Nationalism was a major cause of World War 2 according to the document. It summarizes key events between 1929-1939 in Germany that show the rise of nationalism and Hitler's exploitation of it to gain power. Hitler inflamed German nationalism by blaming other countries and minorities for their economic struggles. He presented the Nazi party as the solution and promised to restore Germany's power by expanding its borders and establishing Aryan supremacy. As nationalism grew, the German people willingly supported Hitler's consolidation of power and militaristic actions, culminating in the invasion of Poland and start of World War 2.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
Las Napolas eran escuelas de élite de las Juventudes Hitlerianas para la formación de futuros líderes nacionalsocialistas. Ofrecían una educación cargada de doctrina nazi que pretendía crear una generación de jóvenes excepcionales, despiadados y salvajes, puramente arios, que pensaran solo en Alemania.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Hitler established the Führerprinzip, or leader principle, which made him the absolute dictator and sole source of authority in Nazi Germany. A cult of personality was built around Hitler, with his image displayed everywhere and the greeting "Heil Hitler" becoming obligatory. The Führer stood at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, with various Reichsleiter and Gauleiter directly below and responsible to him. The Führerprinzip required complete obedience to one's superiors and justified the actions of Nazi war criminals who claimed they were just following orders. It established an authoritarian power structure that centralized all control and decision-making in Hitler's hands alone.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
German policing was complex under Nazi rule, with Heinrich Himmler overseeing various groups including the Gestapo secret police and SS paramilitary force. The SS grew enormously during World War II and had influence in many aspects of German life, including policing, concentration camps, and racial policies. Though smaller than the SS, the Gestapo maintained control through fear and relied heavily on public denunciations to carry out arrests. Historians debate the extent to which terror from the SS and Gestapo was necessary for Nazi control of Germany or whether their powers were exaggerated.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
Las Napolas eran escuelas de élite de las Juventudes Hitlerianas para la formación de futuros líderes nacionalsocialistas. Ofrecían una educación cargada de doctrina nazi que pretendía crear una generación de jóvenes excepcionales, despiadados y salvajes, puramente arios, que pensaran solo en Alemania.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Hitler established the Führerprinzip, or leader principle, which made him the absolute dictator and sole source of authority in Nazi Germany. A cult of personality was built around Hitler, with his image displayed everywhere and the greeting "Heil Hitler" becoming obligatory. The Führer stood at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, with various Reichsleiter and Gauleiter directly below and responsible to him. The Führerprinzip required complete obedience to one's superiors and justified the actions of Nazi war criminals who claimed they were just following orders. It established an authoritarian power structure that centralized all control and decision-making in Hitler's hands alone.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
German policing was complex under Nazi rule, with Heinrich Himmler overseeing various groups including the Gestapo secret police and SS paramilitary force. The SS grew enormously during World War II and had influence in many aspects of German life, including policing, concentration camps, and racial policies. Though smaller than the SS, the Gestapo maintained control through fear and relied heavily on public denunciations to carry out arrests. Historians debate the extent to which terror from the SS and Gestapo was necessary for Nazi control of Germany or whether their powers were exaggerated.
La película se desarrolla en la Alemania nazi de 1942 y se centra en los protagonistas, miembros de las juventudes hitlerianas. Las HJ tenían el objetivo de entrenar a los jóvenes como futuros ciudadanos y soldados leales al régimen nazi. Recibían una educación basada en los principios nazis, con énfasis en el racismo y el adiestramiento militar. A lo largo de la película, los protagonistas van descubriendo la crueldad del régimen y cambian su actitud hacia este.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
There were several groups that opposed Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. The White Rose group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign calling for opposition to the Nazi regime. Members were discovered and executed in 1943. Some Catholic priests and the Archbishop of Munster opposed Hitler's policies and actions. Protestant pastors formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's control of the church. In 1944, the failed assassination attempt by the Kreisau Circle led by Colonel Stauffenberg resulted in over 5,000 executions in retaliation.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
03. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC, TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923. The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a national assembly after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated.
France suffered tremendous losses in WWI with over 1.6 million deaths. In the interwar period, France prioritized rebuilding and weakening Germany through occupation of the Ruhr Valley and demanding reparations. However, economic instability and the rise of extremism weakened the French government. By 1939, France was unprepared for another war despite efforts to rearm, remaining politically divided in the late 1930s.
Nazi Germany - creating an economy geared towards warmrmarr
This page discusses the view that the Nazis' goal was always European war, and that the actions they took aimed to ensure Germany's economy was ready for such an event.
