This document discusses multiplexing and spreading techniques. It describes multiplexing as a set of techniques that allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single data link to maximize bandwidth utilization. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time-division multiplexing (TDM) are discussed as categories of multiplexing. Spread spectrum is described as combining signals from different sources to prevent eavesdropping and jamming through redundancy. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum synchronous (DSSS) are introduced as spread spectrum techniques. Examples of applying these concepts are provided through diagrams and calculations.

1. Multiplexing and Spreading

2. 6.2
Multiplexing and Spreading
Maximum bandwidth utilization/Efficiency can be
achieved by multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming
can be achieved by spreading.

3. 6.3
MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across
a single data link. As data and telecommunications
use increases, so does traffic.
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared.
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
Topics discussed in this section:

4. 6.4
Figure 1 Dividing a link into channels

5. 6.5
Categories of multiplexing

6. 6.6
Frequency-division multiplexing
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals.

7. 6.7
Figure 2 FDM process

8. 6.8
Figure 3 FDM de-multiplexing example

9. 6.9
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of
4 kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into
a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz.
Show the configuration, using the frequency domain.
Assume there are no guard bands.
Solution:
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels
to a different bandwidth, as shown in following Figure.
We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first
channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the second
channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third
one. Then we combine them as shown in Figure 4.
Example

10. 6.10
Figure 4: Multiplexing Example

11. 6.11
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in following Figure 5.
Example 2

12. 6.12
Figure 5

13. 6.13
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1
Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an
appropriate configuration, using FDM.
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-kHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits is modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-
QAM modulation. Figure 6 shows one possible
configuration.
Example 3

14. 6.14
Figure 6:

15. 6.15
Wavelength-division Multiplexing
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine
optical signals.

16. 6.16
Figure 7 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

17. 6.17
Time-division multiplexing is defined as a type of
multiplexing wherein FDM, instead of sharing a
portion of the bandwidth in the form of channels, in
TDM, time is shared. Each connection occupies a
portion of time in the link.
Time Division Multiplexing

18. 6.18
Figure 7 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time slot is preassigned to every device.
In Synchronous TDM, each device is given some time slot irrespective of the fact that
the device contains the data or not.
If the device does not have any data, then the slot will remain empty.

19. 6.19
Figure 8 Asynchronous time-division multiplexing
An asynchronous TDM is also known as Statistical TDM.
An asynchronous TDM is a technique in which time slots are not fixed as in the case
of Synchronous TDM. Time slots are allocated to only those devices which have the
data to send. Therefore, we can say that Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor
transmits only the data from active workstations.

20. 6.20
Interleaving

21. 6.21
SPREAD SPECTRUM
In spread spectrum, we combine signals from
different sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but
our goals are to prevent eavesdropping and
jamming. To achieve these goals, spread spectrum
techniques add redundancy.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS)
Topics discussed in this section:

22. 6.22
Spread spectrum

23. 6.23
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

24. 6.24
Figure 8 Frequency selection in FHSS

25. 6.25
Figure 9 FHSS cycles

26. 6.26
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous
(DSSS)

27. 6.27
Figure 10 DSSS example