1. The document discusses several concepts in genetics including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. It provides examples of each concept using organisms like flowers, cows, and humans.
2. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance and codominance are explained. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote.
3. Human blood types are provided as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. The different blood type alleles and their interactions are summarized.
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominant and recessive traits. It describes incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Codominance is defined as when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote without blending. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, where more than two alleles determine the phenotype. Sex linkage is explained, where traits are inherited through genes on the X or Y chromosomes. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs and are usually continuous traits like height or skin color that are also affected by environment.
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross results in pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males usually exhibit the trait since they only have one X chromosome. Color blindness is given as an example
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several concepts in non-Mendelian genetics including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples like red and white flowers producing pink flowers in incomplete dominance. Blood type is an example of codominance where both A and B antigens can be expressed together. Skin color is influenced by multiple genes. Color blindness is an example of sex-linked inheritance through the X chromosome.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele of a gene is fully dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. For example, a cross between red and white flowers produces pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the heterozygote. The phenotype shows a combination of both traits. For example, in humans, a person with one allele for A blood and one for B blood has type AB blood and their red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
3. Human blood types (A, B, AB, O) demonstrate both codominance and multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominant and recessive traits. It describes incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Codominance is defined as when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote without blending. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, where more than two alleles determine the phenotype. Sex linkage is explained, where traits are inherited through genes on the X or Y chromosomes. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs and are usually continuous traits like height or skin color that are also affected by environment.
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross results in pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males usually exhibit the trait since they only have one X chromosome. Color blindness is given as an example
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns:
1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits. A red/white flower cross yields pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, such as black and white fur in a spotted cow.
3. Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, like multiple coat color genes in animals.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, such as human skin color.
5. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y chromosome, so males always express recessive X-linked traits while females can be carriers. Color blindness is given as an
This document discusses several concepts in non-Mendelian genetics including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples like red and white flowers producing pink flowers in incomplete dominance. Blood type is an example of codominance where both A and B antigens can be expressed together. Skin color is influenced by multiple genes. Color blindness is an example of sex-linked inheritance through the X chromosome.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele of a gene is fully dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. For example, a cross between red and white flowers produces pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the heterozygote. The phenotype shows a combination of both traits. For example, in humans, a person with one allele for A blood and one for B blood has type AB blood and their red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
3. Human blood types (A, B, AB, O) demonstrate both codominance and multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
This document discusses several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetics problems related to traits in cats and humans.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and is considered the founder of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
- Mendel determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "factors" that we now know as genes. His laws of inheritance include dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Mendel's work formed the basis for understanding how traits are inherited and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Heredity: inheritance and variation LESSON IN SCIENCE 9kriselcello
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian genetics inheritance patterns:
1) Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype between two traits when hybrids are formed rather than one trait dominating. An example is red and white flowers producing pink hybrids.
2) Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed together in the hybrid phenotype. For example, a black and white cow producing a spotted hybrid.
3) Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, such as multiple coat color alleles in many animals.
4) Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes interacting together, like human skin tone.
5) Sex-linked traits involve genes on the sex chromosomes. Examples include color blindness,
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples for each type and practice problems to solve involving Punnett squares.
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
1) Genetics is more complex than just dominant and recessive alleles. Traits can be controlled by incomplete dominance or codominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate or combined phenotype rather than one allele dominating the other.
2) Incomplete dominance is seen in snapdragons where a cross of a brown and white flower produces tan offspring. Codominance is seen in cattle that are both red and white.
3) Multiple alleles, like the three alleles that determine blood type, add another layer of complexity with multiple genotypes producing different phenotypes. Polygenic traits are influenced by two or more genes.
This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination.
It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O.
The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the
A karyotype shows the complete set of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size. Studying karyotypes is important for understanding human genetics. Humans have 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes that determine sex (XY for males and XX for females). The other 44 chromosomes are called autosomes. Many human traits are inherited according to patterns of simple dominance, codominance, or sex-linked inheritance. Pedigree analysis can be used to determine the inheritance patterns of traits within families.
