Meteorological instruments are used to measure various atmospheric conditions. Key instruments include thermometers for temperature (degrees Celsius/Fahrenheit), barometers for pressure (hPa, mb), anemometers for wind speed (m/s, km/h), rain gauges for precipitation (mm), and hygrometers for humidity (percent relative humidity). Other instruments such as ceilometers, disdrometers, and weather balloons equipped with radiosondes are used to profile clouds, precipitation, and wind conditions at varying altitudes above ground level. Measurement units vary depending on the parameter and instrument but generally relate to the International System of Units.
Meteorological observations are made for a variety of reasons. They are used for the real-time preparation of weather charts and maps, for weather forecasts and severe weather warnings, for the study of climate, and for local weather-dependent operations. This module highlights all related details.
SGM automatic weather station is an automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labor or to enable measurements from remote areas.
Meteorological observations are made for a variety of reasons. They are used for the real-time preparation of weather charts and maps, for weather forecasts and severe weather warnings, for the study of climate, and for local weather-dependent operations. This module highlights all related details.
SGM automatic weather station is an automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labor or to enable measurements from remote areas.
Definition, Forms of precipitation, Types of Precipitation, FACTORS ON WHICH
PRECIPITATION DEPENDS UPON, FACTORS AFFECTING PRECIPITATION, VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION, Measurement of Precipitation, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
RAINFALL,
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
It is he best project to give an idea for the school project on meteorological Instruments. it gives info of few commonly used instruments which play a great role in day to day life and much more......
Definition, Forms of precipitation, Types of Precipitation, FACTORS ON WHICH
PRECIPITATION DEPENDS UPON, FACTORS AFFECTING PRECIPITATION, VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION, Measurement of Precipitation, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
RAINFALL,
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
It is he best project to give an idea for the school project on meteorological Instruments. it gives info of few commonly used instruments which play a great role in day to day life and much more......
WEATHER is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with regard to temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind, cloudiness, and precipitation. The term weather is restricted to conditions over short periods of time; conditions over long periods are referred to as climate.
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
The density and distribution of climatological stations to be established in a land network within a given area depend on the meteorological elements to be observed, the topography and land use in the area, and the requirements for information about the specific climatic elements concerned. This module highlights all these aspects.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. • Meteorological instruments are the
equipment used to sample the state of
the atmosphere at a given time.
• A meteorological station is a facility,
either on land or sea, with instruments
and equipment for measuring
atmospheric conditions to provide
information for weather forecasts and
to study the weather and climate.
2. ANEMOMETER
• An anemometer is a device used for
measuring the speed of wind. It is a
common weather station instrument.
• The measurement units for Anemometers
include: Feet per minute (ft/min), meters
per second (m/s), kilometers per hour
(km/hr), miles per hour (mph), nautical
miles per hour (knots), and Beauforts.
3. BAROMETER
• A barometer is a scientific
instrument used in meteorology to
measure atmospheric pressure.
• The most common unit of
measurement used in barometers
is the millibar (mb) , pounds per
square inch, pascals and inches of
mercury.
4. CEILOMETER
• A ceilometer is a device that uses
a laser or other light source to
determine the height of a cloud
base and overall cloud thickness.
• UNIT: It is traditionally expressed
either in meters or as a pressure
difference in hectopascal.
5. DISDROMETER
• A disdrometer is an instrument used to
measure the drop size distribution
and velocity of falling raindrops. The
main application is to determine the
size, speed, and number of raindrops.
With disdrometer the meteorologist
differ raindrops from graupel and hail.
• Drop size: mm
• Velocity: m/sec
6. HYGROMETER
• A hygrometer is an instrument used
for measuring the moisture content in
the atmosphere.
• milliliters per cubic centimeter.
Alternatively, some hygrometers
measure relative humidity, which is
expressed as a percentage with
no units.
7. NEPHELOMETER
• A nephelometer is an instrument for
measuring concentration of suspended
particles in a liquid or gas colloid.
