The document discusses various topics related to networking infrastructure and protocols: 1. It describes the components of a structured cabling system and benefits of an extended star topology used for cabling. 2. It explains several key protocols used at different layers of the OSI model including SMTP, ARP, FTP, and SSL and their functions. 3. It discusses wireless networking components like wireless routers/modems and adapters and how Wi-Fi works based on IEEE 802.11 standards at the physical and data link layers. 4. It covers Wi-Fi standards, advantages and disadvantages of wireless networking, and factors to consider for wired vs wireless implementation in a LAN.

1. 1 – Networking Infrastructure and Protocols
a)
Answer: Structured cabling system is process of transferring all your data, voice,
multimedia, security, and even wireless connections throughout your building or
campus through network. Structure cabling uses an extended form of star
topology. Structured cabling systems can be break down into six sub elements
that are horizontal wiring, vertical (or backbone) wiring, telecommunication room
(TR), work area, equipment room (ER),entrance facility (EF).
The performance of the extended star topology is very much high as compared
to other topologies. It is just like a star topology but with more switch/hubs. And
also the data flow in this network is much more convenient and secure. In this
topology every central devices are connected with each host. Also the data rate
is high. There will be use of UTP Cat 6 cable for joining entire network. It
performs better than other cables. It has high transmission rate. It can support
10/100 Mbps Ethernet. For the high speed internet we are going to use fiber
optics cable which we will join with the internet service provider.
b)
Answer: Each layer operates via rule i.e. protocols. OSI model has a seven
layers and each of them has its own protocols. Various protocols will be needed
for us. The four protocols along with their used are explained below:
i) SMTP: SMTP is part of the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol which
provides a set of codes that simplify the communication of email
messages between email servers. SMTP provides code to email server
which makes email server to understand what that mean.
ii) ARP: It helps in the process of IP routing which finds the hardware
address or mac address, of a host or IP address. It is layer 3 protocol of
OSI model. It enables communication on an internetwork. It detects the
proper location for a data to pass.
iii) FTP: IT means the protocol which helps in file transfer process. It is the
fastest way to get the large files from one computer to another. It is also
efficient. This protocol falls in the application layer of the OSI model. FTP
allows you to transfer files back and forth this means both the Manager of
the company as well as staffs can send information and files to each
other.
iv) SSL Protocol: It stands for Secure Socket Layer. It is a protocol used for
sending confidential data over the Internet. It creates a secure connection
between the web browser and the server. It protect us from the data

2. privacy which encrypts the information. It falls in layer 6 of the OSI model
i.e. the presentation layer protocol.
c)
Answer: In wireless network for the communication radio signals, infrared light
beams are used. The devices that help a devices to connect to a network using
Wi-Fi are as follows:
a) Wireless Modem/Routers:
It is a networking device that does the same work and has same functions
as like a router, it also include the functions of a wireless access point and
also commonly used to allow access of network to the device that does
not need cable.
b) Wireless Network Adapter:
A wireless network adapter assists with computing gadget to join a remote LAN.
Remote system connectors contain an inherent radio transmitter and beneficiary.
There are essentially three principle sorts of connectors, conventional PCI remote
connectors are include cards intended for establishment inside a desktop PC having
a PCI transport.
Wireless network works on the basis of IEEE 802.11 Standard. The protocol architecture
consists of Physical Layer with two sublayers PLCP & PMD and Data Link Layer
consists of MAC and LLC sublayer. The Wi-Fi system consist of Wi-Fi client, access
point and LAN. LAN may consist of Ethernet Switch, RADIUS Authentication Server etc.
Basically Wi-Fi works in half-duplex mode and Wi-Fi standard consist of only
Physical Layer and Data Link Layer. This tells us that it fits in the OSI model.
d)
Answer: Wireless Networks are networks in which electromagnetic waves carry
the signal over part or all of the communication path.
The Standards of the Wi-Fi are explained below:

3.  IEE.802.11a: This standard offers high level performance and high data transfer
rate up to 54 Mbps, and also has a good range.
 IEE.802.11b: This was first wireless LAN standard to be widely adopted and
which was built into many laptop which was able to transfer data up to 11 mbps
and also had a good range.
 IEE.802.11g: After the 802.11a and 802.11b new standard was built with more
improvement and advanced features. It provides up to 54 mbps. All the defects of
802.11b was improved in this standard
 IEE.802.11n: It transfers data up to 600 Mbps also the performance was also
better. It uses the Antenna technology. It supports the backward compatibility
under special condition to improve data throughout.
Some of the advantages of using the wireless network are as follows:
 Mobility:
With a laptop or smart phones access can be made available in a wide
place. Internet access will be much easier since it is versatile.
 Fast setup:
Wireless network can be effortlessly setup and masked, which is ideal for
some individuals who are on makeshift worksites/homes or rented space.
 Cost:
Setting up a wireless network can be a great deal more financially savvy
when contrasted with other system. No need of cables so the cost is also
less.
 Expandability:
For the wireless network expansion feature is not difficult task. Expansion
of the network can be done easily. It is easy to add other wireless
component or equipment on the network.
Disadvantages of wireless network
 Security: Wireless networks are much more susceptible to unauthorized use. It
can hacked easily.
 Interference: Wireless networks use radio signs and comparable strategies for
transmission, they are powerless to obstruction from lights and electronic gadgets.
 Inconsistent connections: Connection can be lost and it may be unreachable
sometime.
 Power consumption: The wireless transmitter in a portable workstation requires a
lot of force; subsequently, the battery life of tablets can be antagonistically
affected.

4.  Speed: The speed of wireless network is not that so much fast as compared to wired
network.
I would recommend 802.11g as it has quick greatest pace and its directed
frequencies keep signal obstruction from different gadgets however it has
higher expense.
No, I won’t recommend the entire LAN be connected wirelessly because the
data rate and speed of the wireless network is very much slow as compared
with the wired network. Also the wireless network has weak security as it can
be easily hacked. Wired network offers fastest transfer rate and high security.
Task 2 – Addressing
A)
> Addressing in network is an important factor. Without address the network cannot be
run or it cannot identify the proper location to transmit data. Address helps to identify the
proper path for the network. Each and every device on network has its unique address
from which data/messages can be transferred to the required device as per required.
Networks needs specific and unique address for routing. The popular form of
addressing on network is IP address and MAC address. The address given on network
are globally unique.
B)
> A MAC (media access control) address is a unique numeric code that is permanently
assigned to device form the manufacturer.
IP address is the numeric address of a device on the network for finding the proper
location to share the data.
Layer 3 address is absolutely an intelligent address which is free of any specific
equipment; a Mac address is connected with specific equipment and equipment makes.
An example of layer 3 addressing is IP addressing.

5. Addressing in layer 2 happens with the help of Mac address. It is very important so as to
not to confuse with the IP addressing. Switches and hubs are directly associate on layer
2 addressing (MAC addressing).
IPv4 address IPv6 address
1) They are 32-bit length 1) They are 128 bit length
2) It is represented in decimals 2) It is represented in hexadecimals
3) Static or dynamic addressing is
required to configure IPv4 address
3) Auto-configuration of address is
available.
4) Packet flow identification is not
available
4) Packet flow identification is available.
.
C)
> Private IPv4 address are unique address that won't be seen by or correspond
straightforwardly with the Internet. These private locations can't be utilized on the
Internet or used to correspond with the Internet.
It can be very useful for us. The importance of it is Security and Cost is also low. As
there will be no external network there will be no malicious application and threats.
Issues like misfortunes in Internet availability or outer server blackouts don't influence
the execution of a private network.
D)
> Mac address is a unique identifier assigned to network devices. Mac address are 6-
byte (48 bits). The initial 3-bytes are ID number of the maker, which is allocated by an
Internet measures body. The second 3-bytes are serial number appointed by the maker.
IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s which is unique identifier. IP address are
of two type:
Static IP address: it is process of assigning the IP address to the device due to which
there may occur duplicity in address.