The document discusses several examples of gene interactions:
1) In peppers, genes for red pigment (R) and chlorophyll decomposition (C) interact to produce red, brown, yellow, or green peppers depending on the genotype.
2) In chickens, genes for comb shape (R, r and P, p) interact to determine walnut, rose, pea, or single comb types.
3) Gene interactions can produce novel phenotypes that are not predictable from single-gene effects alone, as seen in these examples where specific combinations of alleles result in unique characteristics.
There are complex patterns of inheritance beyond Mendel's laws:
1. Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.
2. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype between homozygotes.
3. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, increasing possible genotypes and phenotypes.
4. Sex-linked traits involve alleles on the X or Y chromosome. Examples include blood types (A, B, AB, O alleles) and Rh factor (Rh+ and Rh- alleles), which have medical implications for blood transfusions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The document discusses basic genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments in the 1800s.
- Mendel observed that traits separated and recombined when parent plants differing in one trait were crossed.
- Terms like dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype were introduced to explain his findings.
- The Punnett square was developed as a tool to predict potential offspring of crosses.
- Genetics is the study of heredity and traits being passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance, observing that traits can be dominant or recessive.
- Through his experiments, Mendel determined that individuals have two alleles for each trait, and that for recessive traits to be expressed, an individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele.
This document discusses multiple alleles, which are two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes. It provides examples of traits determined by multiple alleles, including coat color in rabbits (with alleles for agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino), human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O alleles), eye color in fruit flies (with alleles producing shades from red to white), and feather patterns in ducks. The relationship between genotypes and resulting phenotypes is explained for each example. The document also briefly discusses self-sterility in plants as another example of multiple alleles.
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdfdhavalbl38
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including:
1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses.
2) The concepts of incomplete dominance and codominance where neither or both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.
3) ABO blood types as an example of codominance with multiple alleles.
4) Sex determination and sex-linked traits related to the X and Y chromosomes.
5) How pedigrees are used to track the inheritance of traits through families.
1) A test cross can reveal the genotype of an organism showing a dominant trait by crossing it with an individual expressing the recessive trait. The results will indicate if the trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
2) Exceptions to Mendel's laws include co-dominance where alleles are equally expressed, incomplete dominance where alleles are blended, multiple alleles where there can be more than two alleles for a trait, and lethal genes where a homozygous genotype results in death.
3) Examples include roan cattle coats which are both red and white from co-dominant alleles, pink snapdragons from incomplete dominance of red and white alleles, and mouse coat color where yellow is lethal in
This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including:
1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses.
2) Incomplete dominance where neither allele is fully dominant and heterozygotes exhibit a blended phenotype.
3) Codominance where both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes, as seen in ABO blood types which have multiple alleles.
4) Autosomal and sex chromosomes with the determination of gender based on X and Y chromosomes.
5) Sex-linked traits which are inherited through sex chromosomes like color blindness.
6) Pedigrees which diagram family history to determine patterns of inheritance and trait linkage.
The document describes the four main types of organic compounds found in living things: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the structure and examples of each type. The learning objectives are to distinguish organic compound properties, identify the four main types, compare them, and appreciate their importance. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, which are essential to life processes.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and global warming. It contains questions about climatic phenomena and the greenhouse effect. It provides learning objectives about describing climatic phenomena on a global level and explaining the natural greenhouse effect versus the human-enhanced greenhouse effect. It identifies carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and water vapor as greenhouse gases. It notes that as carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, global temperature also increases.
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
This document discusses several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetics problems related to traits in cats and humans.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and is considered the founder of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
- Mendel determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "factors" that we now know as genes. His laws of inheritance include dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Mendel's work formed the basis for understanding how traits are inherited and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Heredity: inheritance and variation LESSON IN SCIENCE 9kriselcello
This document discusses several types of non-Mendelian genetics inheritance patterns:
1) Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype between two traits when hybrids are formed rather than one trait dominating. An example is red and white flowers producing pink hybrids.
2) Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed together in the hybrid phenotype. For example, a black and white cow producing a spotted hybrid.
3) Multiple alleles exist for a single trait, such as multiple coat color alleles in many animals.
4) Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes interacting together, like human skin tone.
5) Sex-linked traits involve genes on the sex chromosomes. Examples include color blindness,
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples for each type and practice problems to solve involving Punnett squares.
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
1) Genetics is more complex than just dominant and recessive alleles. Traits can be controlled by incomplete dominance or codominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate or combined phenotype rather than one allele dominating the other.
2) Incomplete dominance is seen in snapdragons where a cross of a brown and white flower produces tan offspring. Codominance is seen in cattle that are both red and white.
3) Multiple alleles, like the three alleles that determine blood type, add another layer of complexity with multiple genotypes producing different phenotypes. Polygenic traits are influenced by two or more genes.
This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination.
It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O.
The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the
A karyotype shows the complete set of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size. Studying karyotypes is important for understanding human genetics. Humans have 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes that determine sex (XY for males and XX for females). The other 44 chromosomes are called autosomes. Many human traits are inherited according to patterns of simple dominance, codominance, or sex-linked inheritance. Pedigree analysis can be used to determine the inheritance patterns of traits within families.
The document discusses several examples of gene interactions:
1) In peppers, genes for red pigment (R) and chlorophyll decomposition (C) interact to produce red, brown, yellow, or green peppers depending on the genotype.
2) In chickens, genes for comb shape (R, r and P, p) interact to determine walnut, rose, pea, or single comb types.
3) Gene interactions can produce novel phenotypes that are not predictable from single-gene effects alone, as seen in these examples where specific combinations of alleles result in unique characteristics.
There are complex patterns of inheritance beyond Mendel's laws:
1. Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.
2. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype between homozygotes.
3. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, increasing possible genotypes and phenotypes.
4. Sex-linked traits involve alleles on the X or Y chromosome. Examples include blood types (A, B, AB, O alleles) and Rh factor (Rh+ and Rh- alleles), which have medical implications for blood transfusions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The document discusses basic genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments in the 1800s.
- Mendel observed that traits separated and recombined when parent plants differing in one trait were crossed.
- Terms like dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype were introduced to explain his findings.
- The Punnett square was developed as a tool to predict potential offspring of crosses.
- Genetics is the study of heredity and traits being passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance, observing that traits can be dominant or recessive.
- Through his experiments, Mendel determined that individuals have two alleles for each trait, and that for recessive traits to be expressed, an individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele.
This document discusses multiple alleles, which are two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes. It provides examples of traits determined by multiple alleles, including coat color in rabbits (with alleles for agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino), human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O alleles), eye color in fruit flies (with alleles producing shades from red to white), and feather patterns in ducks. The relationship between genotypes and resulting phenotypes is explained for each example. The document also briefly discusses self-sterility in plants as another example of multiple alleles.
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdfdhavalbl38
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including:
1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses.
2) The concepts of incomplete dominance and codominance where neither or both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.
3) ABO blood types as an example of codominance with multiple alleles.
4) Sex determination and sex-linked traits related to the X and Y chromosomes.
5) How pedigrees are used to track the inheritance of traits through families.
1) A test cross can reveal the genotype of an organism showing a dominant trait by crossing it with an individual expressing the recessive trait. The results will indicate if the trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
2) Exceptions to Mendel's laws include co-dominance where alleles are equally expressed, incomplete dominance where alleles are blended, multiple alleles where there can be more than two alleles for a trait, and lethal genes where a homozygous genotype results in death.
3) Examples include roan cattle coats which are both red and white from co-dominant alleles, pink snapdragons from incomplete dominance of red and white alleles, and mouse coat color where yellow is lethal in
This document provides an overview of several genetics concepts including:
1) Mendelian genetics concepts like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as well as test crosses.
2) Incomplete dominance where neither allele is fully dominant and heterozygotes exhibit a blended phenotype.
3) Codominance where both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes, as seen in ABO blood types which have multiple alleles.
4) Autosomal and sex chromosomes with the determination of gender based on X and Y chromosomes.
5) Sex-linked traits which are inherited through sex chromosomes like color blindness.
