The document describes various scientific instruments and inventions used in fields like earth science, physics, engineering, and technology. It provides brief descriptions of instruments such as the Archimedes screw, ammeter, sling psychrometer, internal combustion engine, telescope, satellite, piano, light bulb, telephone, printing press, lidar, drone, rock saw, penetrometer, elevator, air conditioner, hydrophone, GPS, hydrometer, seismometer, pendulum clock, binoculars, rocket, wind turbine, calorimeter, pyrometer, drinkable sea water filter, solar cooker, liter of light, oscilloscope, memory foam, fluorescent lamp, compass, potometer, wind vane, anemometer

1. EARTH SCIENCE
- INVENTIONS AND ITS USES

2. ARCHIMEDES
SCREW: A MACHINE
USED FOR
TRANSFERRING WATER
FROM A LOW-LYING
BODY OF WATER INTO
IRRIGATION DITCHES.
WATER IS PUMPED BY
TURNING A SCREW-
SHAPED SURFACE
INSIDE A PIPE.

3. AMMETER: AN INSTRUMENT
FOR MEASURING ELECTRIC
CURRENT IN AMPERES.

4. SLING
PSYCHROMETER: MEASURES
THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN
THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH
THE USE OF TWO
THERMOMETERS. A DRY BULB
THERMOMETER, IS USED TO
MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE
BY BEING EXPOSED TO THE AIR.
A WET BULB THERMOMETER,
MEASURES TEMPERATURE BY
HAVING THE BULB DIPPED IN A
LIQUID.

5. INTERNAL COMBUSTION: IS
A HEAT ENGINE WHERE THE
COMBUSTION OF A FUEL
OCCURS WITH AN OXIDIZER
IN A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER THAT IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THE
WORKING FLUID FLOW
CIRCUIT.

6. NAIL: A PIN-SHAPED
OBJECT OF METAL (OR
WOOD, CALLED A TREE
NAIL OR “TRUNNEL”)
WHICH IS USED AS
A FASTENER, AS A PEG TO
HANG SOMETHING, OR
SOMETIMES AS A
DECORATION

7. AUTOMOBILE: WHEELED
MOTOR VEHICLE USED FOR
TRANSPORTATION. MOST
DEFINITIONS OF CAR SAY
THEY RUN PRIMARILY ON
ROADS, SEAT ONE TO EIGHT
PEOPLE, HAVE FOUR TIRES,
AND MAINLY TRANSPORT
PEOPLE RATHER THAN
GOODS. CARS CAME INTO
GLOBAL USE DURING THE
20TH CENTURY, AND
DEVELOPED ECONOMIES
DEPEND ON THEM.

8. AIRPLANE: A POWERED,
FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT THAT
IS PROPELLED FORWARD BY
THRUST FROM A JET ENGINE,
PROPELLER OR ROCKET
ENGINE. AIRPLANES COME IN
A VARIETY OF SIZES, SHAPES,
AND WING CONFIGURATIONS.

9. TELESCOPES: OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS THAT MAKE
DISTANT OBJECTS APPEAR
MAGNIFIED BY USING AN
ARRANGEMENT OF LENSES OR
CURVED MIRRORS AND LENSES,
OR VARIOUS DEVICES USED TO
OBSERVE DISTANT OBJECTS BY
THEIR EMISSION, ABSORPTION,
OR REFLECTION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.

10. SATELLITES: A
SATELLITE IS AN
ARTIFICIAL OBJECT
WHICH HAS BEEN
INTENTIONALLY
PLACED INTO ORBIT.
SUCH OBJECTS ARE
SOMETIMES CALLED
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
TO DISTINGUISH THEM
FROM NATURAL
SATELLITES SUCH AS
EARTH’S MOON.

11. PIANO: THE PIANO IS AN
ACOUSTIC, STRINGED
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
INVENTED IN ITALY BY
BARTOLOMEO CRISTOFORI
AROUND THE YEAR 1700, IN
WHICH THE STRINGS ARE
STRUCK BY HAMMERS.

12. LIGHT BULB: AN INCANDESCENT
LIGHT BULB, INCANDESCENT LAMP
OR INCANDESCENT LIGHT GLOBE IS
AN ELECTRIC LIGHT WITH A WIRE
FILAMENT HEATED TO SUCH A HIGH
TEMPERATURE THAT IT GLOWS WITH
VISIBLE LIGHT. THE FILAMENT IS
PROTECTED FROM OXIDATION WITH
A GLASS OR FUSED QUARTZ BULB
THAT IS FILLED WITH INERT GAS OR
A VACUUM.