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
The document summarizes the 1956 Hungarian Revolution against Soviet domination. It began as student demonstrations in Budapest that grew larger. The government withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and declared free elections. On November 4th, the Soviet Union sent tanks into Budapest to reassert control. Many Hungarians were killed and Budapest was damaged. Imre Nagy, who had become leader, was arrested and later hanged in Moscow, sending the message that Soviet control would not be challenged.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
Hitler annexed Austria in 1938 by pressuring the Austrian Chancellor to resign and holding a referendum that overwhelmingly supported unification. As the leader of Germany, where many Austrians considered themselves German, Hitler capitalized on this sentiment and Austria's forbidden union with Germany under the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France protested this expansion of German territory but did not act, continuing their appeasement policy as Hitler grew increasingly bold.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
Hitler consolidated his power in Nazi Germany through three key events between 1933 and 1934:
1) The Night of the Long Knives in June 1934, where Hitler ordered the killing of SA leader Ernst Rohm and hundreds of other political rivals to eliminate internal opposition.
2) After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become Führer and gain full dictatorial control.
3) He also required soldiers to swear personal loyalty oaths to him, cementing his command over the military and removing the final institutional challenge to his authority.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ON THE R...George Dumitrache
The document discusses the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and the instability it caused during the Weimar Republic. It imposed heavy reparations on Germany, took away land and resources, and limited the size of its military. This caused resentment and political unrest. The Freikorps right-wing paramilitary groups opposed the treaty. Hyperinflation in 1923 due to the French occupation of the Ruhr Valley devalued German currency, impoverishing the middle class. The Weimar government struggled with instability, uprisings, and coups like the Kapp Putsch until reforms by Gustav Stresemann in 1923 stabilized the economy.
This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
The Nazi regime pursued the extermination of Jews and other groups deemed "inferior" through a systematic process of propaganda, legalized discrimination, ghettoization, and eventually mass murder. Hitler and other Nazis promoted racist ideologies depicting Jews and others as threats to the supposed Aryan master race. The Nazis passed laws stripping Jews of citizenship and banning marriage between Jews and Germans. Jews were later forced into ghettos and concentration camps where many were killed or worked to death. The "Final Solution" culminated in industrialized mass murder in death camps like Auschwitz using gas chambers and other means. By 1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million others had been killed in the Holocaust before the Nazi regime was defeated.
The document discusses how rising German nationalism following World War 1 and the 1929 Wall Street Crash contributed to the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler's assumption of power in Germany. It notes several key events: (1) Hitler received 30% of the presidential vote in 1932, showing high nationalist support; (2) the Night of Broken Glass in 1938 saw Germans attack their Jewish neighbors, indicating willingness to enact Hitler's radical nationalism; (3) Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936 showed his confidence in nationalistic public support. Rising German nationalism following World War 1 and economic troubles strengthened radical nationalist groups like the Nazis and enabled Hitler's rise to power.
Nationalism played a key role in Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the start of WWII. The Great Depression led to the collapse of the German government, allowing Hitler and the Nazis to gain control. Through propaganda, the Nazis promoted German nationalism, which increased their support among voters. With Hitler as Chancellor and then Fuhrer, he strengthened German nationalism and anti-Semitism through laws discriminating against Jews. Germany's increasing nationalism empowered Hitler to invade countries and disregard opposition to his policies within Germany.
La película se desarrolla en la Alemania nazi de 1942 y se centra en los protagonistas, miembros de las juventudes hitlerianas. Las HJ tenían el objetivo de entrenar a los jóvenes como futuros ciudadanos y soldados leales al régimen nazi. Recibían una educación basada en los principios nazis, con énfasis en el racismo y el adiestramiento militar. A lo largo de la película, los protagonistas van descubriendo la crueldad del régimen y cambian su actitud hacia este.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
There were several groups that opposed Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. The White Rose group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign calling for opposition to the Nazi regime. Members were discovered and executed in 1943. Some Catholic priests and the Archbishop of Munster opposed Hitler's policies and actions. Protestant pastors formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's control of the church. In 1944, the failed assassination attempt by the Kreisau Circle led by Colonel Stauffenberg resulted in over 5,000 executions in retaliation.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
03. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC, TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923. The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a national assembly after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated.
France suffered tremendous losses in WWI with over 1.6 million deaths. In the interwar period, France prioritized rebuilding and weakening Germany through occupation of the Ruhr Valley and demanding reparations. However, economic instability and the rise of extremism weakened the French government. By 1939, France was unprepared for another war despite efforts to rearm, remaining politically divided in the late 1930s.
Nazi Germany - creating an economy geared towards warmrmarr
This page discusses the view that the Nazis' goal was always European war, and that the actions they took aimed to ensure Germany's economy was ready for such an event.
