This document discusses concepts related to space, shape, and orientation. It covers identifying common shapes and using shape-related terminology. It also addresses calculating areas, volumes, and conversions between measurement units. Additionally, the document outlines how to read and create maps, grids, and routes. It describes using diagrams, flowcharts, and instructions to convey spatial information and sequences of events.

1. Space, Shape and Orientation
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2. Space, Shape and Orientation
• Space, shapes and time
• Calculations to solve space and shape problems
• Maps, Grids and Routes
• Diagrams and instructions
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3. Space, shapes and time
• At the end of this outcome, you will be able to:
– Identify various shapes and objects
– Use the correct terminology identified with the various shapes
and objects
– Apply the vocabulary of space, shape and orientation when
you deal with everyday problems
– Differentiate between 12 and 24 hours to explain how time
elapses
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4. Frequently used shapes
Polygons
Circle
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5. • 3D Objects
Pyramid
Prism Cube
Triangular Prism
Cylinder Cone
Sphere
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6. Shape Terminology
Perpendicular
Perimeter
Parallel
Length
Breadth height
Height
Volume breadth
length
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7. Shape Terminology
Area
Diameter
Radius
Circumference
diameter
radius
circumference
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8. Time
• Clocks can either be analogue or digital
• From 12 noon to 11:59 at night PM is used
• From 12 at night to 11:59 in the morning AM is
used
• At 24 hour clock doesn’t use AM or PM, rather
for PM add 12 hours to the time
• i.e. 4pm = 16:00; 6pm = 18:00
Mathematical Literacy pg 95
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9. Space, Shape and Orientation
• Space, shapes and time
• Calculations to solve space and shape problems
• Maps, Grids and Routes
• Diagrams and instructions
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10. Calculations to solve space and
shape problems
• At the end of this outcome, you will be able to:
– Calculate areas, volumes and lengths
– Do conversions using a scale
– Conversions between units of weight
– Read dimensions from a plan
– Determine elapsed time
– Use formulae to solve real world challenges
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11. Calculations
• Dimensions
– Words that can be used for a single dimension:
• Length
• Breadth
• Height
• Depth
• Thickness
– A two dimensional shape can be described by two dimensions
e.g. length and breadth
– Measurements of two dimensions is called area
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12. Dimensions
• A three dimensional shape has three dimensions
– Three dimensional measurement is called volume or capacity
• The perimeter of a shape is the total distance around its
edges.
– A perimeter is one dimensional
– A perimeter is always given as a length
– The perimeter of a circle is its circumference
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13. Area
• Area gives us the size of a flat surface
• It is measured in square meters or m2
• Area of a rectangle
– Measured by length x breadth
6 cm
18cm2
3 cm
Area = base x height
= 6cm x 3cm
=18cm2
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14. External Surfaces
• Total external surface areas is calculated by
adding the surface area of all sides
• All sides can lie flat, forming a ‘net’
Mathematical Literacy pg 104
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15. • Perimeter
Triangle
– The perimeter of a triangle is calculated by adding the three
sides together
• Area
– Is calculated by ½ base x perpendicular height
– E.g.. The base of a triangle is 10cm and its height is 12 cm
– Area = ½ base x height
= 5cm x 12cm
= 60 cm2
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16. Triangle
• Triangular Prism
– Has five surfaces that need to be
calculated
– 3 rectangles (length x breadth)
– Base Triangle
– Top triangle has the same area as
base
– Add all sides together
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17. Circle
• Area
– Calculated by ∏r2
– E.g.. Radius of a circle is 10 cm. What is its area?
Area = ∏r2
= (22/7)x(10cm)x(10cm)
=314cm2
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18. Circles
• Circumference
– Calculated by 2∏r
– E.g. What is the circle’s circumference
Circumference = 2∏r
= 2 x (22/7) x 10cm
= 62.86cm
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19. •
Scale an object by using a
A scale is a way of representing
picture or model that is smaller
• The scale model has exactly the same proportions as the
real object, but is much smaller
• To get from a scale model to the actual size, you need to
multiply every dimension by the same amount. This is
called a scale factor
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20. Plans
• There are three main views usually used to show
the features of an object:
– The front
– The side
– The top
• Most architectural drawings are called
orthographic drawings
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21. Orthographic Drawing
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22. Maps, Grids and Routes
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23. Space, Shape and Orientation
• Space, shapes and time
• Calculations to solve space and shape problems
• Maps, Grids and Routes
• Diagrams and instructions
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24. Outcomes
• At the end of this outcome, you will be able to:
– Locate a position on a map
– Make maps plans according to scale
– Plan route maps for trips
– Locate a starting point and destination point and plan a
route between them
– Use maps to communicate information regarding
relative positions/routes/lay out
– Plan trips taking into account modes of transport, time
available; appointments to be met etc
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25. Types of Maps
• City Maps
• National Maps
• Bus Route Maps
• Train Route Maps
• Hiking Maps
• Survey Maps
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26. City Maps
• A city map will consist of a diagram of all the
streets
• This will be overlaid with a grid
• Any point can be positioned within the a grid
square
• The scale will typically be 5cm to 1km or 1:20
000
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27. Legends
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28. Finding an address
• Go to the map index
• Search for the street name
• Next to the street name find the following:
– Page number
– Grid number
– Grid letter
• Go to the page number, find the correct grid numbers
and search within the block for the street
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29. Finding an address
Mathematical Literacy pg 111
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30. Table of distances
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31. Diagram and instructions
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32. Space, Shape and Orientation
• Space, shapes and time
• Calculations to solve space and shape problems
• Maps, Grids and Routes
• Diagrams and instructions
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33. Diagrams and instructions
• At the end of this outcome, you will be able to:
– Identify parts/objects from a diagram
– Follow instructions given in manuals and brochures
– Use measurements on plan to calculate materials needed
– Sequence activities to complete a task
– Draw diagrams to use for to support written text / instructions
– Use flow diagrams to communicate sequences of events or
decision making processes
– Draw rough sketches of objects and/or areas
– Make diagrams of objects from different views and according to
scale
– Make physical models of objects from plans and/or diagrams
according to scale
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34. Diagram
• A diagram is a visual representation of a concept
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35. Flowchart
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