- Carbon nanotubes are being used in solar panel technology to improve efficiency by allowing the panels to utilize infrared radiation. The nanotubes act as photoconversion sites and help transport charge carriers. This can increase theoretical efficiency to 80%.
- Double-walled carbon nanotubes are directly incorporated into thin film solar cells, creating a p-n heterojunction with silicon. Nanotubes serve as both a light absorber and charge transport layer. Initial tests show an efficiency over 1%.
- Advantages of carbon nanotube solar panels include improved efficiency, ability to operate at night, increased output voltage, and reduced material needs. However, the technology remains in the experimental stage.
This document discusses the use of carbon nanotubes in solar panels to improve efficiency. It provides background on solar panels and carbon nanotubes, explaining their properties. It then details the history of carbon nanotube solar panels, how they are constructed, and how double-walled carbon nanotubes can be used as both light absorbers and charge carriers. Using carbon nanotubes allows solar panels to utilize infrared light and increase efficiency to potentially 80%. Their properties like high mobility and strength make them suitable for more efficient solar energy conversion.
The document discusses implementing carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the current materials used in solar panels. It then provides a history of carbon nanotubes, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they can be used to increase solar panel efficiency. Specifically, carbon nanotubes can increase efficiency up to 80% due to their thermal and electrical conductivity properties. The document concludes that carbon nanotubes are promising for miniaturizing electronics and creating more efficient solar panels.
This document summarizes a presentation on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It discusses how carbon nanotubes can improve the efficiency of solar cells compared to traditional organic solar cells. Carbon nanotubes are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes and a polymer called MEH-PPV-CN are used as materials in constructing a carbon solar cell. The cell works by generating electrons when exposed to light, which are transferred between energy bands and build up voltage. Adding carbon nanotubes can increase the cell's efficiency by improving light absorption and electron transport. Potential applications include using carbon nanotubes in the photoactive layer or as transparent electrodes.
Nano based technology for renewable energy generationjoyak
The document discusses the use of nanotechnology for renewable energy generation. It describes how dye-sensitized solar cells use nanostructures to absorb sunlight more efficiently and cheaply than traditional silicon-based solar cells. The document also discusses how solar cells work by absorbing photons that excite electrons, generating electricity, and how not all absorbed light is converted. Finally, it provides an overview of natural energy sources like hydrocarbons and their effects compared to more sustainable renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass that are being advanced through nanotechnology approaches.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews different generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
This document provides an overview of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It discusses the principle and working of DSSCs, including the key components - a photosensitive dye, nanostructured semiconductor (typically TiO2), redox electrolyte, and two electrodes. Upon light absorption, electrons are injected from the dye into the semiconductor. The electrolyte regenerates the oxidized dye and transports electrons between the electrodes. The document outlines the preparation, applications, and commercial potential of DSSCs, noting their advantages over silicon solar cells.
The growth and assembly of organic molecules and inorganic 2D materials on gr...Akinola Oyedele
The unique properties of graphene have made it a promising material for integration in future electronic applications. The idealized surface of graphene, atomically-flat and without dangling bonds, offers the opportunity to understand the assembly of organic and inorganic molecules to form a wide range of ordered architectures and functional graphene-based heterostructures. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the growth of hierarchical nanostructures on graphene. The self-assembly of organic molecules and inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layers on graphene for the construction of various types of heterostructures are highlighted. Van der Waals interactions between the assembled molecules and graphene are shown to allow the formation of highly-ordered structures with preferred molecular orientations and stacking configurations that circumvent the strict lattice-matching requirements in traditional epitaxial growth. Finally, we briefly discuss representative applications of graphene-based heterostructures in electronic and optoelectronics.
This document discusses the use of carbon nanotubes in solar panels to improve efficiency. It provides background on solar panels and carbon nanotubes, explaining their properties. It then details the history of carbon nanotube solar panels, how they are constructed, and how double-walled carbon nanotubes can be used as both light absorbers and charge carriers. Using carbon nanotubes allows solar panels to utilize infrared light and increase efficiency to potentially 80%. Their properties like high mobility and strength make them suitable for more efficient solar energy conversion.
The document discusses implementing carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the current materials used in solar panels. It then provides a history of carbon nanotubes, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they can be used to increase solar panel efficiency. Specifically, carbon nanotubes can increase efficiency up to 80% due to their thermal and electrical conductivity properties. The document concludes that carbon nanotubes are promising for miniaturizing electronics and creating more efficient solar panels.
This document summarizes a presentation on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It discusses how carbon nanotubes can improve the efficiency of solar cells compared to traditional organic solar cells. Carbon nanotubes are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes and a polymer called MEH-PPV-CN are used as materials in constructing a carbon solar cell. The cell works by generating electrons when exposed to light, which are transferred between energy bands and build up voltage. Adding carbon nanotubes can increase the cell's efficiency by improving light absorption and electron transport. Potential applications include using carbon nanotubes in the photoactive layer or as transparent electrodes.
Nano based technology for renewable energy generationjoyak
The document discusses the use of nanotechnology for renewable energy generation. It describes how dye-sensitized solar cells use nanostructures to absorb sunlight more efficiently and cheaply than traditional silicon-based solar cells. The document also discusses how solar cells work by absorbing photons that excite electrons, generating electricity, and how not all absorbed light is converted. Finally, it provides an overview of natural energy sources like hydrocarbons and their effects compared to more sustainable renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass that are being advanced through nanotechnology approaches.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews different generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
This document provides an overview of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It discusses the principle and working of DSSCs, including the key components - a photosensitive dye, nanostructured semiconductor (typically TiO2), redox electrolyte, and two electrodes. Upon light absorption, electrons are injected from the dye into the semiconductor. The electrolyte regenerates the oxidized dye and transports electrons between the electrodes. The document outlines the preparation, applications, and commercial potential of DSSCs, noting their advantages over silicon solar cells.
