NEISSERIA.lec.ppt
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This document discusses the bacteria Neisseria, focusing on N. gonorrhoeae which causes gonorrhea and N. meningitidis. It describes their morphology as gram-negative diplococci found in pairs. Diagnosis methods include gram stain, culture on selective media, and identification tests. Virulence factors include LPS, IgA protease, pili, and Opa proteins. Gonorrhea is transmitted sexually and causes diseases from urethritis to disseminated infections. Treatment involves antibiotics like cephalosporins and control relies on partner treatment, vaccines, and safer sex practices.
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The genus Neisseria consists of Gram negative, aerobic, catalase & oxidase positive, non-motile diplococci (arranged in pairs).
Pathogenic
Non-Pathogenic (commensals).
Pathogenic species:
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Non-pathogenic species:
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1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are two pathogenic species of Neisseria that cause gonorrhea and meningitis in humans.
2. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, affecting the genital tract and sometimes other sites, while N. meningitidis most commonly causes meningitis and sepsis.
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The genus Neisseria consists of Gram negative, aerobic, catalase & oxidase positive, non-motile diplococci (arranged in pairs).
Pathogenic
Non-Pathogenic (commensals).
Pathogenic species:
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1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are two pathogenic species of Neisseria that cause gonorrhea and meningitis in humans.
2. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, affecting the genital tract and sometimes other sites, while N. meningitidis most commonly causes meningitis and sepsis.
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2. It most commonly involves cervical lymph nodes but can affect nodes throughout the body.
3. Diagnosis may involve imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI to identify enlarged or cystic lymph nodes, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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This document provides an overview of cervicofacial infections in children. It begins with an introduction and discusses the classification and aetiology of inflammatory neck nodes. It then covers the clinical approach, including history taking, examination and investigations. Specific cervicofacial diseases are discussed, including viral, bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal infections as well as parasitic infections and non-infectious inflammatory disorders. Bacterial infections like cervical abscesses, dental abscesses and deep neck space infections are described in more detail. The document provides a comprehensive review of infectious and inflammatory causes of neck masses in children.
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The document discusses antenatal care (ANC), including definitions, goals, objectives, and components. ANC aims to promote maternal and fetal health during pregnancy through activities like history taking, physical exams, tests, and health education. Over time, models of ANC have evolved from traditional irregular care to focused ANC with 4 visits, and now the WHO recommends 8 contacts. Key ANC components include registration, exams, screening tests, education, and monitoring progress throughout pregnancy.
Student Academic - PLACEMENT REPORT.pptx
The student completed a clinical clerkship at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital (JRRH) in various departments including the outpatient department, accident and emergency, surgical wards, operating theatre, and postoperative care. The goals of the clerkship were to gain hands-on surgical experience, develop an understanding of workplace responsibilities, and apply theoretical knowledge to real patients. The student observed and assisted with over 100 surgeries, conducted patient examinations and clerking, presented cases, and provided postoperative care like stitch removal. The clerkship helped improve clinical skills and confidence while gaining exposure to the demands of a surgical workplace.
Intravenous Urography lecture detai.pptx
Intravenous urography (IVU) involves injecting iodine contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract with x-rays. It was developed in 1929 to noninvasively examine the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The procedure involves preparing the patient, administering low-osmolar contrast media intravenously, and taking x-ray images over time as the contrast passes through and outlines the urinary system. IVU is used to evaluate urinary obstruction, trauma, anatomy variations, and other conditions. Radiologists examine the images for abnormalities in kidney size and shape, the ureters, and bladder as well as signs of obstruction, tumors, stones,
IVU contrasted studies - lecture....pptx
This document provides information about an intravenous urogram (IVU) radiographic procedure. It defines an IVU, outlines its indications and contraindications. It describes the contrast media used, patient preparation, and filming sequence. An IVU involves injecting iodine-based contrast media intravenously and then taking a series of x-ray images to outline the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. The document provides details on the procedure steps, potential for reactions to contrast media, and normal radiographic anatomy visualized.
Cranial nerves - esson presentation.pptx
This document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It begins by defining cranial nerves as spinal nerves that originate from the brain instead of the spinal cord. It then lists and provides a brief overview of the function of each cranial nerve, including whether they are sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. The document also discusses common conditions that can affect individual cranial nerves like Bell's Palsy or Trigeminal Neuralgia. It notes that MRI is often the best imaging modality to evaluate cranial nerves due to their small size.
HEPATITIS IN Children a case study.pptx
1. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Children can contract hepatitis through contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated food or water.
2. Symptoms of hepatitis in children include flu-like symptoms, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and lab tests to detect liver enzymes and antibodies.
