A network allows computers to communicate and share resources. There are different types classified by geographical area: local area networks (LANs) cover a limited area with high speeds, metropolitan area networks (MANs) span a metropolitan area, and wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs and MANs over large distances like countries. Networks use various components to connect devices like cables, wireless technology, and layers in the OSI model to define the functions that allow communication.

1. Submitted by:-
Aman Walia
B.Tech CSE 5th Sem
BTC/10/013

2. A network is a group of computers that
can communicate with each other so
they can share information
When computers can communicate with
each other they can share resources
INTRODUCTION

3. Classification based on geographical area
LAN
WAN
MAN
Types of Network

4. Limited geographic area
High speed and error free data transmission
Not expensive
Local Area Networks(LAN)

5. Connects computers over states, countries
etc.,
Unlimited geographical coverage
More sophisticated
Connects LANs and MANs
Expensive technology
Wide Area Networks(WAN)

6. Spans a metropolitan area or a large campus.
Its geographic scope falls between LAN and
WAN.
It can be used as a cable television.
Metropolitan Area Networks(MAN)

7. Cables.
Wireless.
Networking Components

8. Coaxial cable was the first type of cable
used to network computers
Coaxial cables are made of a thick copper
core with an outer metallic shield used to
reduce external interference
Twisted pair cable comes in seven different
categories.
Cables

9. Twisted-pair cabling is either
unshielded (UTP) or shielded (STP)
Fiber was designed for transmissions
at higher speeds over longer distances
Fiber uses light pulses for signal
transmission, making it immune to
RFI, EMI, and eavesdropping
Cables

10. Wireless network refers to technology that
allows two or more computers to
communicate using standard network
protocols, but without network cabling
Wireless networking hardware requires the
use of technology that deals with data
transmission over radio frequencies
Wireless

11. Most widely used wireless
standard is the IEEE 802.11
standard
Wireless

12. An architecture that allows the devices of
different manufacturers to work together to
communicate with different operating
systems
This architecture determines how
hardware, software, topologies and protocols
exist on the network and how they operate
The OSI Model

13. Physical (layer1), Data link
(layer2), Network (layer3)
Transport (layer4), Session
(layer5), Presentation (layer6)
Application (layer7)
The OSI Layers

14. Defines
mechanical, functional, procedural
and electrical aspects of networking
Includes connectors, circuits, voltage
levels and grounding
Physical layer

15. Converts data from upper layers into
logical packages or frames
Converts logical frames into raw bits
that are transmitted by the Physical
layer
Data Link layer

16. Provides connectivity and path
selection between two
systems
routing and addressing layer
Network layer

17. Provides a virtual end-to-end
connection so that data transferred
between two hosts will arrive
without errors and in the correct
order
Transport layer

18. Allows two applications on different
computers to establish dialog control
Regulates which side transmits
Determines the time and length of the
transmission
Session layer

19. Translates data from the
Application layer into an
intermediary format
Provides services such as data
encryption, and compresses data
Presentation layer

20. Provides application programs
access to print and file services to
ensure that effective
communication with other
application programs is possible
Application layer

21. Summary of Layers

22. Every device connected to the public Internet is
assigned a unique number known as an Internet
Protocol (IP) address.
IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by
periods (also called a 'dotted-quad').
An IP address can often be used to identify the region
or country from which a computer is connecting to
the Internet. It gives general location of the User.
IP Address

23. Class –A: - In this class first 8 bits are used
for network address and the last 24 bits are
used for host address. The range of first 8
bits is from 1 to 126. The other numbers can
be between 0 to 255.
Class –B: - In this class first 16 bits are used
for network address and the last 16 bits are
used for host address. The range of first 8
bits is from 128 to 191. The other numbers
can be between 0 to 255.
Classes of IP Address

24. Class –C: - In this class first 24 bits are used for
network address and the last 8 bits are used for
host address. The range of first 8 bits is from
192 to 223. The other numbers can be between
0 to 255.
Class –D: - This class is used for multicasting
means video conferencing. The range of first 8
bits is from 224 to 239.
Class –E: - This class is under R & D (Research &
Development).

25. IPV4 Addressing

27. Thank you