The growth and assembly of organic molecules and inorganic 2D materials on gr...Akinola Oyedele
The unique properties of graphene have made it a promising material for integration in future electronic applications. The idealized surface of graphene, atomically-flat and without dangling bonds, offers the opportunity to understand the assembly of organic and inorganic molecules to form a wide range of ordered architectures and functional graphene-based heterostructures. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the growth of hierarchical nanostructures on graphene. The self-assembly of organic molecules and inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layers on graphene for the construction of various types of heterostructures are highlighted. Van der Waals interactions between the assembled molecules and graphene are shown to allow the formation of highly-ordered structures with preferred molecular orientations and stacking configurations that circumvent the strict lattice-matching requirements in traditional epitaxial growth. Finally, we briefly discuss representative applications of graphene-based heterostructures in electronic and optoelectronics.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy and energy storage. It describes how nanomaterials and structures can be used to improve solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen production and storage, and enhance the efficiency of technologies like wind turbines. For example, it mentions that nanoparticles or nanowires in solar cell electrodes can increase surface area and improve energy capture. Nanotechnology also aims to develop cheaper catalysts and better electrolyte materials to advance fuel cells.
Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties. They are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Common synthesis methods are arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Key milestones include the discovery of 18.5 cm long nanotubes and the thinnest freestanding single-walled nanotube of about 4.3 Angstroms in diameter. Carbon nanotubes have immense strength, are harder than diamond, and are excellent thermal and electrical conductors.
1) The document describes a Monte Carlo model developed to simulate exciton diffusion in organic solar cells containing different porphyrin compounds.
2) The model simulated the diffusion and decay of excitons in a cube representing the solar cell material. Results showed less aggregation of PCBM molecules and longer exciton lifetimes for the compound TCO4PP compared to TCM4PP.
3) By varying the simulation parameters, the model determined TCO4PP had significantly longer exciton diffusion lengths than TCM4PP, indicating it could enable up to two times higher efficiencies in organic solar cells.
A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) functions by using light absorbing dye molecules to convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic processes. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of a nanostructured titanium dioxide layer. The electrons then travel through an external circuit, generating electricity, and are collected by a counter electrode. The oxidized dye is regenerated by electron donation from an electrolyte, allowing the process to repeat continuously. DSSCs have the advantages of being relatively inexpensive, flexible in design, and using natural dyes, making them a promising solar technology.
p-i-n Solar Cell Modeling with Graphene as ElectrodeWahiduzzaman Khan
Graphene is a 2-D atomic layer of carbon atoms with unique electronic properties like outstanding carrier mobility, high carrier saturation velocity, excellent thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength, transparency, thinness, and flexibility which make graphene an excellent choice of material for advanced applications in future solar cell design. We modeled a solar cell using graphene as the front electrode to study its performance and compare the performance with that of other possible contenders- indium tin oxide (ITO), widely used material at present and carbon nanotube (CNT), another promising material in this regard. Numerical solutions of the electrostatic and transport equations were obtained using the finite-element method. It was found that solar cell with graphene electrode can outperform the others. We also studied its performance as a function of various parameters. The developed model and obtained results are important for the design of solar cell with graphene as electrode.
Nanotechnology applications in solar cells can improve energy efficiency. Conventional solar cells use silicon layers to absorb sunlight and produce energy by exciting electrons. Scientists have developed plastic solar cells that use nanorods and nanotechnology to absorb infrared light on cloudy days. The plastic cells are more compact and efficient than silicon cells. While initial costs may be higher, plastic solar cells could eventually be lower cost and more flexible, allowing applications like painting solar material on surfaces. Further research aims to improve light absorption and transfer of electrons for higher efficiency plastic solar cells.
Acceptor–donor–acceptor small molecules based on derivatives of 3,4-ethylened...Boniface Y. Antwi
Simple EDOT based photo-active molecules have been synthesised by fewer synthetic steps. The molecules separately acted as donor units in organic solar cells fabrications. Best device efficiency was 1.36%.
The emergence of nanotechnology in th1980’s was caused by convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985. Now the nanotechnology products are used in various fields such as medical, material science, automobile etc. In this topic the various applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sources exploitation have been discussed.
Solar Cells: when will they become economically feasibleJeffrey Funk
Solar cell technologies are improving in several key ways:
1) Creating materials that better exploit the photovoltaic effect and having higher efficiencies.
2) Using multiple junctions with different bandgaps to capture more of the solar spectrum.
3) Decreasing costs through larger scale production and reductions in material thickness.
These improvements are driving down the costs of solar electricity and enabling new applications. Further advances could make solar a major electricity source.
Carbon Nanotubes Properties and its ApplicationsArun Kumar
This document discusses carbon nanotubes. It defines a carbon nanotube as a tube-shaped material made of carbon that has a diameter on the nanometer scale, which is about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair. Carbon nanotubes are categorized as either single-walled or multi-walled. The document lists several applications of carbon nanotubes, including in thermal conductivity, energy storage, structural materials, fibers, biomedicine, filtration, electronics, and bioengineering. Several synthesis methods for carbon nanotubes are also described, such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and ball milling.
The document discusses quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). QDSCs use quantum dots as the light-absorbing material instead of bulk semiconductors like silicon. Quantum dots have tunable bandgaps based on their size, allowing different energy levels to be harvested from the solar spectrum. This could enable higher efficiency multi-junction solar cells. The document outlines the history of QDSCs, describes how quantum dots exhibit quantum confinement effects, and discusses methods for fabricating quantum dots with different bandgaps through controlling their size and composition.
The document discusses thin film solar cells made from amorphous silicon and other materials. It describes how thin film materials can be produced cheaply using deposition techniques and have shorter diffusion lengths, requiring multiple junctions or built-in electric fields for carrier collection. Amorphous silicon in particular has increased light absorption but defects that reduce doping efficiency and carrier lifetime. The document examines the defects present and strategies to improve performance like reducing light degradation and increasing open circuit voltage.
Enhancement in the efficiency of solar cells final pptSwapnil Agarwal
This document discusses enhancing the efficiency of dye solar cells through improving various components and fabrication methods. Dye solar cells are a low-cost thin film solar cell technology that was invented in 1991 and works by using photosensitized dyes to convert sunlight to electricity. The document describes the materials, construction, advantages, and experimental results for building and testing different dye solar cells.