6) Pedigrees which diagram family history to determine patterns of inheritance and trait linkage.
The document describes the four main types of organic compounds found in living things: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the structure and examples of each type. The learning objectives are to distinguish organic compound properties, identify the four main types, compare them, and appreciate their importance. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, which are essential to life processes.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and global warming. It contains questions about climatic phenomena and the greenhouse effect. It provides learning objectives about describing climatic phenomena on a global level and explaining the natural greenhouse effect versus the human-enhanced greenhouse effect. It identifies carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and water vapor as greenhouse gases. It notes that as carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, global temperature also increases.
Geothermal energy is generated from the heat within the Earth's interior. Geothermal power plants tap into this heat by drilling wells deep underground to access steam or hot water, with plants often located near volcanoes. When the hot water reaches the surface, the decrease in pressure causes it to turn to steam to spin turbines and generate electricity. The Philippines ranks second worldwide in geothermal energy production, with 27% of its electricity coming from geothermal power plants.
This document discusses electron configurations and principles including:
1) The Aufbau principle which states that electrons fill orbitals from lowest to highest energy levels.
2) Hund's rule which states that electrons fill orbitals singly before pairing up.
3) The Pauli exclusion principle which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers and that paired electrons must have opposite spins.
This learning package is designed to help students understand photosynthesis through engaging activities. It will cover describing photosynthesis, identifying important factors and structures involved, differentiating the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and appreciating the importance of plants. The package includes 6 activities to explore photosynthesis concepts and skills independently and collaboratively. Students are instructed to complete all activities, answers questions honestly, and compare their work to the provided answer key.
1) Electrons in atoms occupy different energy levels rather than following classical orbital models. Higher energy levels are farther from the nucleus.
2) Energy levels are divided into sublevels which have different shapes designated by letters. Electrons fill these sublevels according to specific rules.
3) The aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion principle govern how electrons fill atomic orbitals based on energy and allowing no more than two electrons of opposite spin per orbital. Hund's rule favors occupying each orbital in a sublevel singly before pairing electrons.
El Niño is a natural phenomenon where the eastern Pacific Ocean experiences extended warming, weakening trade winds and affecting weather patterns globally. It occurs irregularly every 2-7 years and lasts 9-24 months. During El Niño, the Philippines typically experiences above average rainfall in some areas and drought in others. Its opposite, La Niña, is characterized by strengthened trade winds and cooler ocean temperatures in the eastern Pacific, bringing above normal rainfall to the Philippines. While El Niño/La Niña have large impacts, their causes are still being researched and they remain difficult to predict.
Deforestation is the removal of trees where the land is converted to non-forest use, and is a major environmental problem in the Philippines. The major causes are kaingin farming, illegal logging, conversion to agriculture and housing, and natural disasters like fires and typhoons. The effects of deforestation include soil erosion, increased flooding as trees are no longer anchoring soil, and decreased wildlife as their habitats are destroyed which can lead to extinction of some species.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. b) life
2. a) Diverse
3. b) 45,000
4. b) stable
5. a) Genetic diversity
6. c) changes
7. b) genetic material
8. c) 170,000
9. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in a place on Earth and includes all species of plants and animals as well as their genetic information.
10. Habitat loss is when an animal loses the area or environment where it normally lives, including the resources and conditions it needs to survive such as food, water, shelter and space. It occurs when natural habitats are destroyed or disrupted to make way
The document discusses a research study on technology integration in teaching science using the Will-Skill-Tool (WST) model. Specifically, it aims to investigate the extent of technology support for 21st century science teaching, identify the effects of the WST model, identify technological tools used by science teachers, and develop technology-enhanced science activities. The rationale is that technology integration is important for developing 21st century skills as required by law. Previous studies found the WST elements of attitude, skills, and resources are important for technology integration, but more subject-specific research is needed. The study aims to address this gap by examining technology integration in science teaching.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
5. It the site on one
chromosome which
encodes a single protein
(influences one trait)
6. It is the DNA sequence
information that encodes a
different phenotype for a
particular gene (e.g. blue and
brown eyes encoded by one
gene that determines eye color)
Alleles
13. Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not
completely dominant over
another.
