c

1. NETWORK
PROTOCOLS AND
STANDARDS
Chapter 4

4. MULTI-LAYER NETWORK
MODELS
The two most important such network models: OSI
and Internet
Open Systems Interconnection Model
 Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a
framework for computer network standards in 1984
 Based on 7 layers
Internet Model
 Created by DoD, ARPA originally in early 70’s
 Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking
 Based on 5 layers
 Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) suite

5. Summary of OSI 7 layers

6. TCP/IP and OSI model

8. The following are some major standards organizations:
ISO – OSI 7 layers
ANSI – Information system standards
ITU-T (formerly CCITT) – Telecommunication standards
IEEE- LAN standards
EIA (formerly CEA)– Elect. signals standards, wiring standards
PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force

9. MAJOR STANDARDS
BODIES
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
 Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces
 Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)
ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –
Telecom Group
 Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and
data communications interfaces
 Composed of representatives from each country in UN
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)

10. MAJOR STANDARDS
BODIES (CONT.)
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)
 www.ansi.org
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
 Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards
 standards.ieee.org
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
 Develops Internet standards
 No official membership (anyone welcome)
 www.ietf.org
EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance)
 Develop standards eg. RS232, RS422 for serial com, HDMI
 Ceased operation as of 31 Dec 2010 ?

11. INTERNET STANDARDS
BODIES
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
 Used to keep records of available and reserved IP
 IANA still performs system administration
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers)
 Ultimately responsible for IP addressing and domain name
management
 Individuals and businesses lease addresses from Internet
Service Provider (ISP)

12. IEEE NETWORKING
SPECIFICATIONS
Apply to connectivity, networking media, error checking
algorithms, encryption, emerging technologies, and more
Specifications fall under IEEE’s “Project 802”
 Effort to standardize physical and logical elements of a network, LAN standards

13. IEEE NETWORKING SPECIFICATIONS
(CONT.)
IEEE 802 standards

14. IEEE NETWORKING SPECIFICATIONS
(CONT.)
IEEE 802 standards (cont.)

15. IEEE WIRELESS
STANDARDS
IEEE 802.15.3
UWB, Bluetooth
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
ETSI
HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi Alliance
ETSI-BRAN
HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.16d
WiMAX
ETSI HiperMAN &
HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.16e
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
Sensors
IEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee Alliance)
RFID
(AutoID Center)
RAN
IEEE 802.22
IEEE
802.21,
IEEE
802.18,
802.19