This document discusses organic solar cells, which convert light to electricity using conjugated polymers and molecules rather than traditional silicon materials. It provides background on the need for alternative energy sources due to growing energy demand and limited fossil fuels. Organic solar cells absorb light, transfer charges, transport the separated charges, and collect them. Researchers have achieved a new record efficiency of 15.6% for a graphene-based solar cell that uses titanium oxide, graphene, and perovskite, manufactured via low-temperature solution deposition. While organic solar cells offer advantages like lower costs and flexibility, their efficiency remains below silicon cells and they suffer from degradation. Further improving charge carrier transport and interface engineering is needed to enhance performance.
CIGS solar cells have several advantages over other solar cell types including best light absorption, short energy payback time, high stability, and high efficiency. CIGS is a semiconductor composed of copper, indium, gallium and selenium that can achieve efficiencies comparable to silicon. It has a thin absorber layer and absorbs a wide spectrum of light, allowing it to generate electricity from morning to sunset. While CIGS efficiency is sometimes lower than silicon, it produces more total energy due to its long operating hours. CIGS production involves depositing the materials as thin films and annealing them to form the semiconductor.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
Nanotechnology has to potential to revolutionize the US energy system. From fuel cells, to cell phone batteries, to space equipment, and everywhere in between nanotechnology can be utilized.
But, there is still a lot of research to be done and many hurdles to cross to make this technology commercially practicable.
This document is a seminar report on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It was written by Mr. Saurabh Muniraj Bansod for his Bachelor of Technology degree. The report provides an introduction to carbon nanotubes, including their classification into single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes. It describes the functional and technical details of different carbon nanotube structures and the primary methods for producing carbon nanotubes, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. The report aims to explain how carbon nanotubes can be utilized in solar panel technology to increase efficiency.
Triple junction based high efficiency tandem solar cellsPritam Rath
Triple junction tandem solar cells have very high efficiencies of up to 60% for satellites and 85% in the lab. This is much higher than conventional silicon solar cells that are only around 20% efficient. However, the high cost of $2.48/cm2 currently limits their commercial use to space applications, and research is ongoing to reduce the price. The cells work by using three different semiconductor materials stacked together to convert more of the solar spectrum into electricity compared to single material cells.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in many areas such as medicine, energy, and computing. Some advantages of nanotechnology include materials that are stronger, lighter, cheaper, and more precise. However, there are also concerns about potential negative health effects and how nanotechnology could enable new types of weapons.
The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy and energy storage. It describes how nanomaterials and structures can be used to improve solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen production and storage, and enhance the efficiency of technologies like wind turbines. For example, it mentions that nanoparticles or nanowires in solar cell electrodes can increase surface area and improve energy capture. Nanotechnology also aims to develop cheaper catalysts and better electrolyte materials to advance fuel cells.
Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties. They are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Common synthesis methods are arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Key milestones include the discovery of 18.5 cm long nanotubes and the thinnest freestanding single-walled nanotube of about 4.3 Angstroms in diameter. Carbon nanotubes have immense strength, are harder than diamond, and are excellent thermal and electrical conductors.
1) The document describes a Monte Carlo model developed to simulate exciton diffusion in organic solar cells containing different porphyrin compounds.
2) The model simulated the diffusion and decay of excitons in a cube representing the solar cell material. Results showed less aggregation of PCBM molecules and longer exciton lifetimes for the compound TCO4PP compared to TCM4PP.
3) By varying the simulation parameters, the model determined TCO4PP had significantly longer exciton diffusion lengths than TCM4PP, indicating it could enable up to two times higher efficiencies in organic solar cells.
A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) functions by using light absorbing dye molecules to convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic processes. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of a nanostructured titanium dioxide layer. The electrons then travel through an external circuit, generating electricity, and are collected by a counter electrode. The oxidized dye is regenerated by electron donation from an electrolyte, allowing the process to repeat continuously. DSSCs have the advantages of being relatively inexpensive, flexible in design, and using natural dyes, making them a promising solar technology.
p-i-n Solar Cell Modeling with Graphene as ElectrodeWahiduzzaman Khan
Graphene is a 2-D atomic layer of carbon atoms with unique electronic properties like outstanding carrier mobility, high carrier saturation velocity, excellent thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength, transparency, thinness, and flexibility which make graphene an excellent choice of material for advanced applications in future solar cell design. We modeled a solar cell using graphene as the front electrode to study its performance and compare the performance with that of other possible contenders- indium tin oxide (ITO), widely used material at present and carbon nanotube (CNT), another promising material in this regard. Numerical solutions of the electrostatic and transport equations were obtained using the finite-element method. It was found that solar cell with graphene electrode can outperform the others. We also studied its performance as a function of various parameters. The developed model and obtained results are important for the design of solar cell with graphene as electrode.
Nanotechnology applications in solar cells can improve energy efficiency. Conventional solar cells use silicon layers to absorb sunlight and produce energy by exciting electrons. Scientists have developed plastic solar cells that use nanorods and nanotechnology to absorb infrared light on cloudy days. The plastic cells are more compact and efficient than silicon cells. While initial costs may be higher, plastic solar cells could eventually be lower cost and more flexible, allowing applications like painting solar material on surfaces. Further research aims to improve light absorption and transfer of electrons for higher efficiency plastic solar cells.
Acceptor–donor–acceptor small molecules based on derivatives of 3,4-ethylened...Boniface Y. Antwi
Simple EDOT based photo-active molecules have been synthesised by fewer synthetic steps. The molecules separately acted as donor units in organic solar cells fabrications. Best device efficiency was 1.36%.
The emergence of nanotechnology in th1980’s was caused by convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985. Now the nanotechnology products are used in various fields such as medical, material science, automobile etc. In this topic the various applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sources exploitation have been discussed.
Solar Cells: when will they become economically feasibleJeffrey Funk
Solar cell technologies are improving in several key ways:
1) Creating materials that better exploit the photovoltaic effect and having higher efficiencies.