13. TELEPHONE: A
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
DEVICE THAT PERMITS
TWO OR MORE USERS TO
CONDUCT A
CONVERSATION WHEN
THEY ARE TOO FAR
APART TO BE HEARD
DIRECTLY.

14. THE PRINTING PRESS: A
PRINTING PRESS IS A
DEVICE FOR APPLYING
PRESSURE TO AN INKED
SURFACE RESTING UPON A
PRINT MEDIUM, THEREBY
TRANSFERRING THE INK.

15. LIDAR: A DETECTION
SYSTEM THAT WORKS ON
THE PRINCIPLE OF RADAR,
BUT USES LIGHT FROM A
LASER.

16. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY:
DRONES ARE OFTEN
CELEBRATED FOR THEIR
ABILITY TO CAPTURE A
NEW VANTAGE POINT
ON THE WORLD,
REVEALING THE BEAUTY
OF OUR PLANET FROM
HIGH ABOVE.

17. ROCK SAW: A SMALL
COARSE-TOOTHED SAW
THAT CUTS INTO A LOG
AHEAD OF THE MAIN
SAW AND PROTECTS
THE LATTER BY
REMOVING SMALL
STONES OR PEBBLES
EMBEDDED IN THE LOG

18. PENETROMETER: AN
INSTRUMENT FOR
DETERMINING THE
CONSISTENCY OR
HARDNESS OF A
SUBSTANCE BY
MEASURING THE DEPTH
OR RATE OF
PENETRATION OF A ROD
OR NEEDLE DRIVEN INTO
IT BY A KNOWN FORCE

19. ELEVATOR: A VERTICAL
TRANSPORT VEHICLE
THAT EFFICIENTLY
MOVES PEOPLE OR
GOODS BETWEEN
FLOORS OF A BUILDING.

20. AIR CONDITIONER: A SYSTEM
OR A MACHINE THAT
TREATS AIR IN A DEFINED,
USUALLY ENCLOSED AREA
VIA A REFRIGERATION CYCLE
IN WHICH WARM AIR IS
REMOVED AND REPLACED
WITH COOLER AND MORE
HUMID AIR.

21. HYDROPHONES:
A HYDROPHONE IS A
MICROPHONE
DESIGNED TO BE USED
UNDERWATER FOR
RECORDING OR
LISTENING TO
UNDERWATER SOUND.

22. GPS – GLOBAL
POSITIONING SYSTEM; THE
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM, ORIGINALLY
NAVSTAR GPS, IS A
SATELLITE-BASED
RADIONAVIGATION SYSTEM
OWNED BY THE UNITED
STATES GOVERNMENT AND
OPERATED BY THE UNITED
STATES AIR FORCE.

23. HYDROMETER: A
HYDROMETER OR AREOMETER
IS AN INSTRUMENT USED FOR
MEASURING THE RELATIVE
DENSITY OF LIQUIDS BASED
ON THE CONCEPT OF
BUOYANCY. THEY ARE
TYPICALLY CALIBRATED AND
GRADUATED WITH ONE OR
MORE SCALES SUCH AS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

24. SEISMOMETER: A SEISMOMETER
IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT
MEASURES GROUND MOTIONS,
SUCH AS CAUSED BY
EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS, AND EXPLOSIONS.
RECORDS OF SEISMIC WAVES
ALLOW SEISMOLOGISTS TO
LOCATE AND MEASURE THE SIZE
OF EVENTS LIKE THESE, AND TO
MAP THE EARTH’S INTERNAL
STRUCTURE.

25. PENDULUM CLOCK: A CLOCK
THAT USES A PENDULUM, A
SWINGING WEIGHT, AS ITS
TIMEKEEPING ELEMENT.

26. BINOCULARS: TWO TELESCOPES
MOUNTED SIDE-BY-SIDE AND
ALIGNED TO POINT IN THE SAME
DIRECTION, ALLOWING THE VIEWER
TO USE BOTH EYES (BINOCULAR
VISION) WHEN VIEWING DISTANT
OBJECTS. MOST ARE SIZED TO BE
HELD USING BOTH HANDS,
ALTHOUGH SIZES VARY WIDELY
FROM OPERA GLASSES TO LARGE
PEDESTAL MOUNTED MILITARY
MODELS.

