Nanotechnology in textiles-wired and ready to wear textiles

A BIG FUTURE FOR SMALL SCIENCE :
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
Wired And Ready To
Wear Textiles
Saravana Gouthem.R
M.Tech (NANO)
1821310011

Basic Needs Of Every Human Being
Food
Clothing
Shelter

What Is Clothing?
Clothing is any covering for the human body.
The amount and type of clothing worn depends on the
functional considerations such as the need for warmth.
In some societies, the minimum amount of clothing
covering a person may be acceptable while in others, more
clothing is expected.

Evolution of clothes
The first clothes were made from
natural elements: animal skin and
furs, grasses and leaves, and bones
and shells.
 Clothing was often draped or tied
however, simple needles made out of
animal bone provide evidence of sewn
leather and fur garments from at
least 30,000 years ago.

Steps In Manufacture Of Clothes
Picking: Removing foreign matter (dirt, insects, leaves, seeds) from
the fiber.
Early pickers beat the fibers to loosen
them and removed debris by hand.
Machines used rotating teeth to do the
job, producing a thin "lap" ready for
carding.

Carding: combines the fibers to align and join them into a loose rope
called a "sliver."
Hand carders pulled the fibers between
wire teeth set in boards.
Machines did the same thing with rotating
cylinders, where Slivers were combined,
twisted, and drawn out into "roving."

Spinning: twist’s and drew out the roving and wound the resulting
yarn on a bobbin.
A spinning wheel operator drew
out the cotton by hand.
A series of rollers accomplished this
on machines called "throstles" and
"spinning mules."

Warping: Gathered yarns from a number
of bobbins and wound them close together
on a reel or spool.
From there they were transferred to a warp
beam, which was then mounted on a loom,
Warp threads were those that ran lengthwise
on the loom.

Weaving: Final stage in making cloth.
Crosswise woof threads were
interwoven with warp threads
on a loom.
A 19th century power loom worked
essentially like a hand loom, except
that its actions were mechanized.

Various Types Of Cloth materials
 Cotton
 Denim
 Wool
 Microfiber
 Rayon
 Polyester
 Silk
 Velvet
 Venise
 A Blend
 Linen
 Nylon
 Acrylic
 Acetate
 Bark Cloth
 Cheesecloth
 Chiffon
 Corduroy
 Georgette
 Hemp

Nanotechnology In Textiles
Nanotechnology can be applied in 'smart textiles', which has a great
influence in the field of garment and protective clothing.
Nanotechnology play a major role in the following fields of textile:
Nano-fibers
Nano-finish
Nano-dyeing
Nano-composites

The use of nanotechnology in the textile industry has increased
rapidly due to its unique and valuable properties.
Application of nanotechnology economically extend the properties
and values of textile processing and products.
Use of nanotechnology allows textiles to become multifunctional and
produce fabrics with special functions, including antibacterial, UV
protection, easy-clean, water- and stain repellent and anti-odour.

Future success of nanotechnology in textile applications lies in areas
where new principles will be combined into durable, multifunctional
textile systems without compromising the inherent textile properties,
including processability, flexibility.

Application Of Nanotechnology In
Textiles

What is wired and ready to wear
textiles?
Wired and ready to wear textiles are
fabrics that are wired to transfer
information within a piece of clothing.
Right now, you can buy jackets with
disc players and controls sewn in, but
designers envision e-wear that will heat
or cool its wearer, monitor vital signs, and change color on command.

textiles?
Smart clothes and e-textiles offer a second
skin to help us understand what goes on
under our real skin.
They enable us to wear sensors comfortably
and unobtrusively to track our physiological
signals and our surrounding environmental
conditions in real time – anytime, anywhere.
They influence the health of patients, the training of athletes, and
the safety of fire fighters.

textiles?
Sensors that detect physiological signals
may be embedded or integrated directly
into a textile (such as part of a yarn that
is woven or knitted into the fabric) or they
may be applied on top of the fabric, such
as in an ink. Since the sensors are part
of the garment, they are usually in direct
contact with your skin.

History of Electronic Textiles
1970s First Interactive Fabric -
The first interactive fabric was made in the 1970’s.
It had rows and columns that looked like a keyboard.
When you pressed two points together, two
conducting layers had a current flowing
through them.

1996 Smart Shirt -
The SMART shirt was introduced in 1996.
A SMART shirt can take and send
data about the wearer, and record heart
rate, respiration, body temperature, and pulse.