6. Dynamic IP address: This type of IP address is assigned by server automatically by the
help of DHCP protocol.
E)
> A subnet mask, which contains a binary bits of ones and zeros, is connected to a
location to figure out if the location is on the nearby system or whether it must be
directed outside the neighborhood system.
The subnet cover is similar to a channel that is connected to a message's destination IP
address. The capacity of a subnet cover is to tell gadgets which a piece of a location is
the system number including the subnet, and which part is the host. Subnets
additionally give security. Sub mesh serves to make its own sub network.
No, this is not applicable for us as this is a small office there will be no need of it.
F)
> Each IP address has two sections, the system part (distinguishing the system number
to which the PC is connected) and the host part (which recognizes the host inside of the
nearby system). The procedure of conveying the packet starting with one point then
onto the next point is referred as routing. Networks in the internet are connected to each
other via routers. Routers carry packets from one network/subnet to another. Routers
maintain a routing table to decide how to route the IP packets. In this way the packets
gets from one point from another point by the help of routers.
TASK 3: SECURITY
a)
Answer: Confidentiality: It is the privacy or to restrict unknown users so that only the
needed user will see the required information. Data encryption is a best method for
ensuring confidentially. It prevents the information from the wrong or unauthorized
people. For the privacy it is used. Example: User ID and password will be needed
in the office for using the FTP.

7. Integrity: Integrity includes authenticity, non-repudiation and accountability. It
controls maker/checker, quality assurance and audit logs. Integrity involves in
maintain the accuracy, consistency of the data during whole cycle. Integrity also
include file permissions and user access controls. Example: Sometime there need to
change something in the file so only the authorized person will be able to do it.
Availability: Availability helps to provide the Information and other critical assets to
customers when needed. It helps to prevent the loss of data as it back up the data
eventually. It also performs hardware repairs when needed and also helps to
maintain the correctly functioning operating system. Example: There will be need of
old files or document in the office to see old records so backup will be needed.
b)
Answer
 DIGITAL SIGNATURES: The use of digital signature reduces risks of
document interception, read, destroy while the document is in transit. A
digitally signed document can easily tracked. By the help of digital
signature only the recipient that we want will get document
 IP ADDRESS FILTERING: For the network security IP address filtering is
also an important method to protect network from threats. Only the known
devices will be able to connect in the network. It will reduce the risk of
access of an unauthorized PCs in the network from which the privacy of
the company is maintain.
c)
Answer: The seven ways to keep the network secure are as follows:
 Always change the name of your router do not keep default name.
Router name should be unique.
 Always use the firewall and antivirus software. There should be strong
firewall maintained which prevent the hackers from entering into the
network.
 You should always perform the regular scan of the network for the
better and secure performance of the network.
 Always limit the remote access.
 Ensure all the code, pins are encrypted.
 Segment your network.

8.  Updated version of the software should be used.
d).
Answer: In my view the biggest threat for the system is Eavesdropping. Since there will
be a Wi-Fi network in the office and boundaries of Wi-Fi-signal will be outside the office
which will be easy to access. Also there will be IP based calls in the office due to which
eavesdropping will be easier to perform. Also the data will be transferred over internet in
which the threat might occur.
Task 4 – Diagram and explanation

9. a)
Answer: Switch helps to build full-duplex communication where there is no data
collision. It works in Layer 2 of OSI model. Below we have used patch cable, switches
and router for connecting to a network. Web server will be through cloud computing. It
saves the storage for us. Cloud computing reduces the cost and increase the flexibility
of use.