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
The document summarizes the 1956 Hungarian Revolution against Soviet domination. It began as student demonstrations in Budapest that grew larger. The government withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and declared free elections. On November 4th, the Soviet Union sent tanks into Budapest to reassert control. Many Hungarians were killed and Budapest was damaged. Imre Nagy, who had become leader, was arrested and later hanged in Moscow, sending the message that Soviet control would not be challenged.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
Hitler annexed Austria in 1938 by pressuring the Austrian Chancellor to resign and holding a referendum that overwhelmingly supported unification. As the leader of Germany, where many Austrians considered themselves German, Hitler capitalized on this sentiment and Austria's forbidden union with Germany under the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France protested this expansion of German territory but did not act, continuing their appeasement policy as Hitler grew increasingly bold.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
Hitler consolidated his power in Nazi Germany through three key events between 1933 and 1934:
1) The Night of the Long Knives in June 1934, where Hitler ordered the killing of SA leader Ernst Rohm and hundreds of other political rivals to eliminate internal opposition.
2) After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become Führer and gain full dictatorial control.
3) He also required soldiers to swear personal loyalty oaths to him, cementing his command over the military and removing the final institutional challenge to his authority.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ON THE R...George Dumitrache
The document discusses the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and the instability it caused during the Weimar Republic. It imposed heavy reparations on Germany, took away land and resources, and limited the size of its military. This caused resentment and political unrest. The Freikorps right-wing paramilitary groups opposed the treaty. Hyperinflation in 1923 due to the French occupation of the Ruhr Valley devalued German currency, impoverishing the middle class. The Weimar government struggled with instability, uprisings, and coups like the Kapp Putsch until reforms by Gustav Stresemann in 1923 stabilized the economy.
This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
The Nazi regime pursued the extermination of Jews and other groups deemed "inferior" through a systematic process of propaganda, legalized discrimination, ghettoization, and eventually mass murder. Hitler and other Nazis promoted racist ideologies depicting Jews and others as threats to the supposed Aryan master race. The Nazis passed laws stripping Jews of citizenship and banning marriage between Jews and Germans. Jews were later forced into ghettos and concentration camps where many were killed or worked to death. The "Final Solution" culminated in industrialized mass murder in death camps like Auschwitz using gas chambers and other means. By 1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million others had been killed in the Holocaust before the Nazi regime was defeated.
The document discusses how rising German nationalism following World War 1 and the 1929 Wall Street Crash contributed to the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler's assumption of power in Germany. It notes several key events: (1) Hitler received 30% of the presidential vote in 1932, showing high nationalist support; (2) the Night of Broken Glass in 1938 saw Germans attack their Jewish neighbors, indicating willingness to enact Hitler's radical nationalism; (3) Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936 showed his confidence in nationalistic public support. Rising German nationalism following World War 1 and economic troubles strengthened radical nationalist groups like the Nazis and enabled Hitler's rise to power.
Nationalism played a key role in Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the start of WWII. The Great Depression led to the collapse of the German government, allowing Hitler and the Nazis to gain control. Through propaganda, the Nazis promoted German nationalism, which increased their support among voters. With Hitler as Chancellor and then Fuhrer, he strengthened German nationalism and anti-Semitism through laws discriminating against Jews. Germany's increasing nationalism empowered Hitler to invade countries and disregard opposition to his policies within Germany.
Nationalism was a major cause of World War 2 according to the document. It summarizes key events between 1929-1939 in Germany that show the rise of nationalism and Hitler's exploitation of it to gain power. Hitler inflamed German nationalism by blaming other countries and minorities for their economic struggles. As he consolidated power and removed opposition, Germans increasingly saw themselves as a superior race destined to regain former glory through war. By 1939, German nationalism had been radicalized to the point the people enthusiastically supported Hitler's invasion of Poland, launching World War 2.
World War 2 was caused by rising nationalism, imperialism, and militarism in Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s. These fascist regimes were led by dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo who took control of their nations, built up their militaries, and sought to expand their territories, ignoring international treaties. They took advantage of economic troubles to promise national renewal through aggression. The Western democracies failed to effectively counter the aggression and Germany, Italy, and Japan became emboldened, ultimately leading to World War 2.
The document provides an overview of Adolf Hitler and World War 2. It discusses that Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 and led Germany's participation in World War 2. The war began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and eventually involved many countries around the world over the course of six years. Hitler pursued fascist and expansionist policies that violated the Treaty of Versailles, seeking to build greater Germany through annexing neighboring lands and pursuing racial ideology and anti-Semitism. This ultimately led to the Holocaust and World War 2, ending with Germany's defeat in 1945 and Hitler's suicide.
Nationalism arose during the French Revolution and spread throughout Europe, causing both revolutions that united nations and the collapse of empires. Nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany by inspiring independence movements. It divided India along religious lines and prompted Zionism among Jews. The Ottoman Empire declined as ethnic groups wanted independence, leading to its collapse.