• Used for air quality measurement for pollution
monitoring, climate monitoring, and visibility.
• In the United States environmental
monitoring the turbidity standard unit is
called Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU),
while the international standard unit is called
Formazin Nephelometric Unit (FNU). The most
generally applicable unit is Formazin Turbidity
Unit (FTU)
8. RAIN GAUGE
• A rain gauge is an instrument used
by meteorologists and hydrologists to
gather and measure the amount of
liquid precipitation over a set period of
time.
• UNIT: mm
9. SNOW GAUGE
• A snow gauge is a type of instrument used
by meteorologists and hydrologists to
gather and measure the amount of solid
precipitation over a set period of time.
• UNIT: The depth of snow is normally
measured in centimetres, the measurement
of melted snow (water equivalent) is
in millimetres.
10. SOLARIMETER
• A solarimeter is a pyranometer, a
type of measuring device used to
measure combined direct and
diffuse solar radiation. An
integrating solarimeter measures
energy developed from solar
radiation based on the absorption
of heat by a black body.
• UNIT: W/m²
11. THERMOMETER
• The thermometer is a device for
measuring the temperature. The
thermometers are using various physical
properties such as thermal expansion of
gases, liquids or solids to determine the
current temperature.
• UNIT: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin.
12. WIND PROFILER
• A wind profiler is a type of weather
observing equipment that uses radar or
sound waves to detect
the wind speed and direction at various
elevations above the ground. The
variables measured from wind direction
and speed is useful to meteorological
forecasting and timely reporting for flight
planning.
• m/s mph
• degree
13. WIND VANE
• A wind vane is an instrument for
showing the direction of the wind.
They are typically used as an
architectural ornament to the
highest point of a building.
• A traditional weather or wind vane
has no units of measure. It has East,
West, South, and North, it just shows
you which direction the wind is
blowing
14. PAN EVAPORATION
• Pan evaporation is a measurement that
combines or integrates the effects of
several climate elements: temperature,
humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion,
solar radiation, and wind. Pan
evaporation measurements enable
farmers and ranchers to understand how
much water their crops will need.
• Evaporation is measured by measuring
the depth of water. Its unit is mm
15. SUNSHINE RECORDER
• A sunshine recorder is a device that
records the amount of sunshine at a given
location. The results provide information
about the weather and climate as well as
the temperature of a geographical area.
• UNIT: It is measured in minutes, and
hours. kWh/m2
16. STORM GLASS
• The liquid within the glass is a mixture of several
ingredients, most commonly distilled
water, ethanol, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride,
and camphor.
• If the liquid in the glass is clear, the weather will be bright
and clear.
• If the liquid is cloudy, the weather will be cloudy as well,
perhaps with precipitation.
• If there are small dots in the
liquid, humid or foggy weather can be expected.
• If the liquid contains small stars on sunny winter days,
then snow is coming.
• If there are crystals at the bottom, this indicates frost.
• If there are threads near the top, it will be windy.
17. KONISCOPE
• A koniscope (or coniscope) is a scientific
instrument to detect and measure content
of dust particles in the atmosphere.
A koniscope is also called dust counter.
• UNIT: µm in diameter
18. FIELD MILL
• A field mill is a specialized instrument used
for measuring the strength of electrical
fields in the atmosphere near thunderstorm
clouds. They are also used in outdoor
laboratories for lightening protection
equipment to determine favorable
experiment conditions.
• The SI unit of electric field strength
is newtons per coulomb (N/C) or volts per
meter (V/m).
19. ANEMOSCOPE
• An anemoscope is a device invented to show
the direction of the wind, or to foretell a
change of wind direction or weather.
• m/s, km/h, ft/min, mph, KNOT are used as
measuring units.
20. THERMOSCOPE
• A thermoscope is a device that shows
changes in temperature. A typical design is a
tube in which a liquid rises and falls as the
temperature changes.