The heterozygous
phenotype is a blending of
the two homozygous
phenotypes.
15. Non-Mendelian Genetics
In incomplete dominance, it is only
the phenotype that is intermediate.
The red and white alleles remain
separate and distinct. Half the
gametes of the pink four o’clock carry
the allele for red and half carry the
allele for white. Therefore, the
genotypic ratio also becomes the
phenotypic ratio.
16. What color offspring would you get when you
cross a pure (homozygous) red snapdragon
with a pure white snapdragon?
17. Oddly Enough,
Neither Red Nor White
Snapdragon Flower
Color is controlled
by Incomplete
Dominance and a
new 3rd phenotype
is seen.
19. Incomplete Dominance is a
Blending
Like Paint, the
RED Pigment
“MIXES” with the
WHITE to create
PINK-
FLOWERED
offspring
20. Incomplete Dominance can be seen in:
Horses
( Chestnut x Cremello
Palomino)
Snapdragons
Japanese Four O’
Clocks
Many flowers exhibit
incomplete dominance.
26. You Must Use Different Letters
1. Choose different
letters to represent
each form (In this
case we’ll use “W” for
the white allele and
“R” for the Red
allele).
2. Remember to always
use CAPITAL letters.
This is incomplete
DOMINANCE.
RR WW
RW
28. Assignment:
1. Answer activity #2 : Mystery Bull
pp.33
2. Write the objectives, procedure and
questions and answer.
3. Write your work in a Bond paper
with border.
29.
30. 1. One allele is not
completely dominant over
another.
2. The heterozygous
phenotype is a blending of
the two heterozygous
phenotypes.
33. What kind of genetics do these
organisms exhibit?
34.
35. Determine the possible traits of
the calves if :
1.a red (RR) bull is mated with a
red (RR) cow 1
2.a white(WW) bull is mated
with a red(RR) cow 2
3.a roan bull(RW) is mated with
a red (RR) cow 3
36. 1. Will you be able to trace the father of
the calves? (1 point)
2. What are the possible phenotypes of
the calves for each cow? (3 point)
3. Do you think you will make Mang
Marcelino happy about the result of your
investigation? (1 point)
4.How are you going to explain it to him?
(3 point)
5.How would you apply what you have
learned to improve the breeds of livestock
in your area? (2 point)
37.
38. Codominance
The same ratios as
Incomplete Dominance
occur:
A ratio of 1:2:1 for both
genotype and
phenotypes of a
monohybrid cross
Different Phenotype:
The two original
phenotypes are
combined to give a
SPOTTED or
MULTICOLORED
phenotype.
A cross between 2 tabbies
(the heterozygotes) results in
1 black : 2 tabbies : 1 tan cat
39. Codominance occurs in:
Shorthorn Cow (White
+ Red)
Blue Roosters (White +
Black)
Human Blood Typing
(AB)
Tabby Cats (Black and
Tan Fur)
40. Let’s Practice
Tabby cats exhibit codominance between tan and black
fur.
1. Can Tan Cat be heterozygous? Why or Why not?
2. If you mate a tabby with a black cat, what is the
phenotypic ratio of their offspring?
3. If the offspring of two cats are composed of 36
tabbies and 40 black cats, what are the parental
phenotypes and genotypes?
41. Notation for Codominance
1. Choose a letter to represent the gene.
2. Choose different letters to represent each of
the alleles.
3. Take the letters representing the alleles and
turn them into superscripts.
4. Combine the two. Remember to use capital
letters.
42. Writing out the Genotype
1. We’re going to use C to represent Coat Color of
a shorthorn cow.
2. Roan coat color is a combination of Red and
White hair so we’ll use “R” to represent Red and
“W” to represent white.
3. R R and W W
4. C + R CR and C + W CW
5. So a Red Cow would be CRCR , a white cow
would be CWCW, and a roan cow would be CRCW
44. The Alleles
A and B blood types
are coded for by the
alleles:
IA and IB respectively.
These two alleles are
CODOMINANT.
Blood type O is coded
for by the allele i and is
recessive to both IA
and IB (notice the
lower case letter).
