Murad I was the Ottoman Sultan who ruled from 1360 to 1389 and oversaw rapid Ottoman expansion in Anatolia and the Balkans. In 1389, Murad fought against a Serbian coalition led by Prince Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo. Both leaders were killed in the battle, though the Ottomans had greater resources and were able to continue their campaign. The defeat left Serbia unable to defend itself and it gradually came under Ottoman control in the following years, marking an important shift in power in the Balkans region.
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
Its about importance and significance of Islamic Civilization, Social and Moral influence of Islamic civilization, Clash of civilization ,causes & influence of Clash of civilization and Causes of Clash of Civilization... A detailed informative PDF from which u can get enough info..
:)
Sent by Idris Tuna from Mustafa Zeki Demir Ortaokulu, Istambul. Part of eTwinning project - Meeting point in history: Szigetvár (translation from Turkish)
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
Its about importance and significance of Islamic Civilization, Social and Moral influence of Islamic civilization, Clash of civilization ,causes & influence of Clash of civilization and Causes of Clash of Civilization... A detailed informative PDF from which u can get enough info..
:)
Sent by Idris Tuna from Mustafa Zeki Demir Ortaokulu, Istambul. Part of eTwinning project - Meeting point in history: Szigetvár (translation from Turkish)
The Ottoman Empire was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa for more than 600 years. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute religious and political authority over his people.
Introduction To Ottoman Empire - Arts And ArchitectureMaryamArif28
Forced to evacuate their homes on the plains of Asia by the Mongols, the migrating Turkish tribes converted to Islam during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the Turkish tribes, the Seljuks, had become a major power in the Islamic world and embraced a stable life that included Islamic teaching, middle class, and taxation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
4. • Murad I, (born 1326?—died June 20/28 or Aug. 28, 1389, Kosovo),
Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1360 to 1389. Murad’s reign
witnessed rapid Ottoman expansion in Anatolia and the Balkans and
the emergence of new forms of government and administration to
consolidate Ottoman rule in these areas. Murad I (Ottoman Turkish:
اول مراد ;Turkish: I. Murad, Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr (nicknamed
Hüdavendigâr, from Persian: خداوندگار, Khodāvandgār, "the devotee
of God" – but meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15
June 1389) was the Ottoman Sultan . He was a son of Orhan and the
Valide Nilüfer Hatun.
5. • Murad ascended the throne in succession to his father, Orhan. Shortly
after Murad’s accession, his forces penetrated western Thrace and
took Adrianople and Philipp polis and forced the Byzantine emperor
John V Palaeologus to become a vassal. Adrianople was renamed
Edirne, and it became Murad’s capital. In 1366 a crusade commanded
by Amadeus VI of Savoy rescued the Byzantines and occupied
Gallipoli on the Dardanelles, but the Turks recaptured the town the
next year. In 1371 Murad crushed a coalition of southern Serbian
princes at Charwomen in the Battle of the Maritsa River, took the
Macedonian towns of Dráma, Kavála, and Seres (Sérrai), and won a
significant victory over a Bulgarian-Serbian coalition at Samakow (now
Samokovo).
6. • These victories brought large territories under direct Ottoman rule
and made the princes of northern Serbia and Bulgaria, as well as the
Byzantine emperor, Murad’s vassal.
• In the 1380s Murad resumed his offensive in the west. Sofia was
taken in 1385 and Niš in 1386. Meanwhile, in Anatolia, Murad had
extended his power as far as Tokat and consolidated his authority in
Ankara. Through marriage, purchase, and conquest he also acquired
territories from the principalities of Germiyan, Tekke, and Hamid. A
coalition of Turkmen principalities led by the Karaman was formed to
stem Ottoman expansion, but it was defeated at Konya (1386).