The major causes of World War II included the punitive Treaty of Versailles, the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany under Mussolini and Hitler, Japanese expansionism in Asia, the worldwide Great Depression, anti-communism, appeasement of aggressors, militarism, extreme nationalism, and American isolationism in the interwar period. Key events weakening resistance to aggression included Germany's rearmament, occupation of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, and the Nazi-Soviet pact enabling the invasion of Poland. The major Allied and Axis powers were poised for global conflict.
Controlled assessment guidance google driveKathryn Evans
The document provides guidance for students completing a controlled assessment on business studies. It outlines the four assessment objectives: research, presentation, analysis, and evaluation. Students are instructed to research a local business using primary and secondary sources like interviews, questionnaires, and textbooks. They will have up to 6 hours for research and 3 hours to complete a written report under exam conditions. The report should analyze and evaluate the research findings to answer the chosen assessment question.
The document provides an overview of nationalism movements in Latin America and Italy that helped unify those regions in the 19th century. It then discusses the causes of World War 1, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. The results of World War 1 included the creation of the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy.
The document summarizes several important events and court cases relating to nationalism, slavery, and states' rights in the early 19th century United States. The Gibbons v. Ogden and McCullough v. Maryland Supreme Court cases established federal supremacy over interstate commerce and taxation. The Adams-Onis Treaty and Monroe Doctrine expanded U.S. territory and asserted its influence over the Western Hemisphere. The Missouri Compromise temporarily resolved conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new states and territories by balancing the number of slave and free states.
This document discusses Joseph Campbell's concept of the monomyth or the hero's journey. It describes the common stages of Campbell's monomyth as departure, initiation, and return. It notes that Campbell's monomyth is popular among Hollywood writers but that some scholars criticize it for focusing too much on individualism and being biased against non-Western cultures. The document advocates analyzing hero stories by examining their original cultural context and meanings rather than just through Campbell's framework. It provides examples of analyzing the Greek myth of Perseus, the biblical story of Jonah, and the historical figure of Joan of Arc.
This document discusses the meaning and themes of the Epic of Gilgamesh. It summarizes the plot, including Gilgamesh's quest for immortality after the death of his friend Enkidu. The epic explores whether humanity can achieve the same status as the gods. Ultimately, it conveys that true happiness is found not in struggles against fate or sensual pleasures, but in virtue, wisdom, family, and leaving a legacy through great achievements. The story served to define cultural values for the ancient Mesopotamian civilization that produced it over 3000 years ago.
This document discusses categories of sacred spaces identified by scholars Gulliford and DeLoria, ranging from places associated with emergence and migration to sites representing interactions between humans and the divine. It then provides examples of American sacred sites that correspond to these categories, such as burial sites like the Normandy American Cemetery, and places where historical figures are venerated like the Lincoln Memorial. The document suggests the United States has its own set of defining national narratives centered around sacred sites.
Sea levels have changed dynamically throughout the Holocene epoch due to the interplay between absolute sea level changes and vertical land movement. As ice sheets melted after the last glacial period, sea levels rose globally from -130m to current levels through a combination of glacio-eustatic sea level rise and local glacio-isostatic land rebound and subsidence. Records of past sea level changes are reconstructed from dated geological indicators to develop sea level curves. Interpreting these indicators requires understanding their relationship to contemporaneous tide levels.
The document summarizes the rise of fascism in Italy following World War 1. It describes the reaction against liberalism and disappointment over the outcomes of WWI. Fascism gained popularity by exploiting anxieties over socialism, industrialization, and the "mutilated victory" of the postwar Treaty of Versailles. Benito Mussolini consolidated power over various fascist factions and used violence and intimidation to suppress socialists and unions. This culminated in the March on Rome in 1922, after which King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister, allowing him to establish a fascist dictatorship.
McDonald's has a global supply chain to provide consistent food products to its over 31,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries. In India, McDonald's implemented a "Cold Chain" supply chain using temperature-controlled distribution to source and deliver fresh ingredients from local suppliers. Key aspects of McDonald's India cold chain include 38 long-term local suppliers, refrigerated transportation of ingredients, and small storage windows to minimize waste and ensure product freshness.
Fascist regimes arose in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century led by Mussolini and Hitler respectively. Both dictators rose to power by exploiting economic instability, popular discontent over territorial losses after WWI, and promoting nationalist, anti-Semitic, and authoritarian ideologies. Their regimes established totalitarian control and aggressively expanded territory through military force, until they were eventually defeated during World War II as Germany and Italy fell to the Allied powers.
Fascism is a far-right ideology characterized by extreme nationalism, a dictator with total control over a single-party state, and the suppression of opposition through intimidation and propaganda. Fascist regimes rose to power in Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and Spain under Franco. The rise of fascism was fueled by economic instability after World War 1, dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles, fear of communism following the Russian Revolution, and support from the middle classes who felt politically marginalized.