2) Using multiple junctions with different bandgaps to capture more of the solar spectrum.
3) Decreasing costs through larger scale production and reductions in material thickness.
These improvements are driving down the costs of solar electricity and enabling new applications. Further advances could make solar a major electricity source.
Carbon Nanotubes Properties and its ApplicationsArun Kumar
This document discusses carbon nanotubes. It defines a carbon nanotube as a tube-shaped material made of carbon that has a diameter on the nanometer scale, which is about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair. Carbon nanotubes are categorized as either single-walled or multi-walled. The document lists several applications of carbon nanotubes, including in thermal conductivity, energy storage, structural materials, fibers, biomedicine, filtration, electronics, and bioengineering. Several synthesis methods for carbon nanotubes are also described, such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and ball milling.
The document discusses quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). QDSCs use quantum dots as the light-absorbing material instead of bulk semiconductors like silicon. Quantum dots have tunable bandgaps based on their size, allowing different energy levels to be harvested from the solar spectrum. This could enable higher efficiency multi-junction solar cells. The document outlines the history of QDSCs, describes how quantum dots exhibit quantum confinement effects, and discusses methods for fabricating quantum dots with different bandgaps through controlling their size and composition.
The document discusses thin film solar cells made from amorphous silicon and other materials. It describes how thin film materials can be produced cheaply using deposition techniques and have shorter diffusion lengths, requiring multiple junctions or built-in electric fields for carrier collection. Amorphous silicon in particular has increased light absorption but defects that reduce doping efficiency and carrier lifetime. The document examines the defects present and strategies to improve performance like reducing light degradation and increasing open circuit voltage.
Enhancement in the efficiency of solar cells final pptSwapnil Agarwal
This document discusses enhancing the efficiency of dye solar cells through improving various components and fabrication methods. Dye solar cells are a low-cost thin film solar cell technology that was invented in 1991 and works by using photosensitized dyes to convert sunlight to electricity. The document describes the materials, construction, advantages, and experimental results for building and testing different dye solar cells.
This document discusses organic solar cells, which convert light to electricity using conjugated polymers and molecules rather than traditional silicon materials. It provides background on the need for alternative energy sources due to growing energy demand and limited fossil fuels. Organic solar cells absorb light, transfer charges, transport the separated charges, and collect them. Researchers have achieved a new record efficiency of 15.6% for a graphene-based solar cell that uses titanium oxide, graphene, and perovskite, manufactured via low-temperature solution deposition. While organic solar cells offer advantages like lower costs and flexibility, their efficiency remains below silicon cells and they suffer from degradation. Further improving charge carrier transport and interface engineering is needed to enhance performance.
CIGS solar cells have several advantages over other solar cell types including best light absorption, short energy payback time, high stability, and high efficiency. CIGS is a semiconductor composed of copper, indium, gallium and selenium that can achieve efficiencies comparable to silicon. It has a thin absorber layer and absorbs a wide spectrum of light, allowing it to generate electricity from morning to sunset. While CIGS efficiency is sometimes lower than silicon, it produces more total energy due to its long operating hours. CIGS production involves depositing the materials as thin films and annealing them to form the semiconductor.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
Nanotechnology has to potential to revolutionize the US energy system. From fuel cells, to cell phone batteries, to space equipment, and everywhere in between nanotechnology can be utilized.
But, there is still a lot of research to be done and many hurdles to cross to make this technology commercially practicable.
This document is a seminar report on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It was written by Mr. Saurabh Muniraj Bansod for his Bachelor of Technology degree. The report provides an introduction to carbon nanotubes, including their classification into single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes. It describes the functional and technical details of different carbon nanotube structures and the primary methods for producing carbon nanotubes, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. The report aims to explain how carbon nanotubes can be utilized in solar panel technology to increase efficiency.
Triple junction based high efficiency tandem solar cellsPritam Rath
Triple junction tandem solar cells have very high efficiencies of up to 60% for satellites and 85% in the lab. This is much higher than conventional silicon solar cells that are only around 20% efficient. However, the high cost of $2.48/cm2 currently limits their commercial use to space applications, and research is ongoing to reduce the price. The cells work by using three different semiconductor materials stacked together to convert more of the solar spectrum into electricity compared to single material cells.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in many areas such as medicine, energy, and computing. Some advantages of nanotechnology include materials that are stronger, lighter, cheaper, and more precise. However, there are also concerns about potential negative health effects and how nanotechnology could enable new types of weapons.
The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
This document announces a sales event for the launch of the South Tower and continuation of sales for the North Tower of a 46-storey glass condominium located in Yorkville, Toronto. It highlights key amenities like whole floor amenities, furnished by Armani CASA, and wrap-around balconies. Market analysis shows CASA resales consistently selling over $700 per square foot. The event will take place on March 31st at noon, with incentives like an amended deposit structure and caps on amendment fees.
The document provides an analysis of a proposed mixed-use development project in Big Spring, Texas. It includes a site context analysis, climate analysis, architectural program, and design concept. The program consists of office, residential, hospitality, retail, and convention space across multiple floors, as well as a public park. The design concept includes centering around the park and connecting buildings.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar roadways. It describes the key features of solar roadways, including three layers consisting of a glass road surface, electronics layer, and base plate layer. The presentation outlines advantages such as renewable energy generation, road illumination, intelligent transportation systems, and electric vehicle charging. Disadvantages include high initial costs and potential issues with maintenance and seasonal efficiency. The conclusion states that solar roadways could provide a renewable alternative to traditional asphalt roads and power generation if implemented on a large scale.
This document summarizes the design and testing of a Mobile Solar Power (MSP) system intended to provide renewable energy for military applications. The MSP uses gallium arsenide solar cells fabricated through an Epitaxial Lift Off process into 30-cell panels with an efficiency around 20%. Modeling predicted the panels would generate over 10W at peak and 50Wh per day. Testing of a prototype showed it could recharge batteries while producing 30.1Wh when flat and more when tracking the sun. The MSP was found to charge batteries more effectively than an existing solar system and has potential to power military equipment if design issues are addressed.