2000 Jackets with Wearable Electronics -
The first wired electronic garments were introduced in 2000 by Levi
Strauss & Co, and Philips Research Labs.
These were wired jackets with wearable electronics.
These jackets connected to MP3 players and
mobile phones.
They had hidden wires in the fabric that allowed
the user to operate the devices with a remote control.

2004 Two Rings of Light-Sensitive Semiconductor Material in
Fiber -
Researchers created the world’s first metal
insulator semiconductor fiber device that
detected light in 2004.
Then it was used in 2009 by Yoel Fink when
he discovered how to make fabrics operate like
a camera.
It is a fabric that can see using a new generation of fibers.

In 2012 a New Electronic Textile is Made From Layers of Carbon
Nanotubes -
They are woven into a new material called
Power Felt.
It is a thermoelectric fabric.
This material is flexible and changes body
heat into an electric current.

Wired & Ready to Wear
E-textiles or electronic-textile are essential
fabrics with electronics and other
components that are embedded in, or
intrinsic to the fabric.
At first glance, the piece looks like a
hand-woven, multicoloured textile.

The flip side reveals a computer display
that can program conductive fibers woven
into the textile.
The fibers can be programmed to change
the textile's colours in several sequences,
so that different patterns subtly form on
the wall hanging.

Fashion designers are adding wires, circuits, and optical fibers to
traditional textiles, creating garments that glow in the dark or keep
the wearer warm.

Smart fabrics are fabric that can not only
sense the environment, but also react to it.
Fabric that warms you when you’re cold,
cleans itself when it’s dirty, lights up to
ensure you’re visible when it’s dark, and
automatically stiffens to protect you when
you’re falling.

Application of wired and
ready to wear textiles

Wired & Ready to Wear- sports
Smart clothes could monitor your fitness Under Armour E39 Electronic compression shirt
parameters as you train and give you
advice to modify your workout, during
your workout.
Under Armour E39 shirt, developed
through a partnership with Zephyr
Technology (which makes the BioHarness),
features a removable electronic monitor, or “bug.”

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sports
“Bug” is a combined sensor pack, processor,
and hard drive that plugs into the shirt.
The sensor measures heart rate, breathing
rate, skin’s surface temperature, and triaxial
(3 axes – X, Y, Z – thus three dimensional)
accelerometry.
Sensor data can be sent via Bluetooth to smart phones and laptops
for viewing by coaches and friends.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sports Shoes
The “football boot with a brain”, the adidas Adidas Adizero F50 Soccer Shoe
adizero F50 soccer shoe contains a space in
the outsole (bottom) to tuck a miCoach
Speed Cell.
This tracking device captures performance
metrics such as speed, maximum speed, number
of sprints, distance, steps and stride rates.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sports Shoes
 The data are stored and can be wirelessly
uploaded to a PC, Mac or smart phone so
you can share and compare your stats with
friends or adidas professional players.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Mobile
Charging
Smart clothes could recharge your
mobile device while it was tucked in
your pocket.
This jacket has a foil-esk lining that
keeps your body heat regulated along
with battery packs that warm the
entire coat throughout- you can also
charge your cell phone through the batteries.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Mobile
Charging
 There are 3 different heat setting to choose
from depending on how cold you are.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Printing
biometric sensors on underwear
What better place to put sensors than the elastic band of your underwear?
This location enables sensors to be in direct
and continuous contact with the skin.
Researchers have screen-printed amperometric
carbon sensor arrays directly onto the elastic
band of underwear.
Biometric Sensors On Underwear

The sensors survive repetitive stretching, pulling, and folding.
The sensors can measure hydrogen peroxide and
NADH, and could potentially monitor
chemicals found in sweat through
dehydrogenase- and oxidase-based enzyme
sensors (for example, ethanol and lactate).

The biometric sensor could be used for sports athlete to monitor their
heart rate, and other crucial data to ensure optimum body
performance and giving early info and warning regarding diseases
or heart failure possibility.
Applications include healthcare, sport, and military monitoring.

Wired & Ready to Wear-(Personalized
Monitoring System for Care in Mental
Health)
The PSYCHE (Personalized monitoring
SYstems for Care in mental HEalth)
aims to develop a cost-effective,
continuous portable monitoring system
for patients affected by mood disorders,
such as bipolar illness.

Health)
 The goal is to empower patients to
proactively monitor their mood
status in order to predict, detect
and manage critical events and
health issues; to improve
patient-physician interaction;
and to alert physicians in case of
depressive or manic episodes.
 This system is currently being implemented and validated technically,
functionally, and clinically.