The document lists and briefly describes the major causes of World War 2, including the Treaty of Versailles, rise of fascism in Italy under Mussolini, rise of Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany, the worldwide Great Depression, Japanese expansionism, anti-communism, appeasement of Hitler, militarism, nationalism, and American isolationism in the 1930s. It also provides maps showing the key theaters of war and lists Hitler's Axis partners versus the Allied powers in WWII.
World War II was the largest war in human history, involving countries around the globe from 1939 to 1945. Over 70 million people were killed by the end of the war. The war was sparked by the aftermath of World War I and rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan led by Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo seeking to expand their territories. The war began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and soon involved most major world powers aligned into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism and Adolf Hitler in Germany. It discusses Hitler's early life and experiences, the key tenets of Nazi ideology including anti-Semitism and the belief in Aryan supremacy. It also summarizes how the Nazis rose to power in Germany by exploiting economic instability and popular discontent after World War 1, and how Hitler then consolidated power through the enabling act, night of the long knives and eliminating political opposition. The consequences of Nazi rule including the Holocaust, World War 2 and Germany's defeat are also mentioned.
AQA B History GCSE Hitler's Foreign Policy RevisionGeorgie Pearson
Hitler took several steps between 1935 and 1939 to undermine the Treaty of Versailles and expand German territory, which ultimately led to the start of World War 2. These steps included reoccupying the Rhineland in 1936, annexing Austria in 1938, demanding the Sudetenland at Munich in 1938, occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939, signing a non-aggression pact with the USSR also in 1939, and finally invading Poland on September 1st, 1939, leading Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
The document summarizes the rise of the Nazi party in Germany and the establishment of a racist state under Hitler. It discusses how the Weimar Republic struggled with political and economic crises after World War 1, which allowed Hitler and the Nazis to rise to power in 1933. It then describes how the Nazis dismantled democracy and established a dictatorship, pursuing racist policies and genocide against Jews and other groups considered "undesirable." By the time of World War 2, the Nazis were seeking to expand their racial utopia through war and occupation of other lands.
Hitler steadily gained support among Germans throughout the 1930s by positioning himself as a strong leader who could restore Germany's economy and standing in the world after its defeat in WWI. He used the Nazi party and propaganda to spread nationalist ideology and blame Jews and others for Germany's problems. Key events that increased his popularity included the 1930 election where the Nazis became the second largest party, hosting the 1936 Berlin Olympics to showcase Germany, and the 1938 annexation of Austria which was welcomed by many Germans. With growing support, Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933 and through the Enabling Act gained dictatorial control over Germany.
Hitler steadily gained support among Germans throughout the 1930s by positioning himself as a strong leader who could restore Germany's economy and standing in the world after its defeat in WWI. He used the Nazi party and propaganda to spread nationalist ideology and consolidate power. Key events included strong showings for the Nazis in the 1930 election, Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933, and passing the Enabling Act granting him dictatorial powers. By hosting the 1936 Olympics and remilitarizing Germany in violation of treaties, he showed Germany's renewed strength, further boosting support for his expansionist agenda that ultimately led to the invasion of Poland and outbreak of WWII.
The document discusses the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Hitler's father was a prominent physician who debated killing his family to avoid revenge from the Allies for Nazi crimes, but ultimately the whole family committed suicide.
2) After World War 1, Germany struggled under the new Weimar Republic and faced humiliation over the Treaty of Versailles. The poor economy created conditions for Hitler and the Nazis to rise to power.
3) Once in power in 1933, Hitler dismantled democracy and established a Nazi dictatorship through the Enabling Act, banning all other political parties. The Nazis then implemented racist ideology and policies that systematically stripped rights from Jews and other groups.
Dr. Joseph Goebbels was in charge of Nazi propaganda in Germany. The propaganda ensured that Germans could only be exposed to information promoting Nazi ideology, such as the superiority of Hitler and harm of Jews. Hitler exploited economic turmoil and the unpopularity of the Treaty of Versailles to gain widespread appeal for his message of restoring German power and pride. He was a skilled orator who manipulated Germans and consolidated power by establishing the Nazi Party and using violence.
Dr. Joseph Goebbels was in charge of Nazi propaganda in Germany. The propaganda ensured that Germans could only be exposed to information promoting Nazi ideology, such as the superiority of Hitler and harm of Jews. Hitler exploited economic turmoil and the unpopularity of the Treaty of Versailles to gain widespread appeal for his message of restoring German power and pride. He was a skilled orator who manipulated Germans and consolidated power by establishing the Nazi Party and using violence.