Solar roadways generate electricity through photovoltaic cells embedded below a glass surface. They consist of three layers: a glass road surface, an electronics layer to collect solar energy and distribute power, and a base plate layer to protect the electronics. In addition to generating electricity, solar roadways could illuminate roads, display instructions to drivers, and wirelessly charge electric vehicles. While initial costs are high, proponents argue solar roadways could eventually have similar costs to traditional roads and power plants while providing renewable energy and safer transportation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews three generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
This document provides an overview of Solar Wind Energy, Inc. and its hybrid solar/wind energy technology. The technology utilizes a hollow tower that generates wind inside using evaporative cooling from water injection, allowing turbines to generate electricity around the clock. It requires less land and has a longer lifespan than traditional wind or solar farms. Solar Wind Energy seeks development partners to build projects using a licensing model that provides fees and royalties. An Arizona demonstration project is underway utilizing experienced construction and engineering firms.
This document discusses the concept of solar roadways, which embed solar panels and LED lights below a tough glass surface to generate electricity and illuminate roads. A solar roadway consists of a glass top layer, an electronic layer containing photovoltaic cells and controls, and a base plate layer that distributes power. Solar roadways could power electric vehicles through induction charging and provide an intelligent transportation system by programming LED lights. While maintenance costs are a concern, solar roadways could meet a significant portion of India's electricity needs if implemented nationwide and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
This document discusses solar roadways, which are roads that generate electricity through solar panels embedded below a glass surface. It provides details on how solar roadways work, including that they are made up of three layers: a road surface/glass layer, electronics layer, and base plate layer. The electronics layer contains photovoltaic cells that convert solar energy to electricity and can heat the road surface. Solar roadways provide benefits like renewable energy generation, road illumination from LEDs, and potential electric vehicle charging. The document describes prototypes created by the company Solar Roadways and a solar parking lot they constructed. It argues solar roadways could provide power at a similar cost to current road/power systems, while reducing pollution and global warming.
The document discusses solar roadways, which consist of structurally engineered solar panels that generate electricity from sunlight. Each solar road panel is 12 feet by 12 feet and interconnects with neighboring panels. The panels become a decentralized, intelligent power grid replacing deteriorating infrastructure. The panels have three layers: a translucent road surface, an electronics layer that converts sunlight to electricity, and a base plate layer that distributes power. Solar roadways could power vehicles and homes, eliminate power lines, and provide illuminated, smart roads. However, initial costs are high and efficiency is currently only 20%.
The document discusses the concept of solar panel roads. It describes how the roads would be constructed with three layers - a surface layer for traction, an electronics layer containing solar panels and microprocessors, and a base layer for distributing power. It outlines benefits like producing renewable energy, enabling electric vehicles by allowing charging anywhere, and providing self-heating to eliminate snow and ice buildup. Implementing solar panel roads nationwide could significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels and carbon emissions.
Nuclear batteries generate electricity through the decay of radioactive isotopes without using nuclear fission. They have long lifespans ranging from decades and are used to power remote and unmanned equipment such as spacecraft, pacemakers, and scientific stations. Nuclear batteries convert radioactive energy into electricity through either thermal or non-thermal methods. Thermal methods include thermionic converters and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, while non-thermal methods include betavoltaic and alphavoltaic cells. While nuclear batteries provide reliable, compact power, their development and use faces challenges associated with the high costs and regulations surrounding radioactive materials.
Implementation of renewable energy resources in india-solar updraft towerNeha Chouhan
This document presents information on solar updraft towers as a renewable energy technology. It discusses the components of a solar updraft tower, including the collector, chimney, and turbine. The collector covers a large area to heat air using the greenhouse effect. The heated air rises through the chimney due to buoyancy, powering a turbine. While construction costs are high, solar updraft towers provide renewable energy from sunlight with minimal operations and maintenance needs and no greenhouse gas emissions. They are well-suited for developing countries with ample land and sunshine.
The document outlines different types of solar panel systems, their installation, costs, benefits, and drawbacks. It discusses flat plate and evacuated tube collectors, with evacuated tubes being more efficient but also more expensive. Installation requires 2-4 square meters of roof space and costs between €4,500-€6,000. Benefits include using renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions, while drawbacks include a lifespan of only 25 years and being inefficient in Ireland's climate.
Today world is facing number of problems such as global warming , pollution, etc., It is due to the usage of pollution causing materials for the sake of comforts but we are in the darkness of destructive technology. So we have to recover it by this technology. this "SOLAR ROADWAYS" are completely recycle & reuse. It is completely pollution free.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
This document provides an overview of solar roadways, including:
1. Solar roadways use photovoltaic cells embedded below a transparent surface to generate electricity from solar power while also providing traction.
2. Construction involves a road surface layer, electronics layer below containing solar cells and circuitry, and a base layer to distribute power.
3. Benefits include generating renewable energy, powering electric vehicles at rest stops, illuminating roads and managing traffic/snow, but high initial costs are a disadvantage.
Nuclear batteries offer a compact, lightweight, and self-contained power source that can last for decades without needing replacement like chemical batteries. They generate electricity through the emissions from radioactive isotopes without relying on nuclear reactions, avoiding radioactive waste. Betavoltaics uses the energy from beta particles emitted by a radioactive gas to generate electron-hole pairs in silicon, producing an electric current. Direct charging generators sustain oscillations in an LC circuit through energy absorbed from alpha particles decaying in the circuit's core, delivering excess energy to a load. While nuclear batteries have applications in space, medical devices, mobile electronics, and sensors, their high initial cost and need to meet radiation safety standards must first be addressed.
1. The document discusses solar cells, which convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made from semiconducting materials like silicon and arranged in solar panels.
2. It describes how photons from sunlight are absorbed, exciting electrons that travel through the material to produce electricity. An array of solar cells converts sunlight to direct current (DC) power.
3. Research is advancing new solar cell materials and designs like perovskite solar cells, which have achieved over 20% efficiency compared to less than 5% in 2009.
