IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

1. City University
13/A, Pantapath, Dhaka – 1215
Assignment Name: IP and MAC Address
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Course Name: Computer Networks
Course Code: CSE 317
Submission Date: 19th
May 2021
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Name: Md Rabiul Islam Shaon
ID: 181472541
Section: A
Batch: 49th
Name: Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer of CSE

2. IP Address:
IP stands for Internet Protocol. IP Address is a unique identification number given to every device.
This address can change anytime. Without IP we cannot connect to the internet. IP addresses are given by
ISP. IP can also change depending on location.
An example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP
addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet
AssignedNumbers Authority (IANA), a divisionof the Internet Corporation for AssignedNames and Numbers
(ICANN).
An IP address consists of two components:
1. Network Id
2. Host Id
Network ID:
Network ID is the portion of an IP address that identifies the TCP/IP network on which a host resides.
The network ID portion of an IP address uniquely identifies the host's network on an internetwork.
Host ID:
The Host ID is the portion of an IP address that uniquely identifies a host on a given TCP/IP network.
You find the host ID by logically NAND the binary form of the IP address with the binary form of the subnet
mask for the network.
Classification of IP Address
IP address is divided into five sub classes –
1. Class A 2. Class B 3. Class C 4. Class D 5. Class D

3. Class A
This IP address class is used when there are a large number of hosts. In a Class A type of network, the first 8
bits (also called the first octet) identify the network, and the remaining have 24 bits for the host into that
network.
An example of Class A address is 102.168.212.226. Here, "102" helps you identify the network and
168.212.226 identify the host.
Class B
In a B class IP address, the binary addresses start with 10. In this IP address, the class decimal number that
can be between 128 to 191.
The number 127 is reserved for loopback, which is used for internal testing on the local machine. The first
16 bits (known as two octets) help you identify the network. The other remaining 16 bits indicate the host
within the network.
An example of Class BIPaddress is 168.212.226.204, where *168 212* identifies the network and *226.204*
helps you identify the Hut network host.
Class C
Class C is a type of IP address that is used for the small network. In this class, three octets are used to indent
the network. This IP ranges between 192 to 223.
In this type of network addressing method, the first two bits are set to be 1, and the third bit is set to 0,
which makes the first 24 bits of the address them and the remaining bit as the host address.
Example for Class C IP address: 192.168.178.1
Class D
Class D addresses are only used for multicasting applications. Class D is never used for regular networking
operations. This class addresses the first three bits set to "1" and their fourth bit set to use for "0". Class D
addresses are 32-bit network addresses. All the values within the range are used to identify multicast groups
uniquely.
Example for Class D IP address: 227.21.6.173
Class E
Class E IP address is defined by including the starting four network address bits as 1, which allows you two
to incorporate addresses from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
However, E class is reserved, and its usage is never defined. Therefore, many network implementations
discard these addresses as undefined or illegal.
Example for Class E IP address: 243.164.89.28
Class Address Range Leading bits Application
Class A 1 to 126 8 Used for large number of hosts.
Class B 128 to 197 16 Used for medium size network.
Class C 192 to 223 24 Used for local area network.
Class D 224 to 239 NA Reserve for multi-tasking.

4. Class Address Range Leading bits Application
Class E 240 to 254 NA This class is reserved for research and Development Purposes.
Range of special IP addresses:
1. (169.254.0.0 to 169.254.0.16) - Linklocal addresses.
2. (127.0.0.0 to127.0.0.8) - Loop-backaddresses.
3. (0.0.0.0 to 0.0.0.8) - usedto communicate withinthe currentnetwork.
MAC Address
MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each device on a given network. To make
communication between two networked devices, we need two addresses: IP address and MAC address. It is
assigned to the NIC (Network Interface card) of each device that can be connected to the internet.
It stands for Media Access Control, and also known as Physical address, hardware address, or BIA (Burned in
Address).
REFERENCE:
1. Computer Networks Book by Andrew s. Tanenbaum (5th Edition)
2. https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-an-ip-address
3. https://networkencyclopedia.com/host-id/
4. https://www.guru99.com/ip-address-classes.html#4
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-classful-ip-addressing/