Hitler exploited propaganda, the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic, and the economic turmoil following World War 1 and the Great Depression to rise to power in Germany. He portrayed the Nazis as able to restore Germany's power and pride by abolishing the Treaty of Versailles and scapegoated Jewish people. Hitler was a skilled, persuasive speaker who promoted nationalist, anti-Semitic ideology that gained widespread appeal among many Germans seeking a strong leader to solve the country's problems.
The document summarizes key events in Hitler's rise to power in Germany, including his failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, imprisonment and writing of Mein Kampf. It then discusses the economic crisis that helped Hitler rise politically, his appointment as Chancellor in 1933, and his consolidation of power by banning other parties and establishing the SS and Gestapo. Domestically, Hitler pursued racist policies and persecuted Jews, homosexuals, and others. His foreign policy aimed to expand German territory through annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia, and he increasingly clashed with Poland over territory.
Adolf Hitler was a powerful German dictator who converted Germany into a militarized society and launched World War II in 1939. He made anti-Semitism a key part of Nazi ideology and built the party into a mass movement, hoping to conquer Europe and the world. Under his rule, millions of Jews and others were killed or imprisoned in concentration camps in the Holocaust.
The document provides background on the development of the Nazi Party in Germany from 1919-1933. It describes the formation of the German Workers' Party in 1919 and Adolf Hitler joining later that year. In 1920, the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party). In 1923, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government in the Beer Hall Putsch, which failed and resulted in Hitler's arrest. While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. The Nazi Party continued growing in the later 1920s with the establishment of groups like the SS and Hitler Youth.
1. Hitler used the position of Chancellor to achieve total dictatorship in Germany by 1934. He eliminated political rivals and consolidated power.
2. Historians debate whether Hitler had a clear long-term plan or opportunistically responded to events to maintain power. Some argue he always intended to start a war and exterminate Jews, while others believe he had no master plan.
3. After becoming Chancellor, Hitler quickly established total Nazi control over Germany by outlawing other parties, arresting opponents, and gaining emergency powers through the Enabling Act, allowing him to rule by decree. He created a complex administration with overlapping powers and responsibilities.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S TOTALITARIAN REGIME. Suitable for Year 13 History students in Cambridge. It contains: overview, totalitarian regimes, Hitler in Vienna, etc.
Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 due to several converging factors: 1) the Nazi party gained popularity after the 1929 stock market crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes, 2) conservative politicians believed they could control Hitler and made deals that put him in power, 3) Hitler's oratory skills and use of propaganda through rallies appealed to Germans, and 4) paramilitary Brownshirts intimidated rivals through violence.
The document discusses several key problems faced by the Weimar Republic in the 1920s that contributed to its eventual collapse. The Weimar Constitution gave too much power to the president, states, and army while proportional voting led to a weak divided Reichstag with 28 parties. Extremists on both the left and right, such as communist and nationalist groups, tried to overthrow the government. The German economy faced severe issues following World War 1 and the Treaty of Versailles, experiencing hyperinflation and foreign occupation of territories. Dissatisfaction with the treaty terms grew Nazi support.
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. Anti-Jewish laws were passed in 1935.
3) Germany continued expanding its military and aligning with other countries throughout the late 1930s. Finally, in 1939, Hitler's invasion of Poland marked the official start of World War 2.
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. He eliminated opposition parties and began persecuting Jews.
3) By 1939, Hitler had gained control of Germany's military, economy, and laws. He invaded Poland, marking the official start of World War 2. Most Germans supported Hitler's actions up to this point due to nationalist pride and economic promises
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. He eliminated opposition and stripped Jewish people of their rights.
3) By the late 1930s, Germany was fully under Nazi control and Hitler was expanding German territory by taking over Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, leading to the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the start of World War 2.
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1. Nationalism as a Cause of World War Two
Humanities 20-1, Mr. Esteves
Ashten Blain
1929
• Wall Street stock market crash hit Germany hard because the
economy was built on mostly loans from America and was
dependent on trade, so when the loans needed to be paid and there
was no trade, Germany’s industrialism stopped; German workers
were laid off, banks failed so saving and accounts were wiped out,
inflation made it difficult to purchase necessities, etc.
• Hitler decided that he needed to do everything at a political level
aboveboard, so that he would be seen as a legitimate leader and not
someone associated with violence and bad things; wanted to
highlight the failings of other political parties
⇒ Hitler’s inflamed sense of nationalism encouraged him to share his beliefs and values with his
fellow countrymen. His strong dependence on his beliefs gave him the reassurance he needed
to do whatever he could to further his cause, no matter what people thought about him.