This document discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. It begins by describing the basic components and materials of solar panels, including photovoltaic cells made of silicon. It then explains the process by which photons of sunlight eject electrons from silicon, creating an electrical current. Specifically, photons hit the n-type and p-type regions of silicon cells, causing electrons to move and creating positive and negative charges. The document also briefly mentions newer materials for solar panels like CIGS and compares the efficiency improvements of different photovoltaic technologies over time.
This document discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. It begins by describing the basic components and materials of solar panels, including photovoltaic cells made of silicon. It then explains the process by which photons of sunlight eject electrons from silicon, creating an electrical current. Specifically, photons hit the n-type and p-type regions of silicon cells, causing electrons to move and creating positive and negative charges. The document also briefly mentions newer materials for solar panels like CIGS and compares the efficiency improvements of different photovoltaic technologies over time.
The document summarizes the fabrication, characterization, and performance evaluation of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). It was submitted as a project report by three students to fulfill their degree requirements in energy engineering at Central University of Jharkhand. The report provides background on DSSCs, describes the experimental methodology used to assemble a DSSC, and presents results and discussion of testing the fabricated DSSC. Key aspects covered include the use of TiO2 semiconductor, ruthenium dye sensitizer, carbon counter electrode, and testing under Ranchi, India weather conditions.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy directly into electricity. They are most commonly made from silicon and have no moving parts. While solar cell efficiency and market growth have increased, reducing production costs remains a focus of research and development. Promising next generation technologies that may help lower costs include thin films, hot carrier cells, and cells using nanostructures or bandgap engineering of silicon.
This document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic systems. It begins by providing context on Italy's increased focus on solar energy after the 1973 energy crisis. It then discusses global warming and incentives for renewable energy in Europe. The document provides details on solar energy resources, technologies like solar thermal and photovoltaic panels, and examples of large solar installations. It also discusses strategies to make solar energy more affordable and sustainable, like improving recycling of panels. In conclusion, it notes that the town of San Vendemiano has installed solar panels on local schools to produce clean energy.
Advance Solar Cells and Printed Solar Cell A Reviewijtsrd
Solar cell technology begin with first generation and third generation solar cells is discussed here by considering different advanced materials on which these technologies are based. The efficiencies attained with different new age solar cell technologies, limitations in their commercial application is overcome with the new technology used in solar cell. This paper is an overview of the advances technology used in solar cell and printed solar cell. Sukhjinder Singh | Nitish Palial | Rohit Kumar "Advance Solar Cells and Printed Solar Cell: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59981.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/59981/advance-solar-cells-and-printed-solar-cell-a-review/sukhjinder-singh
Solar photovoltaics convert light energy from the sun into electricity through photovoltaic cells. PV cells consist of layers of semiconducting materials that produce electricity when struck by sunlight. The electricity is produced as electrons are freed from the semiconducting material by photons, causing them to flow and produce an electric current. There are different types of PV cells including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies that have varying efficiencies and costs. The cells are connected together in modules and arrays to produce usable voltages and powers for applications like charging batteries and powering electronics.
Presentation about 'Quantum Dot solar cell.pptxas1179090
This is all about a summary of quantum dot solar cell presentation.
Here, presenting
1) introduction
2) construction
3) working
Etc.
Helpful for students
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Organic solar cells the exciting interplay of excitons and nano-morphologyvvgk-thalluri
1) The document summarizes organic solar cells, which use a bulk heterojunction of a conjugated polymer donor and fullerene acceptor. When light is absorbed, excitons are formed that must dissociate at the donor-acceptor interface into free charges.
2) The bulk heterojunction morphology, consisting of an interpenetrating network of the donor and acceptor materials, allows more excitons to dissociate since the interface is throughout the volume. This leads to higher efficiencies than simple bilayer cells.
3) Efficiencies of over 6% have been achieved but further work is needed to improve stability and lower costs for organic solar cells to become commercially viable. Optimization of
This presentation discusses transparent solar cells and their potential as the future of electricity. It is introduced by Sarah Cynthia Gomes from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at International Standard University. The presentation is given by the student group "Dynamic Squad", consisting of 4 members.
The introduction explains that transparent solar cells allow sunlight to pass through while still converting it to power, unlike conventional solar panels which absorb sunlight. The presentation will cover the working mechanisms of solar cells, materials used in solar cells such as silicon and perovskites, recent advancements including flexible perovskite cells, how transparent solar cells work, their efficiency, challenges, and conclusions on their potential.
The document discusses solar cells and their operation. It begins by explaining that solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. It then discusses the history and generations of solar cells, including the development of more efficient second generation materials. The document outlines the key components and working mechanism of solar cells, including the generation of electron-hole pairs when photons strike the semiconductor material. It also discusses the different types of solar cells and their advantages and applications, such as providing power for homes, communication systems, and in space.
The document discusses solar photovoltaics (PV), which directly convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells. It provides a history of PV development and describes the basic physical principles, including how doping silicon creates p-type and n-type semiconductors which form a p-n junction in solar cells. When photons interact with the junction, electrons are excited and electricity is generated. The document outlines different PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film solar cells as well as their manufacturing processes and comparisons. It also briefly discusses the balance of system components needed for a complete solar PV system.
The document discusses solar cells, including their history, types, working, advantages, disadvantages, and future applications. Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. They were first demonstrated in 1839 but saw practical use in 1954. There are three main types - monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon cells - which differ in efficiency and production method. The document also describes a hybrid plastic solar cell containing cadmium selenide nanorods that absorb sunlight and generate electrons and holes to produce a current.
Partial shading of photovoltaic cells and modules can significantly reduce their power output due to cells being wired in series. Even a small amount of shading on part of a module can decrease the output of the entire module. The use of bypass diodes can help mitigate these losses from shading by allowing current to bypass shaded cells, but shading still reduces the overall efficiency of photovoltaic systems.
Perovskite solar cells have increased in efficiency from below 5% in 2009 to over 20% in 2014, making them a promising solar cell technology. Researchers have discovered ways to improve perovskite solar cells using liquid inks, upconversion and downconversion techniques, light-absorbing dyes, quantum dots, organic and polymer materials, and adaptive and nanostructured surfaces. These techniques aim to lower the cost and increase the efficiency of solar cells.