45. Codominance
Two alleles are both
expressed as a dominant
phenotype
Coat color in cows
RR: Red
WW: White
RW: Roan, white with red
spots (NOT pink!)
46. Codominance
Sickle-cell Disease
-common in people
of African descent
-sickled allele
causes hemoglobin
to change and red
blood cell forms a
crescent shape –
can’t carry oxygen
well
53. Alleles and Their Blood Types
i i O
IA IA
IA i
A
IB IB
IB i
B
IA IB AB
54.
55. Multiple-Allele Series
Codominance
More than two choices of alleles are present
for a trait
ABO blood type has three alleles
ABO Blood types:
If both A and B are present, type is AB
Neither is recessive
Individuals can be type A, B, AB, or O
(recessive)
56. What is blood made up of?
The red blood cells
contain hemoglobin.
Red blood cells transport O2 and CO2
to and from body tissues.
The white blood cells
fight infection.
The platelets
help the blood to clot
The plasma
Fluid which contains salts and various
kinds of proteins.
57. Determining Blood Type
Protein molecules found on the
surface of RBC’s and in the blood
plasma determine the blood type of
an individual.
Antigens are located on the surface
of the red blood cells
Antibodies are in the blood
plasma.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62. What are the different blood
groups?
Blood group A (IA, IA ), (IA, i)
have A antigens on the surface of red
blood cells and B antibodies in blood
plasma.
Blood group B (IB, IB ), (IB, i)
have B antigens on the surface of red
blood cells and A antibodies in blood
plasma.
63. What are the different blood
groups?
Blood group AB (IA, IB )
have both A and B antigens on the
surface of red blood cells and no A or B
antibodies in blood plasma.
Blood group O (i, i)
have neither A or B antigens on the
surface of red blood cells but have both A
and B antibodies in blood plasma.
64. Blood transfusions – who can
receive blood from whom?
The transfusion will work if a person who is
going to receive blood has a blood group
that doesn't have any antibodies against the
donor blood's antigens.
65.
66. People with blood group O are called "universal
donors"
People with blood group AB are called "universal
receivers."
68. 1. Mom has type A blood. Dad has
type AB blood. What possible
blood types could their children
inherit? (Show all possibilities).
69. 2. A wealthy elderly couple dies together in
an accident. A man comes forward, claiming
that he is their long lost son and is entitled to
their fortune. The couple were of blood types
AB and O. The man has type O blood. Could
he be the heir to the fortune? Show why or
why not.
70. 3. In rabbits, white coat color (CW) and
black coat color (CB) are codominant,
and both of these alleles are dominant
over albino (c); heterozygotes (CWCB)
are spotted.
Draw a Punnett Square that shows the
genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring from a heterozygous black-
coated rabbit and a homozygous white-
coated rabbit?
71. 1. What kind of alleles must be present for a person to
have a blood type O blood?
a. Two O alleles c. One A allele and one O allele
b. Two A allele d. One B allele and one O allele
2. In what non-mendelian heredity does both alleles are
expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.
a. Codominance c. Multiple alleles
b. Incomplete dominance d. Complete dominance
3. It refers to cows with red hair and white blotches.
a. Mad cow c. calf
b. roan d. Pure cow
72. 4. Why is it that the offspring in table above
do not observe the dominant - recessive
relationship?
A. Due to incomplete dominance
B. Due to codominance
C. Due to complete dominance
D. Due to multiple alleles
5. A and B are codominant. If a person
receives an A allele and a B allele, their
blood type is _______.
a. Type A c. Type AB
b. Type B d. Type O
73. A. Given the blood types of the mother and the child,
identify the possible blood type of the father.
