Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are the underlying "laws" that govern the emerging Global Information Highway and the existing telephone system. Telecommunications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications standards to physically interwork. Without public agreements and the telecommunications standards that codify such agreements, wide-area voice and data communications would not be possible.
Communications Standards Review (CSR) reports on formal telecommunications standards work-in-progress (US and International) covering multimedia and wire line access technology standards.
It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values to potential users and implementers of standards:
⦁ Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards committees creating different standards for the same functions.
⦁ Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there is a minimal level of use.
⦁ The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any group and to allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.
⦁ Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified (but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Relay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups. This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowledged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting to drape a manufacturer's proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal standards work outlined above.
At CSR, the term "Telecommunications Standard Body" refers to formal authorized telecommunications standardization bodies.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are the underlying "laws" that govern the emerging Global Information Highway and the existing telephone system. Telecommunications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications standards to physically interwork. Without public agreements and the telecommunications standards that codify such agreements, wide-area voice and data communications would not be possible.
Communications Standards Review (CSR) reports on formal telecommunications standards work-in-progress (US and International) covering multimedia and wire line access technology standards.
It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values to potential users and implementers of standards:
⦁ Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards committees creating different standards for the same functions.
⦁ Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there is a minimal level of use.
⦁ The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any group and to allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.
⦁ Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified (but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Relay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups. This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowledged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting to drape a manufacturer's proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal standards work outlined above.
At CSR, the term "Telecommunications Standard Body" refers to formal authorized telecommunications standardization bodies.
Why are standards needed in data communication and networking What .pdffathimalinks
Why are standards needed in data communication and networking? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of standards? How do standards fit in with regulations at the federal,
manufacturing, and organizational levels? Give an example of a standard that fits in at your
workplace.
Solution
he Importance of Standards
Standards are necessary in almost every business and public service entity. For example, before
1904, fire hose couplings in the United States were not standard, which meant a fire department
in one community could not help in another community. The transmission of electric current was
not standardized until the end of the nineteenth century, so customers had to choose between
Thomas Edison’s direct current (DC) and George Westinghouse’s alternating current (AC).
The primary reason for standards is to ensure that hardware and software produced by different
vendors can work together. Without networking standards, it would be difficult—if not
impossible—to develop networks that easily share information. Standards also mean that
customers are not locked into one vendor. They can buy hardware and software from any vendor
whose equipment meets the standard. In this way, standards help to promote more competition
and hold down prices.
The use of standards makes it much easier to develop software and hardware that link different
networks because software and hardware can be developed one layer at a time.
The Standards-Making Process
There are two types of standards: formal and de facto. A formal standard is developed by an
official industry or government body. For example, there are formal standards for applications
such as Web browsers (e.g., HTTP, HTML), for network layer software (e.g., IP), data link layer
software (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3), and for physical hardware (e.g., V.90 modems). Formal
standards typically take several years to develop, during which time technology changes, making
them less useful.
De facto standards are those that emerge in the marketplace and are supported by several vendors
but have no official standing. For example, Microsoft Windows is a product of one company and
has not been formally recognized by any standards organization, yet it is a de facto standard. In
the communications industry, de facto standards often become formal standards once they have
been widely accepted.
The formal standardization process has three stages: specification, identification of choices, and
acceptance. The specification stage consists of developing a nomenclature and identifying the
problems to be addressed. In the identification of choices stage, those working on the standard
identify the various solutions and choose the optimum solution from among the alternatives.
Acceptance, which is the most difficult stage, consists of defining the solution and getting
recognized industry leaders to agree on a single, uniform solution. As with many other
organizational processes that have the potential to influence the sales of hardwar.
The presentation offers a detailed examination of network standard protocols, elucidating critical concepts such as the role of key standardization organizations like IEEE and ANSI, the functionalities of various application layer protocols such as SMTP, FTP, and DNS, the distinctions between TCP and UDP connections, the significance of port numbers in directing data traffic, the structure of TCP and UDP headers, the intricacies of SYN-ACK handshake mechanism for initiating TCP connections, the importance of sequence and acknowledgment numbers for reliable data transmission, the implementation of window sliding mechanism for flow control, and the graceful termination of TCP connections through a four-way handshake process.