27. ROCKET: IS A MISSILE,
SPACECRAFT, AIRCRAFT OR
OTHER VEHICLE THAT OBTAINS
THRUST FROM A ROCKET ENGINE.
ROCKET ENGINE EXHAUST IS
FORMED ENTIRELY FROM
PROPELLANT CARRIED WITHIN THE
ROCKET BEFORE USE. ROCKET
ENGINES WORK BY ACTION AND
REACTION AND PUSH ROCKETS
FORWARD SIMPLY BY EXPELLING
THEIR EXHAUST IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION AT HIGH SPEED, AND
CAN THEREFORE WORK IN THE
VACUUM OF SPACE.

28. WIND TURBINE: OR
ALTERNATIVELY REFERRED
TO AS A WIND ENERGY
CONVERTER, IS A DEVICE
THAT CONVERTS THE
WIND’S KINETIC ENERGY
INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.

29. CALORIMETER: A CALORIMETER IS AN
OBJECT USED FOR CALORIMETRY, OR
THE PROCESS OF MEASURING THE
HEAT OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS OR
PHYSICAL CHANGES AS WELL AS HEAT
CAPACITY. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
CALORIMETERS, ISOTHERMAL MICRO
CALORIMETERS, TITRATION
CALORIMETERS AND ACCELERATED
RATE CALORIMETERS ARE AMONG
THE MOST COMMON TYPES.

30. PYROMETER: A
PYROMETER IS A TYPE
OF REMOTE-SENSING
THERMOMETER USED TO
MEASURE THE
TEMPERATURE OF A
SURFACE. VARIOUS
FORMS OF PYROMETERS
HAVE HISTORICALLY
EXISTED

31. DRINKABLE SEA
WATER: USING A TYPE
OF GRAPHENE CALLED
GRAPHAIR, SCIENTISTS
FROM AUSTRALIA
HAVE CREATED A
WATER FILTER THAT
CAN MAKE HIGHLY
POLLUTED SEAWATER
DRINKABLE AFTER
JUST ONE PASS.

32. ECOLOGICAL UMBRELLA:
COLLECT RAINWATER
DURING YOUR WALK
OUTSIDE

33. SOLAR COOKER: A
DEVICE WHICH USES THE
ENERGY OF DIRECT
SUNLIGHT TO HEAT,
COOK OR PASTEURISE
DRINK AND OTHER
FOOD MATERIALS.

34. LITER OF LIGHT: LITER OF
LIGHT IS AN OPEN SOURCE
DESIGN FOR A LOW-COST
LIGHT TUBE THAT REFRACTS
SOLAR LIGHT TO PROVIDE
DAYTIME INTERIOR LIGHTING
FOR DWELLINGS WITH THIN
ROOFS. DAYLIGHTING IS
CHEAPER THAN USING
INDOOR ELECTRIC LIGHTS
DURING THE DAY.

35. OSCILLOSCOPE: A
LABORATORY
INSTRUMENT COMMONLY
USED TO DISPLAY AND
ANALYZE THE WAVEFORM
OF ELECTRONIC SIGNALS.
IN EFFECT, THE DEVICE
DRAWS A GRAPH OF THE
INSTANTANEOUS SIGNAL
VOLTAGE AS A FUNCTION
OF TIME.

36. MEMORY FOAM: MEMORY
FOAM CONSISTS MAINLY
OF POLYURETHANE AS
WELL AS ADDITIONAL
CHEMICALS INCREASING
ITS VISCOSITY AND
DENSITY. IT IS OFTEN
REFERRED TO AS
“VISCOELASTIC"POLYURETH
ANE FOAM, OR LOW-
RESILIENCE POLYURETHAN
E FOAM (LRPU).

37. FLUORESCENT LAMP: A
FLUORESCENT LAMP, OR
FLUORESCENT TUBE, IS A LOW-
PRESSURE MERCURY-VAPOR
GAS-DISCHARGE LAMP THAT
USES FLUORESCENCE TO
PRODUCE VISIBLE LIGHT. AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT IN THE GAS
EXCITES MERCURY VAPOR,
WHICH PRODUCES SHORT-WAVE
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT THAT THEN
CAUSES A PHOSPHOR COATING
ON THE INSIDE OF THE LAMP TO
GLOW.