Mother’s
Blood
Type
Father’s
Blood
Type
Child’s
Blood
Type
A A,B,AB,O A
B A,AB AB
AB A,B,AB,O B
O O,A,B O
74. B. Show the possible alleles that can be found
in each offspring and write the blood type for
each offspring
POSSIBLE ALLELES FROM
FATHER
A(IA or i) B (IB or i) O
Possible
alleles
from
Mother
A A-IAIA/Iai
O-ii
A-IAi/
B-IBi/
AB-IAIB
O-ii,
A -IAi
B IAIB
O-ii
B-IBIB
Ibi
B-IBi
O-ii
O A-IAi
O-ii
B-IBi
O-ii
O-ii
75. 1. What blood type (or types) can be found in
an offspring if a mother has type A blood and
the father has type B Blood? AB, A, B, O
2. What blood type (or types) can be found in
an offspring if a mother has type AB blood and
the father has type B blood? A, AB, B
3. What blood type (or types) can be found in
an offspring if a mother has type O blood and
the father has type B blood? B, O
Use the table to answer the following
questions, and list all possible blood types.
76. Rh Factor
Refers to another antigen on red blood
cells
Dominant trait is to have the antigen
Rh+
Recessive trait is not to have it
Rh-
A person with Rh- blood will produce
antibodies to Rh+ blood
Can be a problem in pregnancy
77. 1. What blood type (or types) can be found in an
offspring if a mother has type A blood and the father
has type B blood?
2. What blood type (or types) can be found in an
offspring if a mother has type AB blood and the
father has type B blood?
3. What blood type (or types) can be found in an
offspring if a mother has type O blood and the
father has type B blood?
78. Q1. What will be the sex of a child produced when an
egg is fertilized by a sperm that has a Y chromosome?
Q2. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result
in a female child?
Q 3. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent of
children would you expect to be male?
Q 4. Which sex chromosome is present in both male
and female?
Q5. Infer which sex chromosomes determines a
person’s sex.
Q6. What are the other factors that may influence the
expression of human sexuality?
90. Review
Males have an X and a Y chromosome
Females have two X chromosomes
These chromosomes determine sex, so
genes located on these chromosomes
are known as sex-linked genes.
91. The Y chromosome contains far fewer genes than the
X chromosome.
92. The X and Y chromosomes are not
homologous – they do not contain
matching genes. Genes found only
in the X chromosomes are X-
linked, and genes found only in
the Y chromosomes are Y-linked.
Together, the X-linked and Y-
linked genes are called Sex-linked
genes.
•Disorders that are sex-linked are much more common in males,
because they would only need 1 recessive allele to have the trait;
rather than the two recessive alleles the females need.
93. Female Genotype Female Phenotype
XX NORMAL FEMALE
XXc CARRIER FEMALE
XcXc COLOR BLIND FEMALE
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XY NORMAL MALE
XcY COLOR BLIND MALE
94. Female Genotype Female Phenotype
XX NORMAL FEMALE
XXh CARRIER FEMALE
XhXh HEMOPHILIAC FEMALE
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XY NORMAL MALE
XhY HEMOPHILIAC MALE
96. Hemophilia
Recessive trait
Disorder where individuals are missing the normal
blood clotting protein.
Uncontrolled bleeds from minor cuts or bruises.
Female genotype:
Male genotype:
97. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Recessive
Progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscle.
Defective version of gene that codes for muscle
protein
Female genotype:
Male genotype:
98. KEY CONCEPTS:
Sex-linked traits are
inherited through the SEX
chromosomes.
Males have only one X
chromosome. Thus, if they
inherit the affected X, they
will have the disorder.
99. Females have two X
chromosomes. Therefore,
they can inherit/carry
the trait without being
affected if it acts in a
recessive manner.
100. X and Y chromosomes are not
homologous – they do not
contain matching genes. Genes
found only in the X-
chromosomes are X-linked, and
genes found only in the Y
chromosomes are Y-linked.
Together, the X-linked and Y-
linked genes are sex-linked genes.
101. Carriers refer to
individuals who are
heterozygous for the
inherited trait but do not
express it. They can pass
the allele of the trait to
their children
102. EXAMPLES!!
A woman who is heterozygous for normal vision
marries a man who is colorblind. What are the
chances of them having a son or daughter who is
colorblind?
**NOTE: You have to use X’s and Y’s, and read the
punnett square separately for boys and girls!**
103. A woman who is homozygous for normal blood
clotting marries a man who has hemophilia. What
are the chances of them having a son or daughter
with hemophilia?