• UNIT: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin.
21. PYRANOMETER
• A pyranometer is an instrument that
measures the total amount of sunlight
reaching a horizontal plane on Earth's
surface. This quantity is called "insolation.“
• UNIT: Watts per square meter (W/m2)
22. WINDSOCK
A windsock is a cone-shaped bag with an
opening at both ends. When it is limp, winds
are light; when it is stretched out, winds are
strong. Pilots can quickly determine the wind
direction and speed along a runway just by
observing the shape and direction of a
windsock.
23. HAIL PADS
• Hail pads measure the size of hail that
falls during a storm. A standard hail pad
consists of florist's foam and aluminum
foil. The falling hail strikes the foil and
creates dimples for the observer to
measure after the storm.
• UNIT: Inches
24. PSYCHROMETER
• An instrument for determining atmospheric
humidity by the reading of two
thermometers, the bulb of one being kept
moist and ventilated.
• UNIT: Percent (%) moisture held in the air.
25. LIDAR
• Lidar uses ultraviolet, visible, or near
infrared light to image objects. It can target
a wide range of materials, including non-
metallic objects, rocks, rain, chemical
compounds, aerosols, clouds and even
single molecules. A narrow laser-beam can
map physical features with very
high resolutions
• UNIT: µm , nm
26. ALL SKYCAM
• All skycam is a stand-alone Astro and
weather video device enclosed in a
weather proof dome that provides wide
view at the entire sky.
• The cameras fisheye lens gives you a 180
degree view from horizon to horizon.
27. WEATHER BALLOON
• A weather or sounding balloon is
a balloon which carries instruments aloft to
send back information on atmospheric
pressure, temperature, humidity and wind
speed by means of a small, expendable
measuring device called a radiosonde.
• There is no unit. Basically the balloon is
tracked over a day and measure the wind
speed by radiosonde.
28. RADIOSONDE
• A radiosonde is a battery-powered
telemetry instrument package carried
into the atmosphere usually by
a weather balloon that measures
various atmospheric parameters and
transmits them by radio to a ground
receiver.
• UNIT: Hectopascal for pressure,
degree Celsius for temperature and
percentage for humidity.
29. CEILING PROJECTOR
• The ceiling
projector or cloud searchlight is
used to measure the height of the
base of clouds (called the ceiling)
above the ground
• UNIT: ft , m
30. DOPPLER RADAR
• A Doppler radar is a
specialized radar that uses the Doppler
effect to produce velocity data about
objects at a distance.
• UNIT: m/s, km/hr
31. PYRHELIOMETER
• A pyrheliometer is an instrument for
measurement of direct beam solar irradiance
(power per unit area received from the Sun.)
Sunlight enters the instrument through a window
and is directed onto a thermopile which converts
heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded.
• UNIT: The signal voltage is converted via a
formula to measure watts per square meter.
32. Meteorological Instruments
• Thermometer
Use for measuring the temperature .
Unit: Degree Centigrade (C°)
Degree Fahrenheit (F°)
• Ceilometer
Ceilometer use for measuring the cloud height
and thickness.
Unit: Meter (m)
Feet (ft)
33. CONT……..
• Fiel mill
Use for measure the strength of electrical field in
the atmosphere near thunderstorm clouds.
Unit: newton per coulomb (N/C)
volts per meter (V/M)
• Rain Gauge
Use for measuring the rain fall in any area.
Unit: centimeter or inches or millimeter
34. • Ceiling projector
• The ceiling projector or cloud
searchlight is used to measure the height
of the base of clouds (called the ceiling)
above the ground
Unit: ft , m
• Anemometer
Use for measuring the speed of wind.
Unit: km/hr
CONT……..
35. • Barometer
Use for measuring the atmospheric pressure.
Unit: hector-pascal (hPa), Millibar (mb), inch (in)
• Snow Gauge
Use for measuring the solid precipitation over a set
period of time.