• Image: Inflation led to such high prices and such a low dollar value, that it was actually cheaper
to burn money than to pay for firewood http://www.thegreatdepression.co.uk/
effects-on-germany/
1930
• Depression really took hold of Germany, and Germany had to repay the debt created by the
Young Plan; Hitler tried to defeat the Young plan and this campaign made him a political force
throughout the country; in his campaigning he turned down his
Jewish hatred and promised to get rid of Communists and
“other enemies “ and to reunite Germany and other
German speaking parts of Europe
• Extremists were losing popularity because stability was
returning; German Nationalist party made him respectable by
asking for him to help campaign against the Young Plan’s repayment arrangements; Nazi party
won 18.3% of the vote in September 1930
⇒ German nationalism made German citizens sympathize with one another, and the thought of
more or worse poverty because of the repayments to America worried them all. Hitler, although
not the most popular politician in the works at the time, definitely was able to wiggle his foot in
the door because of the small amount of doubt in the minds of the people.
2. • Image: Hitler campaigning against the Young plan and the required reparations payments
http://truereligiondebate.wordpress.com/2008/04/10/exposing-protestant-evangelist-and-
born-again-christians-part-2-%E2%80%93-kill-all-jews-the-deadly-trinity-of-bible-luther-and-
hitler-part-7-of-the-most-dangerous-book-on-earth-%E2%80%93warnin/
1931
• Many banks and financial institutions were falling apart at the seams, and the Nazi party and
Hitler took advantage of this to show that the current government was
ineffective
• The SS Engagement and Marriage order is announced and under this law no
member of the SS is allowed to get married unless the couples respective
genealogy had been analyzed by a new SS department called the Office of
Race and Settlement
⇒ Hitler was trying to create a sense of nationalism in German people, to the
point where they felt they were better than any person of any other race,
and therefore entitled to more. By creating a clear separation, Hitler was
able to set the German’s apart from others living in the same area.
• Image: a chart to help the new Office of Race and Settlement classify people
http://www.briancuban.com/nazi-jews-a-historical-paradox/
1932
• Nazi party receives 30.1 percent of the vote for president; in a runoff election,
Hitler receives 36.8 percent; SA and SS are banned after coup is discovered; ban on
SA and SS is lifted
• Hitler tries to move into position as chancellor, but is denied by Hindenburg twice
⇒ As the democratic government loses control over the Reichstag, the army and the economy,
people begin to become worried. The lack of confidence united them as a people, and they
began to look for extreme solutions for an extreme and complicated problem.
• Image: an elections poster for the last year German citizens had a choice in their ruler http://
www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/posters/1933ba.jpg
1933
• Hitler is appointed Chancellor by Hindenburg; Brownshirts celebrate Hitler’s appointment with a
torchlight parade through Berlin
3. • Hindenburg signs the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State, which was drawn
up by Hitler’s aides, entitling Hitler to suspend the civil liberties of the people of Germany, and
to put opponents of the Nazi party in prison and concentration camps; the passing of this law
would effectively remove democracy and establish Hitler as the dictator
⇒ Nationalism takes a step towards ultra-nationalism at this point, as Hitler begins to over-control
and overprotect the German people in order to bring them to where they need to be. By
removing competition of the Nazi party and removing other systems of government, Hitler
paved the way for his beliefs and values to be spread throughout Germany and the people.
• Image: The torchlight parade in Berlin streets http://www.life.com/image/50877249
1934
• Hitler and the Nazis announced within hours of Hindenburg’s death that the position of
president would be combined with the position of chancellor, and therefore Hitler was named
president of Germany
• Hitler changed the laws so that the oaths that the public
officials and soldiers had to use was sworn to Hitler,
the Fuhrer of Germany, rather than to the
German government or German nation, and they were
forced to take this oath if they were to enter service
⇒ Hitler felt that the only way Germany would return
to order was through the Nazi regime. By
combining Chancellor and President, he ensured that he
would be at the head of the government and could spread his fiery nationalism to his people.
• Image: German soldiers swearing loyalty to Hitler http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-
dc.org/sub_imglist.cfm?sub_id=196§ion_id=13
1935
• Nuremberg Laws: German citizens may not marry or have sex with Jews in order to keep the
blood pure (punishment of hard labor); Jews are not allowed to employ female German citizens
under 45 as domestic workers(punishment of imprisonment or hard labor); Jews aren’t allowed
to display the Reich and national flag or national colors, but can
display Jewish colors(punishment of a year in prison and a fine,
or hard labor)
• Luftwaffe: Hitler signed a secret decree that authorized the Reich
Luftwaffe as a third German military service to join the army and
4. navy; Treaty of Versailles prohibited air force in Germany, but Hitler made the Lufthansa into a
civilian airline, therefore not infringing on the rules of the treaty, but still providing training to
his new air force pilots; he began to reveal this Luftwaffe little by little so that they would not
alarm foreign governments
⇒ Hitler really began to try to drive a wedge between Germans and Jews so that nationalism was
felt very differently by the two different groups. In encouraging the nationalism and superiority
in the German citizens, he made them feel better and feel against the Jews.