Multi-junction solar cells use multiple semiconductor materials with different bandgaps stacked together to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum and achieve higher efficiencies than single-material solar cells. They are fabricated using techniques like metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy to precisely control the growth of each layer for optimal bandgap and lattice matching. Current multi-junction cells can achieve efficiencies over 40% and are used in space applications, though high costs have limited terrestrial use primarily to concentrated photovoltaics. Further efficiency improvements may come from new materials like quantum dots, optimizing existing layer designs, and increasing the number of junctions to finer divide the solar spectrum.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
1. G.NARAYANAMMA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
CARBON NANOTUBES IN SOLAR PANEL
TECHNOLOGY
1yenigalla.srujana, 2k.shoushya, 3k.sowmya
1srujana.yenigalla95@gmail.com, 2shamm1722@gmail.com, 3kerelli.sowmya@gmail.com
Abstract-
This paper introduces the advancement in the solar
panel technology. It presents about the usage of the
carbon nanotubes or graphite instead of silicon in solar
panels. These carbon nanotubes are used for photo
conversion and a counter electrode construction, which
are placed in liquid electrolyte through a (reduction and
oxidation) redox reaction. The silicon semiconductors
in a solar cell are geared toward taking infrared light
and converting it directly to electricity. Meanwhile, the
visible spectrum is lost as heat and longer wavelengths
pass through unexploited. A new nano-material being
developed by a group of researchers spread across
the country could act as a “thermal emitter,” making
solar power significantly more efficient by scooping
up more of that wasted energy. The infrared part of
light is relatively easy for conventional high-efficiency
solar cells to convert to electricity, and the thermal
emitter approach works within that framework. A
thermal emitter isn’t a parallel system for deriving
electricity directly from the sun’s rays. Instead, this
is an application or so called thermo photovoltaic
principals. Researchers have estimated a theoretical
80% efficiency rating — much higher than the mid-30s
where most silicon-based solar panels are stuck.
Index terms- solar panels, carbon nanotubes, thermal
emitter, photovoltaic principals.
I. INTRODUCTION
The need for power in remote locations has
given rise to the need for a more portable solar cell.
Organic solar cells have shown great potential for
the solution. The problem lies in the inadequate
efficiency currently found in organic solar cells.
There is more to solar radiation than meets the
eye: sun- burn develops from unseen UV radiation,
while we sense infrared radiation as heat on our skin,
though invisible to us. Solar cells also ‘see’ only a
portion of solar radiation: approximately 20 percent
of the energy contained in the solar spectrum is
unavailable to cells made of silicon – they are unable
to utilize a part of the infrared radiation, the short-
wavelength IR radiation, for generating power.
II. SOLAR PANNELS
Fig.1: An installation of 24 solar modules in rural Mongolia
A solar panel is a set of solar
photovoltaic modules electrically connected and
mounted on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic
module is a packaged, connected assembly
of solar cells. The solar panel can be used as a
component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and
residential applications. Each module is rated by
its DC output power under standard test conditions
(STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area
of a module given the same rated output - an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area
of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. A single solar
module can produce only a limited amount of
power; most installations contain multiple modules.
A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or
an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes
a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection
1
www.SeminarsTopics.com
2. wiring.
Fig.2: A solar photovoltaic module is composed of individual PV
cells. This crystalline-silicon module has an aluminium frame and
glass on the front.
III. CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes
have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio
of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than
for any other material. These cylindrical nanotubes
have unusual properties, which are valuable for
nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other
fields of technology. In particular, owing to their
extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical
and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find
applications as additives to various structural
materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion
of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber)
baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts.
These carbon nanotubes are now used in the
technology of solar panels to increase the efficiency
of the solar panels up to 80%. The discussion
mentioned ahead will help in understanding how
these carbon nanotubes can be used in solar panels.
Fig.3: A scanning electron microscopy image of carbon nanotubes
bundles.
Fig.4: Multi walled carbon nanotube
IV. HISTORY OF CNT SOLAR
PANNELS
Stanford University scientists have built the first
solar cell made entirely of carbon, a promising
alternative to the expensive materials used in
photovoltaic devices today.The results are published
in today's online edition of the journal ACS Nano.
It was later also developed by the scientists in
MIT. They could tap the unused energy of infrared
radiations in the modified solar cells using carbon
nanotubes.
• Usage Of Carbon Nanotubes In Solar
Pannels Helping In Improving The
Efficiency
Fig.5: Fullerences (C60), Bunkyball.
The new cell is made of two exotic forms of carbon:
carbon nanotubes and C60, otherwise known as
bucky balls. This is the first all-carbon photovoltaic
cell, a feat made possible by new developments in the
large-scale production of purified carbon nanotubes.
It has only been within the last few years or so that
it has been possible to hand someone a vial of just
one type of carbon nanotube. In order for the new
solar cells to work, the nanotubes have to be very
pure, and of a uniform type: single-walled, and all
of just one of nanotube two possible symmetrical
configurations. Other groups have made photovoltaic
(PV) cells using carbon nanotubes, but only by
using a layer of polymer to hold the nanotubes in
position and collect the electrons knocked loose
when they absorb sunlight. But that combination adds
extra steps to the production process, and requires
2
3. extra coatings to prevent degradation with exposure
to air. The new all-carbon PV cell appears to be
stable in air. The carbon-based cell is most effective
at capturing sunlight in the near-infrared region.
Because the material is transparent to visible light,
such cells could be overlaid on conventional solar
cells, creating a tandem device that could harness
most of the energy of sunlight.
V.Construction Of Carbon
Solar Cell
Fig.6: construction of the solar cell
• In conventional solid-state photovoltaic
cells three different tasks are generally
expected to be fulfilled simultaneously by
the material.
• Light absorption to generate electric charge
carriers, charge carrier separation and charge
transport to the electrodes.
• We use a mixture of a stable photoactive
light absorbing dye molecule with carbon
nanotubes introduced to a conjugated
polymer matrix to perform these tasks.