Health)
Potential measurements include:
Physiological: heart rate (electrocardiogram, ECG), respiratory rate,
movement, galvanic skin resistance, brain wave activity
(electroencephalogram, EEG), eye activity (electrooculogram, EOG),
blood pressure, body temperature.
Biochemical: levels of prescribed drugs such as lithium; glucose,
cholesterol, triglycerides and other indicators of metabolic disorders
that can develop as a side effect of medication use.
Behavioral: obtained from correlating biochemical measures, voice
analysis, and a behavioral index.

Health)
Potential features include data that are collected along with
“subjective annotations” and then integrated into an electronic
health record (EHR) with information such as medication;
measurement of both thoracic and abdominal respiration through
textile sensors, thus potentially offering a mechanism for
biofeedback training exercises; and night monitoring of heart rate,
breathing rate and ambient conditions (temperature, light, noise) to
deduce sleep status, which could be combined with sensorized bed
sheets.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sensors Fit like
Glove
 How do you measure hand function in individuals that have a
neurological disorder?
Researchers have developed a instrumented glove
that measures finger and wrist flexion based on
bend sensors that contain a carbon/polymer-based
ink whose resistance increases with bending.
Finger movements can be measured while the
user is performing specific tasks, and even
slight changes in fine motor skills can be detected.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sensors Fit
like Glove
Several commercialized, instrumented gloves are already available,
mainly for virtual reality and computer gaming:
CyberGlove II
P5 Glove
The Peregrine glove
Nintendo Power Glove

Wired & Ready to Wear- Fighting fire
with wire
The ProeTEX project is a tour de force
of sensor technology and usability.
The goal is to develop e-textiles for
emergency disaster personnel in order
to improve their safety.

with wire

with wire
T-shirt or inner garment: This assesses
the health status of the emergency worker
through measurement of physiological
parameters.
An elastic region contains textile electrodes
for measurement of heart rate, as well as a
body temperature sensor.

with wire
Sensors for blood oxygen saturation
(SpO2) and sodium (Na+) can also
be integrated.
A detachable band contains a piezoelectric
breathing rate sensor and the electronic
modules.
 Since this garment is in contact with
the user’s skin, comfort is considered a key design feature.

with wire
Jacket or outer garment (shown):
This monitors the user’s activity
state and the surrounding environment.
There are two triaxial accelerometers.
One at the collar detects inactivity and
falls to the ground and one at the wrist
also detects inactivity.

with wire
Together they provide a estimation of body inclination.
A textile motion sensor located in the elbow region provides
redundancy in measuring user movement.
A carbon oxide sensor is located in the lapel area, near the user’s
mouth and nose. There’s also an external temperature sensor, a heat
flux sensor, and a GPS antenna, as well as a visual alarm and
acoustic alarm to warn the user of detected dangers. The jacket
contains electronics for data storage and transmission.

with wire
Boots: At the request of the end users, the boots contain sensors to
measure the concentration of toxic gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2),
that are heavier than air and accumulate at ground level. The boots
also monitor the contact of the foot with the ground, thus tracking
the activity of the user.
The data from all the sensors are recorded in a device located in the
jacket and transmitted wirelessly to a remote post where all the
parameters of the emergency personnel can be monitored in real
time.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Sencessories
(Jawbone “UP”)
The Jawbone “UP” is a band made
of medical-grade, hypoallergenic
TPU rubber, which is latex-free.
It is designed to be worn on
wrist like a bracelet 24/7.
It is meant to put it on and not
even remove it when you take a
shower, since it’s water resistant. Jawbone “UP”

(Jawbone “UP”)
 The band is designed to track
your movement and sleeping
patterns using a built in
accelerometer and motion sensor
and then turn the data into
useful info like steps, distance,
calories burned, hours slept, time
it took you to get to sleep, how
many times you woke up during the night, etc.

(Jawbone “UP”)
 You can also use the built-in
calibration feature to dial in
the accuracy even more.
 You can also set the band to
vibrate when you’ve been inactive
for a certain length of time.
 In addition to steps and sleep,
eating and workouts can also be
tracked, but that requires manual data entry.

(Jawbone “UP”)
Jawbone “UP” is used as
cuff links, earrings, a brooch, belt,
bracelet, tie bar, pendant, finger ring
or toe ring that you can mix and
match to monitor your heart rate,
breathing rate, blood glucose,
calories burned, and ambient air quality.

