenchyme called the tela choroidea. The medulla contains three motor nuclei and receives sensory input from cranial nerves related to hearing, taste, and the head.
Genital system d evelopment
1) The genital ridges form on the abdominal wall and penetrate the underlying tissue to form primitive sex cords. These early gonads are indifferent.
2) Two types of genital ducts, the paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts, form at the indifferent stage.
3) In males, under the influence of the SRY gene, the primitive sex cords form seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells begin secreting testosterone, developing the testes. The testes descend into the scrotum between 12-33 weeks.
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Neural tube defects
- 2. CAUSES Abnormal closure of neural folds Teratogens Multifactorial(involving both genetic and environmental factors)
- 3. SPINA BIFIDA General term used for NTDs in spinal region Vertebral arches split apart Underlying nervous tissue may or may not be involved
- 4. SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA AND CYSTICA Vertbral arches defective defective Skin Patch of hair over the defect Protrusion in the form of sac Underlying neural tissue Not involved Involved alongwith meninges Region in which they are most common Lumbosacral Lumbosacral region
- 5. S.B with myeloschisis/Rachi schisis S.B. with Meningeocoele S.B with Meningeomyelocoe le Failure of neural folds to elevate Only meninges involved Underlying nervous tissue also involved
- 6. WHY DOE S HY DROCE PHALUS DE VE L OP IN SP. BIFIDA CYSTICA? Spinal cord is tethered to vertebral column and as it elongates,it pulls the cerebellum through the foramen magnum thus cutting off the flow of CSF and producing hydrocephalus.
- 7. TREATMENT 400mg of folic acid is given 2-3 months before pregnancy and continued throughout the gestation