Unit: millimeter (mm)
CONT……..
36. • Hygrometer
Use for measure the relative humidity of air in
percentage.
Unit : percentage have no unit
• Disdrometer
Use for measuring the rain drop size distribution ,
velocity, kinetic energy, intensity.
Unit : mm/h , mm , m/s
CONT……..
37. • Wind profiler
A wind profiler is a type of weather observing
equipment that use radar or sound waves to
detect the wind speed and direction of various
elevation above the ground.
Unit: km/hr or km
• Koniscope
Use to detect and measure the content of dust
Particles in the atmosphere.
Unit micrometer in diameter
CONT……..
38. • Stromglass
Observing the liquid in the Stromglass was suppose
to indicate change in the weather .if the liquid in
the glass was clear ,the weather would be clear
and bright.
• Composition
2.5g potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride , 33ml distilled
water , 40ml of methanol and 10g of camphor .
CONT……..
39. • Evaporation pan
Use to measure the combine and integrate effect
of several climate elements;temperature,humidity
,rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation , wind
Unit: Degree Celsius, Percentage, Millimeter, w/m2
• Anemoscope
Anemoscope is a contrivance for indicating and
recording the direction of the wind; also, a device
intended to foretell change in the weather.
CONT……..
40. • Thermoscope
Use to measure the change in temperature of a
substance by noting change in the volume of the
substance without numerical scale.
• Nephelometer
Use for measure the conc. Of suspended particulates
In liquid or gas colloid.
Unit: Turbidity standard unit (NTU)
Formazin Nephelometric unit (FNU)
CONT……..
41. • Wind vane
Wind vane are also refered to as weather vanes ,
science when the wind change direction ,it often
brings a change in weather.
• Solarimeter
Use to measuring combine and diffuse solar radiation
through a surface.
Unit: w/m2
CONT……..
42. • Sunshine recorder
Use to record the amount of sunshine in hours of
bright at a given location. The result provide
information about the weather , climate as well
as the temperature of a geographical area.
Unit: Kwh/(m2 day)
CONT……..
43. • Pyranometer
A pyranometer is an instrument that
measures the total amount of sunlight
reaching a horizontal plane on Earth's
surface. This quantity is called "insolation.
Unit: Watts per square meter (W/m2)
• Anemograph
A graph connected to the dials records the wind
speeds and directions on a continuous basis for
a monthly period.
Unit : km/hr
CONT……..
44. • Thermograph
Thermograph consists of a bi‐metallic spiral coils
and uncoils with changes in temperature. This
action causes movement of an attached pen.
This is a chart that is changed on a weekly basis.
Unit: Degree Centigrade (C°)
Degree Fahrenheit (F°)
• windsock
Sock aligns in wind flow and changes shape
depending on wind speed (qualitatively).
CONT……..
45. • Radio Sonde
Small instrument package (temperature, pressure,
relative humidity) connected to a balloon filled
e.g. with helium. The balloons usually burst at
about 30 km. Data is sent to ground via radio
transmission.
Unit: Hectopascal , degree Celsius, percentage
• Doppler Radar (Doppler mode, velocity mode)
using the Doppler effect, the direction and
speed of precipitation can be determined in m/s
CONT……..
46. • Pyrheliometer
use for measuring direct sunshine two manganin
strips, one is heated by the sun, the other electrically
until they have the same temperature. The current
needed is proportional to the incoming short wave
radiation.
Unit: watts per square meter
CONT……..
47. • Hail pads
Hail pads measure the size of hail that falls
during a storm. A standard hail pad consists of
florist's foam and aluminum foil. The falling
hail strikes the foil and creates dimples for the
observer to measure after the storm.
Unit: inches
CONT……..
48. • Psychrometer
A psychrometer is used to measure
humidity or moisture in the air.
Unit: Percent (%) moisture held in the air.
• Compass
A compass is a navigational
instrument for finding directions.
CONT……..