The years approaching 2020 will see Internet of Things (IoT) technologies enabling the interconnection of billions of devices, things and objects to achieve the efficiencies borne of innovations such as intelligent buildings and transportation systems, and smart energy and water networks.
IoT is contributing to the convergence of industry sectors, with utilities, healthcare and transportation among the many sectors with a stake in the future of IoT. The new ITU-T Study Group 20 established in June 2015 provides the specialized IoT standardization platform necessary for this convergence to rest on a cohesive set of international standards.
Today we are faced with the challenge of addressing the standardization requirements of the many vertical industries applying information and communication technologies (ICTs) as enabling technologies. This is particularly evident in the field of IoT, where IoT platforms are being developed independently, according to the specific needs of each sector. This divergence in IoT development and deployment has led to an urgent need for stakeholders to come together to mitigate the risk of data “silos” emerging in different industry sectors.
ITU-T Study Group 20 has taken up this challenge, providing government, industry and academia with a unique global platform to collaborate in the development of international IoT standards. One of the group’s primary objectives is to support the creation of an inclusive, interoperable IoT ecosystem capable of making full use of the data generated by IoT-enabled systems.
The Study Group is building on over ten years of ITU-T experience in IoT standardization, developing international standards to enable the coordinated development of IoT technologies, including radio-frequency identification, ubiquitous sensor networks and machine-to-machine communications. A central part of this study is the standardization of end-to-end architectures for IoT, and mechanisms for the interoperability of IoT applications and datasets employed by various vertical industries. An important aspect of the group’s work is the development of standards that leverage IoT technologies to address urban-development challenges.
This flipbook presents a compendium of the first set of ITU international standards for IoT, providing a resource of great value to standards experts interested in contributing to the work of ITU-T Study Group 20. This compendium is also expected to assist the wide variety of stakeholders interested in implementing these IoT standards or calling for adherence to standards in policy and regulatory frameworks relevant to IoT. This compendium will be updated continuously, according to the progress of IoT developments in ITU.
For more information on how to join ITU-T Study Group 20 on Internet of Things, please visit: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/about/groups/Pages/sg20.aspx
IETF's Role and Mandate in Internet Governance by Mohit BatraOWASP Delhi
1. Internet Governance (IG) Primer
2. I-* Organizations
3. IANA function -Names, Numbers and Protocol Parameters
4. IANA Transition
5. WHOIS for names and numbers
6. Need for Standardization and Standardization Bodies
7. How IETF Works
8. TLS Protocol
9. Increasing Indian participation in global Internet Governance activities and structures
Choose a network a brief description of the network standards organiza.docxtienlivick
Choose a network a brief description of the network standards organization you have selected. In particular, focus on how it successfully garners international cooperation with its standards. Then, in a separate paragraph, explain your chosen standard. Explain the advantages and limitations of this standard. Include the organization abbreviation and standard addressed in the title of your post.
Solution
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1947 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. This is a true standards body, with the resources to test products for standards compliance. They give their seal of approval to products that pass their tests.ISO has three official languages: English, French, and Russian. Its membership comprises national standards organizations, one from each of 163 countries. Along with computer and web-based technology standards, ISO also administers over 13,000 standards, ranging from standards for freight containers to the identification of musical works. Each member represents its country’s standardization activities to ISO and, in turn, represents ISO back to its own country. ISO defines a standard as “a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.
Networking Standards:
RFCs
There are thousands of Requests for Comments. Despite the name, these are the official Internet standards.
The Requests for Comments (RFC) document series is a set of technical and organizational notes about the Internet (originally the ARPANET), beginning in 1969. The official specification documents of the Internet Protocol suite that are defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) are recorded and published as standards track RFCs. These are standards-track documents, official specifications of the Internet protocol suite defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its steering group the IESG.
