Music can be vocal or instrumental. Vocal music involves the human voice and is the oldest form. It can be classified as long or short forms. Long forms include opera, cantata, oratorio, and zarzuela which tell stories through music. Instrumental music uses instruments and common forms are the sonata, suite, symphony, and concerto. Both vocal and instrumental music use elements like pitch, duration, volume, and timbre.

2.  Music is art and culture is
reflected in art.
 Basically deals with sound. The
mediums are the sound
produced by man (vocal
music) and the sound
produced by an instrument
(instrumental music).

3. Vocal music is the
oldest and natural
form of music.

4.  Correct Posture
 Correct breathing
 Correct placement of the
voice
 Correct diction
 Correct interpretation

5. Vocal music can be classified into (1) long
vocal forms and (2) short vocal forms
 Long vocal forms include:
1. Opera- drama set to music with action,
costume and scenery. It consists of
overture, areas recitative, ensemble,
and chorus.

6. 2. Cantata- a story told in music; no action.
It is a smaller version of the orotario and
may be secular or religious.
3. Orotario- a form of dramatic music also
consisting of an overture, areas,
recitatives, and ensembles based on
biblical stories or
contempletativecharacter performed in
concert style, without costume, scenery
or action. Greater emphasis is given to
the chorus and testo (narrator) is often
utilized.

7. 4. moro-moro- a Philippine drama set to
music that depicts Christian and non-
Christian conflicts.
5. zarzuela- a Philippine drama set to music
that is similar to the opera.

8.  Short vocal forms include:
1. Folk songs
2. Art songs
3. Kundiman
4. Balitaw
5. Donza-babanera
6. Anthem
7. Motet
8. Madrigal
9. Ballad
10. Choral
11. Round/cannon
12. area

9. Voice differs considerably according to timbre
(quality) and range. As to timbre, they are
classified into: women’s voices and man voices.
1. Women’s voices:
1. Soprano- tone is lighter in character, less somber
and frrequently more flexible. It is classified into:
a. Coloratura soprano-highest & lightest of all
voices
b. Mezzo-soprano-medium high in tonal quality.
c. Lyric soprano-less high and flute-like.
2. Alto or contralto- tone is richer and fuller.
2. Men’s voices:
1. Tenor-higherst type in men’s voice.
2. Baritone-voice between tenor and bass.
3. Bass-lowest & deepest voice quality.

10. Musical instruments are the second medium
in music. Forms of instrumental music are
classified into:
1. Sonata- long composition for solo instrument,
consisting of large sections called movements.
2. Suite- a series of musical pieces that tells a
story.
3. Symphony- a sonata for the orchestra.
4. Concerto- sonata for solo and orchestra
designed to show-off the virtuosity of the soloist.
5. Chamber music- written for two solo
instruments and basso continuo and usually in
several movements.

11.  String Instruments- instruments which are
bowed.
 Blown fall:
a. Brasses- usually made of brass
b. Woodwinds- originally made of
wood
 Percussion Instruments-instruments which
are struck.

16.  Pitch- highness or lowness of a tone in
the musical scale.
 Duration- depends on the length of time
over which vibration is maintained.
 Volume- refers to force or percussive
efffects as a result of which the tone
strikes us as being loud or soft. Forte
means loud; piano means soft.
 Timbre or tone color- individual quality of
the sound produced by other
instruments.