• Charge separation at the interface, electron
transport through the carbon nanotube
acceptors and hole transport from the dye to
the polymer backbone is expected to occur.
• In this system, differences in work function
between outer materials (metal contacts)
will create the necessary asymmetry to cause
electric charges to flow and inject into the
contacts to the external circuit. The general
device geometry and method of fabrication
is as follows.
• Transparent FTO coated glass (conducting
glass) is to be used as bottom electrode. The
composite material dissolved in chloroform
or toluene and sonicated. The active layer
can then be deposited by spin coating from
the solution.
• Complete device is obtained by depositing
the top metal electrode by either evaporation
or sputtering techniques.
• It is easy to see the attractiveness of
Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) from the fact
that the fabrication procedure is this simple
and inexpensive.
• Carbon is a remarkable element existing
in a variety of stable forms ranging
from insulator/semiconductor diamond
to metallic/semi-metallic graphite to
conducting/semi-conducting nano/micro
tubes to fullerences of highest order of
symmetry, which shows many interesting
physico-opto-electronic properties.
• In addition, it is also possible that many
more forms of carbon are yet to be
discovered. The various forms of carbon
have attracted a great deal of interest
in recent years because of their unique
structure and properties. Among various
application of carbonaceous material, recent
study of heterojunction diodes and solar
cells are quite interesting in terms of its
electronic application.
• Recent results on semiconducting
camphoric carbon and photovoltaic cell
promote carbon material to be one of the
future scopes of economically viable high
efficiency solar cell.
VI.WORKING OF CARBON
SOLAR PANNEL
Solar panels works on the principal of photovoltaic
effect.
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT: It is the creation of
an electrical voltage or rather the electric current
flowing in a closed loop, here referred to in a solar
panel. This process is somewhat related to the
photoelectric effect; although these are different
processes altogether. The electrons that are generated
when the solar panels are exposed to a stream
of photons are transferred between the different
bands of energy inside the atom to which they are
bound. Typically, the transition of the energy state
of electrons takes place from valence band to the
conduction band, but within the material that is used
in the solar panels. This transfer of electrons makes
them accumulate in order to cause a buildup of
voltage between the two electrodes.
Solar panels contain a system of solar cells
that are interconnected so that they can transfer the
induced voltage/current between one another so that
the required parameters can pile up and a suitable
throughout can be obtained. Series connections of
solar cells in solar panels help add up the voltage
and the same is true for solar cells connected using
3
4. parallel connection.
Another fact is that solar panels produce much
lesser efficiency as compared to when their basic
components viz. solar cells are used independently
without any interconnections. Typically, solar
panels that are available commercially are only
able to depict their best efficiency as low as 21%.
Due to the significant impact of efficiency, a
number of techniques are used in order to tweak the
performance of solar cells.
VII.WORKING OF DOUBLE
WALLED CARBON
NANOTUBE USED IN
SOLAR/PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL:
The directly configured double-walled carbon
nanotubes as energy conversion materials to fabricate
thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as
both photo generation sites and a charge carriers
collecting/transport layer. The solar cells consist of a
semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally
coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to
create high-density p−n heterojunctions between
nanotubes and n-Si to favor charge separation
and extract electrons (through n-Si) and holes
(through nanotubes). Initial tests have shown a
power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving that
DWNTs-on-Si is a potentially suitable configuration
for making solar cells. Our devices are distinct
from previously reported organic solar cells based
on blends of polymers and nanomaterials, where
conjugate polymers generate excitons and nanotubes
only serve as a transport path.
Fig.7: working of solar panel.
NANOTUBE PROPERTIES USEFUL FOR SOLAR
PANNELS
• High carrier mobilities (~1,20,000 cm2 V-1 s-
1)
• Large surface areas (~1600 m2 g-1)
• Absorption in the IR range (Eg: 0.48 to 1.37
eV)
• Conductance - Independent of the channel
length
• Enormous current carrying capability – 109
A cm-2
• Semiconducting CNTs – Ideal solar cells
• Mechanical strength & Chemical stability
PERFORMANCE OF CNT’S :
When the CNT is used instead of the pure polymer
substances the performance of the solar cell is as
shown below:
It shows about the linear variation of the V-I
characteristics of the output produced in the process
of conversion of the light energy to electrical energy.
Fig.8: performance of the carbon solar panel depending on the
light emission of the singled walled carbon nanotube.
The variation of the wavelength, light energy
which is inputted to the panel with the transmittance
of that energy.
Fig. 9: variation of the wavelength over percentage transmittance.
4
y = 0.0038x - 1E-06
-0.005
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
V
A
Device 4 dark
Linear (Device 4 dark)
5. VIII.ADVANTAGES OF USING
CNT IN A SOLAR PANNEL
° The efficiency of the system can be
improved.
° As the CNT solar panels uses infrared rays
including visible range of sunlight they can
work at night times.
° They remain stable at ambience temperature
about 1600oF .
° The amount of the material to be used for
the construction will also be reduced
° As the mobility of the electrons is more
in the case of the CNT the output voltage
produced is drastically increased.
CONCLUSION:
Carbon nanotube technology is the
upcoming technology in the field of solar panels
which is under experimental stage. This seems like
a very promising direction that will eventually allow
for nanotubes promise to be more fully harnessed.
It helps in increasing the efficiency, reliability of the
panel.
REFERENCES:
• Physical Properties of Carbon
Nanotubes (1998), Imperial College Press,
UK, R. Saito, M.S. Dresselhaus,
G.Dresselhaus
• Optical and Electronic Properties of
Fullerenes and Fullerene-Based Materials,
Marcel Dekker, Inc(1999),Eds. J. Shinar et al
• The Science and Technology of Carbon
Nanotubes, (1999) Elsevier, Eds. K.
Tanaka, T. Yamabe and K. Yamabe
• Science of Fullerenes and Carbon
Nanotubes, (1996), Academic Press,
M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and
P. C. Eklund
• Carbon Nanotubes (2001), Springer, Berlin,
Eds. M. S. Dresselhaus, G.Dresselhaus.
5