10. B)
Answer:

11. C)
Answer: Suitable IP addresses for the devices are as follows:
Network Hardware Type of IP Address IP Address Subnet Mask
Computer DHCP 192.168.30.1 –
192.168.30.10
255.255.255.0
Laptop DHCP 192.168.30.11 –
192.168.30.13
255.255.255.0
Network Printer DHCP 192.168.30.14 255.255.255.0
Server STATIC 192.168.0.100 –
192.168.0.104
255.255.255.0
Router STATIC 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Switch STATIC 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
Patch Panel STATIC 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Wireless AP STATIC 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Mobile and tablet DHCP 192.168.30.14-
192.168.39.20
255.255.255.0
D)
Answer: The hardware components that we have chosen are as follows:
i) Patch Panel: A patch panel gives a helpful spot to end the link's majority runs
originating from diverse rooms into the wiring storage room. The progressions
can be made rapidly and effortlessly.
ii) Switches: Switch helps to connect the device on network. Switches are more
hardware oriented. Multi ports switches cost less. It is simple to manage. It is
highly reliable.
iii) Router: Routers finds the brief and the least demanding way to exchange
the information, data between the diverse sending and getting PCs.
iv) Wireless Access Point: Though there will be smart phones, laptops and
tablets on the office there will be need for wireless access point for the
convenient use of the internet.
And also there are CAT cables and server computers.

12. E)
The prices of different components are given below:
Component Price Quantity Specification
Router TP-LINK Archer
D20 AC750 Dual Band
Modem Router.
£39.99 1 Dual Band-300Mbps on
2.4GHz + 433Mbps on
5GHz, cable or fiber
modem.
Net gear ProSafe GS116
16-port Gigabit Switch
£70.36
1 quickly upgrading
workstations to full Gigabit
speed, packed with ease-
of-use features.
NEW Link 1U 24 Port
CAT5E Patch Panel
£13.99 2 High quality angled
terminal block contacts
NETGEAR WN604-
100UKS N150 Wireless
Access Point
£28.69 1 Easy to configure
business-class security,
including WPA2 and MAC
authentication
TRIXES Network CAT5e
RJ45 Ethernet LAN Cable
Patch Lead 50M
£9.99 2 Pre-fitted network plugs on
both ends Easy to use -
Plug and Play
Lenovo C40 21.5-Inch HD
All-in-One Desktop PC
£490.82 10 despite the large screen
and full metal stand, the
C260 can fit almost
anywhere
HP 736958-421 ProLiant
ML350p Gen8 1P PS
Server
£1,521.56 5 Processor: Intel Xeon E5-
2620 v2 six core, 2.1 GHz,
15 MB, 7.2 GT/s QPI
Samsung Chromebook
XE303C12-A01UK 11.6-
inch Laptop
£159.90 3 Portable and powerful -
dual core
Epson Workforce WF-
2630 Four-in-One for the
Small Printer
£59.99 1 Easy to use - 30-page
automatic document
feeder
Sage Instant Account
Software
£86.39 1 Perfect for new office,
leading account software

13. Norton Security with
Backup 2.0 25Gb: 1 user
10 device
£29.99 2 at cheaper price with extra
features
Microsoft Lumia 435 £59.89 8 3G Capacitive
touchscreen
Microsoft Surface 2 64GB
Tablet
£479 8 Fast processor, 2 GB
memory
MICROSOFT OFFICE
HOME AND BUSINESS
2016
£200.13 1 With more updates
available
Sage 50 Payroll £126.7 1 Can Support Up to 15
employees
TASK 5: Remote access
a)
> Remote access network is the technology of getting able to access to a computer or a
network from a remote distance. The method for performing remote access in a less
cost is by establishing a VPN. VPN is a network technology that helps to establish
secure connection over the network.
The component for remote access network are:
1) Dial-up Remote access: The innovation is accessible as a directing's piece
and remote access administration. It permits customer to utilize the
information transfers framework like making a physical or virtual circuit to a
port on a remote access server.
2) Telnet: its protocol (Telnet protocol) helps users to make remote connections.
By using telnet user can create a remote command console on a host.
3) Terminal services: It provides remote desktop for administration. It is
specifically designed for server management. Multiple host and simultaneous
client sessions can be hosted through the terminal services.
b)
> There are lots of impact on network security by remote access network.
Remote access network establish VPN for secure connection over a network.
There are lots of VPN protocol for securing the data some of them are:

14.  IP Security
 Secure Sockets layer and Transport Layer Security
 Point-to-point Tunneling Protocol
 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
VPN technology use encryption method to ensure security. All traffic
over VPN secure data integrity and privacy by encryption. VPN needs
administrators to ensure communications are kept private.