Wired & Ready to Wear- MagIC (Maglietta
Interattiva Computerizzata)
 The MagIC (Maglietta Interattiva
Computerizzata) is a vest with
embedded sensors made of
conductive fibers to measure
heart rate and breathing rate,
and an electronic module with a
triaxial accelerometer, data
storage, and signal transmission.

The washable vest comes in several
sizes, is specifically tailored to
minimize artifacts, and has a front or
side opening with Velcro or a zipper so
it can be worn by people with impaired
movement.

The garment has been validated in several diverse telemedicine
applications.
In one scenario, patients with congestive heart failure who had
recently been discharged from the hospital wore the vest in their
homes for a few minutes each day for a month.
The data were viewed remotely by a cardiologist.
Patients reported that the garment was comfortable and that they
felt “safely supervised.”

In extreme scenario, climbers wore the vest on a Mount Everest
expedition.
The vest was made of polypropylene instead of cotton, and the
position of the electronic module was moved higher up so it didn’t
interfere with the climber’s backpack belts.
 Measurements were collected during the day and during sleep.
Again, the vest was comfortable and provided accurate real-life
telemonitoring.

Wired & Ready to Wear- camouflage
fabrics
 Quantum Stealth or camouflage
fabrics is a material that renders
the target completely invisible
by bending light waves around
the target.
 Material removes not only our
visual, infrared (night vision) and
thermal signatures but also
target’s shadow.

fabrics
New Camouflage fabric on the market
called Nature-Rised, it is a special
fabric created by adding natural
shapes from nature to the fabric.
These special textures refract the light,
thus breaking up reflection and
stopping glare and shine, and
making Camouflage to work.

fabrics
This fabric helps you become
a part of the woods, not a
large shiny object.
Many other fabrics are made
only in one or two layers; the
new Nature-Rised fabric is
made of 8 layers and procedure,
each having a special function to create the ultimate hunting fabric.

fabrics
Camouflage fabric are burr proof and won't snag or grab the brush.
It is soft and quiet.
It is tough and comfortable,
strong and wind-proof,
water-repellent.
It won't fade or shine.

Wired & Ready to Wear- Military
 Military systems designers are adapting and
fielding wearable computers perfected in the
commercial world for defence personnel
worldwide.
 Armed Forces are adopting wearable computers
rapidly as well, but their devices will tend to be
more rugged than commercial wearable's and
their missions more critical than just
scheduling meetings or doing inventory.

Worldwide Many country has developed and
are testing its lightweight, bullet proof and
electronic uniform for the military that has
conductive fibres woven into it, Rather than
carrying seperate batteries for each device,
a central battery can be carried and devices
powered via the conductive fabrics.

 Wearable computers - devices that are attached
or integrated into an individual’s clothing
are considered to be the electronic heart of the
soldier of the future.
 Engineers are developing computers that are
wired into clothing and have the capability to
track enemy targets, network the soldier with
air, land, and sea forces, monitor his physical
health, and even translate native languages.

Wired & Ready to Wear-Military

Numerous Challenges to Overcome
when Designing E-textiles
Sensors need to be accurate, reliable, sensitive, specific, low cost,
reproducible, have a short analysis time, a high signal to noise ratio
(low motion artifacts), and work over a wide range of temperatures.
Clothes need to maintain their key properties, such as bending,
stretching and drapability.
They should also be washable, long lasting, light weight, and should
be easy to put on and off if they are going to be worn by people with
disabilities.

Electronic-Dress for Successful Future
Sensors that detect not only what goes on under our skin, but also
on our skin.
Tracking our skin micro-biome to better gauge our health status and
disease risks.
Advances in data analytics to identify trends and anticipate
critical events (imagine being able to predict an epileptic seizure or
migraine).
Sensor tattoos.

Electronic-Dress for Successful Future
Utilizing data for real-time personal biofeedback training, such as
stress reduction.
Harvesting or scavenging energy from our body to power smart
clothes, Energy sources include breath, blood flow, body heat, and
foot strike during walking.

Reference
 http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1379503776_Patra%20and%2
0Sgouda.pdf
 http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/932m/time.html
 http://www.pinterest.com/pin/432556739180097170/
 http://wearable.mlog.taik.fi/
 http://www.caroltorgan.com/self-tracking-smart-clothes/
 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_making_textiles.html
 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702103010289

Nanotechnology in textiles-wired and ready to wear textiles

Nanotechnology in textiles-wired and ready to wear textiles

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