3. Treatment focuses on stopping liver damage, easing symptoms, and in severe cases may include medications, supportive care like nutrition and rest
children. palliative care.pptx
Children palliative care involves providing holistic care for the child's physical, emotional, and spiritual needs from diagnosis through bereavement while also supporting the family. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that can be delivered in both inpatient and community settings. Effective communication is important and must be tailored to the child's developmental level by observing their body language, understanding their expression through play, and developmentally-appropriate conversation. Key skills for professionals include active listening, empathy, confidentiality, and respecting the child and family's culture.
PALLIATIVE CARE (GROUP2) BME3 2023.pptx
Cough is an important reflex to clear the lungs. Chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks and is common in advanced cancers, COPD, and other chronic diseases. Chronic cough profoundly impacts quality of life by interfering with sleep, eating, and social activities. A comprehensive assessment of cough considers cause, triggers, severity, and impact on quality of life to guide treatment, which may include non-pharmacological interventions, symptomatic therapies, and treating reversible underlying causes.
Group pharmacology uuuuu. .pptx
Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are essential nutrients that play important roles in red blood cell formation and oxygen transport. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia and can cause fatigue. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues if left untreated. These vitamins have important interactions and side effects that require monitoring, especially in high risk groups like pregnant women.
Group 5_ Year 3 Pharmacology 2023.pptx
This document discusses acid secretion disorder drugs and anti-emetic drugs. It begins by explaining the physiology of gastric acid secretion, which is regulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine. It then discusses acid secretion disorders like GERD, gastritis, and ulcers. The main drugs used for acid secretion disorders are outlined, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists like ranitidine, and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects. The document also briefly discusses anti-emetic drugs and the physiology of vomiting before concluding.
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Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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All about shoulder Joint ..
All about shoulder joint , Anatomy ,Examination, Special tests and radiology.
2nd generation Antihistaminic-Part II.pptx
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Breast cancer :hormonal discordance.pptx
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
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One piece compressive Dental implant : data from Google Scholar
This is a primary review about one piece dental Implant
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Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
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TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
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NEISSERIA.lec.ppt
- 1. Neisseria Buga Rudolf HTC LECTURE SERIES
- 2. Introduction •Family- Neisseriaceae. •Genus- Neisseria •Species- N.gonorrhoeae, N.meningitidis, N.pharyngis, N.lactamica, N.catarrhalis (Moraxella catarrhalis). •Two species of medical importance:N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. •Inhabit mucosal surfaces. •Gram negative diplococci with opposing surfaces flattened or with concavity.
- 3. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microscopy: •Gram negative diplococci. •Occurs in pairs with adjacent surfaces flattened or concave. •Intra/extracellular occurrence in polymorpho nuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
- 4. Diagnosis…….. Direct: Gram stained smears. Culture: •Specimens: U/swabs, cervical swabs, eye/swab, ear/swabs, joint aspirate, etc. •Media: Choc, MTM, MNYC agar. •Incubation: 24-48 hrs, ambient air + 5- 10% CO2.
- 5. Diagnosis…….. Identification: • Oxidase test +ve, Glucose +ve. • Immunofluoresnce or COA • Sero-grouping: A, B or C • DNA probe test (not as sensitive as culture). • Sensitivity test.
- 6. Pathogenesis • Gonorrhoea is an STD, the sites are urethra (men) and cervix (women) • Transmission through sexual contact • GC adheres to columnar epithelial cells, penetrate and multiply on the basement membrane • Adherence is facilitated by pili and Opa proteins • GC LPS stimulates the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which causes cell damage
- 7. Pathogenesis….. • GC may disseminate via blood stream. • GC produces extracellular protease that cleaves a proline-threonine bond in Ig A. This causes loss of antibody activity. • Approximately 9-15% affected women with PID have polymicrobic infections.
- 8. Virulence factors •LPS •Extracellular IgA protease •Pili/fimbriae • Opa proteins
- 9. Host defenses •Gonorrhoea infection stimulates local immunity (secretory Igs may enhance association with PMNs) •Uncomplicated infection activates complement via classical pathway, while disseminated infections activate complement via alternate pathway
- 10. Diseases caused • Gonorrhoea • Ophthalmia neonatorum • Conjunctivitis • Skin lesions • Tenosynovitis • Septic arthritis • Endocarditis • Meningitis (very rarely).
- 11. Epidemiology •Sexually transmitted worldwide •Highest attack rate men and women occurs between 15 and 29 years of age •The number of sexual partners, sexual preference and population mobility contribute to incidence of gonorrhoea
- 12. Antibiotics/Control •Antibiotics • 3rd Generation Cephalosporins •Fluoroquinolones •Doxycyline •Spectinomycin • Azithromycin
- 13. Control • Treatment of sex partner • No effective vaccine • Abstinence • Use condoms