Advantage is RFCs never change or get updated. This avoids any hassle with incompatible versions of standards. When necessary a new RFC is created that obsoletes the original one.
.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
2. To outcome the own ideas and products in network
world it is possible by coordination and support of some
network standards.
Standards are mainly used to market the products.
Two categories of standard:
* de facto
* de jure
3. De facto (Latin for ''from the fact'') standards, without any
formal plan. The IBM PC and its successors are de facto
standards.
De jure (Latin for ''by law'') standards, in contrast, are formal,
legal standards adopted by some authorized standardization
body.
International standardization authorities divided into two
classes,
* Treaty among national governments.
* Voluntary, nontreaty organizations.
4. The United States, which has 1500 separate, privately
owned telephone companies.
In 1984 ,AT&T provide long-distance service, although
now in competition with other companies .
It provided telephone service to about 80 percent of
America's telephones
In 1865, Europe lead the way to today's ITU
(International Telecommunication Union)ex: telegraphy. In
1947, ITU became an agency of the United Nations
5. ITU has three main sectors:
* Radio communications Sector (ITU-R).
* Telecommunications Standardization Sector
(ITU-T).
* Development Sector (ITU-D).
ITU-R ,allocating radio frequencies worldwide.
ITU-T, telephone and data communication systems
From 1956 to 1993,ITU-T was known as CCITT
Acronym: CCITT
French name: Comite Consultatif International
Télégraphique et Téléphonique
Both ITU-T and CCITT concern commendation in the
area of telephone and data communications.
6. ITU-T has four classes of members:
National governments.
Sector members.
Associate members.
Regulatory agencies.
ITU-T has 200 governmental members, 500 sector
members .
Associate members are smaller organizations that are
interested in a particular Study Group(14 study group who did
real work from telephone billing to multimedia services).
Regulatory agencies are the people who guard telecom
business
The task of ITU-T is to make commendation to
telephone, telegraph, and data communication Interfaces
7. ISO (International standards Organization ) produce
International standard.ISO is a voluntary nontreaty
organization founded in 1946.
It contains 89 national standards organizations of the 89
member countries as its members.
ISO has nearly 200 Technical committees (TC) based on
various subjects .Each TC has a Sub Committee(SC). Each SC
has divided into several Work Group(WG)(real work is done
by WG).
ISO is a member of ITU-T.
The U.S. representative in ISO is ANSI (American
National Standards Institute).
8. Procedure used by ISO for approving standard:
WG is formed to come up with CD(Committee Draft).
If it is approved DIS is produced (Draft International
Standard).
DIS circulated for comments and votes ,based on it final
document of IS(International Standard) be published.
9. USA – NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) part of the U.S. Department of Commerce – issues
standards for the US Government.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) –
standardization group worldwide provide many development
in the area of electrical engineering and computing
Following table shows you the several IEEE 802
standards of IEEE 802 committee
10.
11. The worldwide Internet has own standardization
mechanism, it is different from ITU-T and ISO.
In 1983 informal committee created by DOD to watch
over ARPANAET was IAB (Internet Architecture Board) .
IAB ‘s Task force members (10 members) take part in
resolving the important issues.
Feedback to DOD and NSF was produced at the meeting
organized by IAB.
12. When a product need a standard:
IAB members announce the change.
The graduate student implement the software effort.
RFC (Request For Comments) technical report play a
major part.
This RFC is fetched from online by this site
www.ietf.org/rfc by anyone .
There are more then 3000 RFC are available.
13. Stages of RFC standard:
The basic idea is explained.
A working implementation (Draft Standard )is thoroughly
tested few independent sites for a 4 months.
If reviews are possible the idea is granted by IBA.
The idea is brought out by IBA.
Then the RFC is granted to Internet standards.
Some Internet Standards have become DOD standards
(MIL-STD)