• Image: German Luftwaffe planes
http://metaldetectingworld.com/world_war_2_p1.shtml
1936
• German troops reenter the demilitarized Rhineland , military
conscription begins, 2 year compulsory military service begins
• Jewish stores aren’t allowed to renew leases, Jewish teachers aren’t
allowed to tutor German children, Jewish authors are blacklisted,
Nazi’s begin campaigning to remove Jews from German economic life;
restrictions are placed on Jews throughout the country as anti-Semitic
views become more popular
⇒ The Nazi’s encouragement of the exclusion of Jews made the German citizens feel superior. This
boosted the feeling of nationalism in the German people, as they felt they were superior to the
Jews, and as the people began to believe it, Hitler was encouraged and pushed to continue on
his path.
• Image: A conscription poster requested by Hitler for WWII
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/posters/wehr.jpg
1937
5. • Hitler formally ends obedience to the Treaty of Versailles; German warplanes attack a Spanish
town, and this becomes the first air bombardment of an undefended
town in history (picture of Guernica, Spain, after bombardment)
• Hitler outlines plans for a future war, confiding in his general of his intent
to destroy Czechoslovakia; this was the beginning of Hitler’s process of
beginning war
⇒ Ultra-nationalism flexes its muscles here, as the Germans show their new might in their air force
and their defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, hereby raising confidence of the German people in
their own government and fear of Germany for other countries.
• Image: Guernica, Spain after the German bombardment
http://robertwhiston.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/20/
1938
• The Munich Agreement: allowed Nazi German to combine
Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland, areas along the Czech borders that
were mostly inhabited by ethnic Germans; a way to appease Hitler
• Hitler invades Austria and announces that Austria has become part
of the German Reich and the laws of Germany are applied in
Austria (including anti-Semitism)
⇒ People in Czechoslovakia felt that they identified as much with the German people as they did
with any of the other small sections of the population. When Hitler came to take over
Czechoslovakia, the people there were open to it because they were facing the same unrest and
problems that Germany was. They were looking for an extreme solution to their extreme
problem, like everyone else in the country.
• Image: German troops entering Austria (Anschluss)
http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/Anshluss.html
1939
• Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia, seemingly because of the wishes of the president, but actually
would have taken it by force
• Hitler started World War 2: propagandist reason, codenamed
Operation Himmler, was to have the SS act out false attacks by the
Polish army towards the German army on the border. They hired a
Polish speaking German man to grab the microphone at a radio
station and begin a speech in Polish stating that the time had come
for the Poles to retaliate against the Germans. Concentration camp prisoners dressed in the
army uniform of Poland were to be killed by lethal injection, then shot over and over and left as
6. evidence of the Polish attacks; on September 1st, 1939, the German army marched into Poland,
destroying everything in their path, and effectively beginning World War 2
⇒ The German people were ready for a war. They believed, because their leader had taught them
to, that the only way to improve their situation was to fight for it. Nationalism prepared them
for a war, and not only were they ready for the act, but they were ready to accept the
consequences. Their need for stability as a country transcended other needs, and they were
ready to do what it took to achieve their goals.
• Image: German troops marching into Poland http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/
2008/08/dayintech_0901
Biggest Results of Nationalism:
1. The Germans Marching on Poland (and beginning WWII)
a. Because the German people felt prepared and maybe even wanted a war, they were
fine to help in any way they could to restore Germany to what it was before the Great
Depression hit. They all felt that they were in the same situation and identified as a
whole, and were completely prepared to work together to crawl out of their situation.
2. Conscription and the Swelling of Military Numbers
a. As Germany neared a time of war, the people began to feel that they needed to fight to
return themselves to their former glory, not in small part due to their fanatical leader.
Voluntary sign ups increased, and objection to conscription was much less than normal.
3. Invasion of Czechoslovakia
a. While it was a takeover by force, the Czechoslovakian people were open to a change in
government and needed an extreme solution to the same extreme problem Germany
was facing.
4. End of the Treaty of Versailles
a. Now openly defiant of the restrictions placed on them by the Treaty of Versailles, the
country of Germany, and Hitler were now able to let their power increase without being
limited by the Treaty. Nationalism grew as confidence in their safety and power grew.
5. Hitler’s Aboveboard Actions
a. Hitler made sure that everything he did to come to power was looked on as
correct so that he would be accepted as a legitimate politician. Hitler wanted to
be looked on as someone who had come from the same place everyone else
had, so that they would identify with him, and so that he felt just as much a part
of his country as other citizens would.
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