7. • In 1387 or 1388 a coalition of northern Serbian princes and Bosnians
stopped the Ottomans at Pločnik, but in 1389 Murad and his son
Bayezid (later Bayezid I) defeated them at the first Battle of Kosovo,
although Murad was killed by a Serbian noble who pretended to
defect to the Ottoman camp. Under Murad I the seeds of some of the
basic Ottoman imperial institutions were sown. The administrative
military offices of kaziasker (military judge), beylerbeyi (commander
in chief), and grand vizier (chief minister) crystallized and were
granted to persons outside the family of Osman I, founder of the
dynasty. The origins of the Janissary corps (elite forces) and the
devşirme (child-levy) system through which the Janissaries were
recruited are also traced to Murad’s reign.
8. wars
Murad fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and
against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In
particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by
the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa, was defeated on
September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin
Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the
Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman
force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy
casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back.
9. Battle of Kosovo
• Kosovo also spelled Kossovo, (June 28 [June 15, Old Style], 1389),
battle fought at Kosovo Polje ("Field of the Blackbirds"; now in
Kosovo) between the armies of the Serbian prince Lazar and the
Turkish forces of the Ottoman sultan Murad I (reigned 1360–89) that
left both leaders killed and ended in a Turkish victory, the collapse of
Serbia, and the complete encirclement of the crumbling Byzantine
Empire by Turkish armies. Under Sultan Murad’s rule the Turks had
been expanding their rule from Anatolia into the Balkans, where the
Serb Empire was potentially their strongest opponent. At the Battle of
Maritsa in 1371 the Serbs suffered a severe defeat that fragmented
their empire into rival princedoms.
10. • Murad resumed his campaigns against the Serbs in the 1380s. In the
summer of 1389 he halted at Kosovo, from where he had options to
attack Serbia or Macedonia. While Murad consulted with his
commanders, Lazar mustered all his forces in alliance with Vuk
Branković, a Serbian noble, and advanced on Kosovo. Lazar’s army is
thought to have been less than half the size of Murad’s force. The
battle began with Ottoman archers bombarding the advancing
Serbian cavalry, which blunted their impact on the Turkish lines.
However, inroads had been made and the Serbian charge was
followed up by heavily armored knights. Fearing that the Serbians
might break through, the Turks counterattacked, routing the Serbian
infantry.
11. • Some records claim that Lazar was captured and executed; others
claim that he was deserted by the jealous Brankovi? and fought
valiantly until hacked to death. Murad is thought to have been killed
by a Serbian knight, Miloš Obilić, in the immediate aftermath of the
battle. Although both sides suffered huge losses, the Ottomans
possessed the resources to raise another army and Serbia became
part of the Ottoman Empire.
12. • In the wake of these marriages, Stefan Lazarevic became a loyal ally of
Bayezid, going on to contribute significant forces to many of Bayezid’s
future military engagements, including the battle of Nilopolis.
Eventually the Serbian Despotate would, on numerous occasions,
attempt to defeat the Ottomans in conjunction with the Hungarians
until its final defeat in 1459. Turkish armor during battles of Marcia
and Kosovo.
13. Serbia `defeated' at the battle of Kosovo
• In 1459 the last vestiges of Serbian independence were finally snuffed
out. In the centuries that followed, though, the myth of Kosovo and
the great "defeat" began to grow, only to crystallise in the writings of
19th- century scholars and artists.
• Today there are those who believe that "bad history" has played a
major role in shaping the Serbian worldview which in turn has played
its part in shaping modern Balkan politics. And, who knows, as a
result British pilots and soldiers may soon be fighting their very own
battle of Kosovo.
• Tim Judah is the author of `The Serbs: history, myth and the
destruction of Yugoslavia'
14. Aftermath
• Both armies were broken by the battle. Both leaders Lazar and Murad
lost their armies retreated from the battlefield. Murad’s son Bayezid
strangled his younger brother Yakub Celebi upon hearing that their
father had died. Thus becoming the sole heir to the Ottoman throne.
The Serbs were left with too few men to defend their lands
effectively, while the Turks had many more troops in the East.
Consequently , the Serbs principalities that were not already
Ottoman vassals became so in the following years, yielding one by
one. Furthermore, in response to Ottoman pressure, some Serbian
noblemen wed their daughters ,including the daughter of Prince Lazar
to Bayezid.