Refractive error refers to when the shape of the eye does not refract light rays correctly onto the retina. There are two main types: emmetropia, which is normal vision, and ametropia, which is refractive error causing light to focus in front of or behind the retina. Ametropia includes myopia, or nearsightedness, where light focuses in front of the retina, and hypermetropia. Myopia has several subtypes including congenital, simple, pathological, acquired, pseudo, night, and space myopia.
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Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.
Myopia classification and management by Tahir Shaukat Optometry Club
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.
That is, an inward squint that does not vary with the direction of gaze.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. WHAT IS REFRACTIVE ERROR?
Refractive error is the most common eye disorders and not a
disease.
It means that the shape of the human eye do not refract the light
rays correctly on the retina.
3. TYPES OF REFRACTIVE ERROR
Emmeteropia – It is normal refractive condition of the eye in
which the parallel rays of light from infinity comes and focused in the
sensitive layer of the retina.
Ametropia – It is a refractive error in which the parallel rays of
light comes from the infinity and focused infront or behind the
sensitive layer of the retina.
5. MYOPIA
It is a on type of refractive error where the parallel ray of light are
focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest.
It is also called short sightedness.
6. TYPES OF MYOPIA
Congenital Myopia
Simple Myopia
Pathological Myopia
Acquired Myopia
Pseudo Myopia
Night Myopia
Space Myopia
8. SIMPLE MYOPIA
It is a most common type of myopia result from the biological
variation in the development of the eye .
The power of eye increases usually during the years of study in
school and college student.
9. PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
In this condition the myopia rapidly progresses and subnormal
visual acuity persists even in with correction .
There are degenerative change in the retina.
10. ACQUIRED MYOPIA
This occur due to exposure to various pharmaceuticals and
increase in glucose level.
11. PSEUDO MYOPIA
This type of myopia is called as false appearance of myopia .
That occurs due to excessive accommodation .
12. NIGHT MYOPIA
In this myopia, the eye has difficulty to seeing in low illumination
even though the day time.
13. SPACE MYOPIA
This type of myopia occurs when the individual has no stimulation
for distance fixation.