38. COMPASS: A COMPASS IS AN
INSTRUMENT USED FOR
NAVIGATION AND ORIENTATION
THAT SHOWS DIRECTION
RELATIVE TO THE GEOGRAPHIC
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS. USUALLY,
A DIAGRAM CALLED A COMPASS
ROSE SHOWS THE DIRECTIONS
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, AND WEST
ON THE COMPASS FACE AS
ABBREVIATED INITIALS

39. POTOMETER: A
POTOMETER, SOMETIMES
KNOWN AS A
TRANSPIROMETER, IS A
DEVICE USED FOR
MEASURING THE RATE OF
WATER UPTAKE OF A
LEAFY SHOOT. THE
CAUSES OF WATER UPTAKE
ARE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND TRANSPIRATION.

40. WIND VANE: A WEATHER
VANE, WIND VANE, OR
WEATHERCOCK IS AN
INSTRUMENT FOR SHOWING
THE DIRECTION OF THE
WIND. IT IS TYPICALLY USED
AS AN ARCHITECTURAL
ORNAMENT TO THE HIGHEST
POINT OF A BUILDING. THE
WORD VANE COMES FROM
THE OLD ENGLISH WORD
FANA MEANING “FLAG”.

41. ANEMOMETER: AN ANEMOMETER
IS A DEVICE USED FOR
MEASURING WIND SPEED, AND IS
ALSO A COMMON WEATHER
STATION INSTRUMENT. THE TERM
IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK
WORD ANEMOS, WHICH MEANS
WIND, AND IS USED TO DESCRIBE
ANY WIND SPEED INSTRUMENT
USED IN METEOROLOGY.

42. GYROSCOPE: A GYROSCOPE
IS A DEVICE USED FOR
MEASURING OR
MAINTAINING ORIENTATION
AND ANGULAR VELOCITY. IT
IS A SPINNING WHEEL OR
DISC IN WHICH THE AXIS OF
ROTATION IS FREE TO
ASSUME ANY ORIENTATION
BY ITSELF.

43. GEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEM: IS A
COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR
CAPTURING, STORING, CHECKING,
AND DISPLAYING DATA RELATED
TO POSITIONS ON EARTH’S
SURFACE. BY RELATING SEEMINGLY
UNRELATED DATA, GIS CAN HELP
INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
BETTER UNDERSTAND SPATIAL
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS.

44. TRIPLE BALANCE BEAM: THE
TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE IS AN
INSTRUMENT USED TO
MEASURE MASS VERY
PRECISELY. THE DEVICE HAS
READING ERROR OF +/- 0.05
GRAM. THE NAME REFERS TO
THE THREE BEAMS INCLUDING
THE MIDDLE BEAM WHICH IS
THE LARGEST SIZE, THE FRONT
BEAM WHICH IS THE MEDIUM
SIZE, AND THE FAR BEAM
WHICH IS THE SMALLEST SIZE.

45. SYSTEM ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE: SCAN A
SAMPLE WITH A FOCUSED
ELECTRON BEAM AND
DELIVER IMAGES WITH
INFORMATION ABOUT THE
SAMPLES’ TOPOGRAPHY
AND COMPOSITION.

46. BAROGRAPH: A
BAROMETER THAT
RECORDS ITS READINGS ON
A MOVING CHART.

47. RICHTER MAGNITUDE
SCALE: DEVELOPED IN
1935 BY CHARLES F.
RICHTER OF THE
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY AS A
MATHEMATICAL DEVICE
TO COMPARE THE SIZE
OF EARTHQUAKES.

48. BAROMETER: SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENT USED IN
METEOROLOGY TO
MEASURE ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE.

49. TUNNELLING SHIELD:
MACHINE FOR DRIVING
TUNNELS IN SOFT
GROUND, ESPECIALLY
UNDER RIVERS OR IN
WATER-BEARING
STRATA.

50. BRAMAH HYDRAULIC PRESS:
A DEVICE (SEE MACHINE
PRESS) USING A HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER TO GENERATE A
COMPRESSIVE FORCE

51. AIR-INK: FIRST INK
MADE ENTIRELY OUT
OF AIR POLLUTION

52. SEABIN: FLOATING
RUBBISH BIN THAT IS
LOCATED IN THE WATER
AT MARINAS, DOCKS,
YACHT CLUBS AND
COMMERCIAL PORTS

53. TILTMETER: SENSITIVE
INCLINOMETER DESIGNED
TO MEASURE VERY SMALL
CHANGES FROM THE
VERTICAL LEVEL, EITHER
ON THE GROUND OR IN
STRUCTURES

54. GOOGLE GLASS: IS A
BRAND OF SMART
GLASSES – AN OPTICAL
HEAD-MOUNTED
DISPLAY DESIGNED IN
THE SHAPE OF A PAIR
OF EYEGLASSES