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This study investigated the use of students' native language (L1) in primary-level English classrooms in Pakistan. Classroom observations and teacher/student questionnaires found that L1 was used occasionally to explain difficult words, concepts, and grammar. Both teachers and students viewed the limited use of L1 as helpful rather than detrimental to learning English. The study concluded that judicious use of L1 can assist teaching and learning without reducing English exposure.
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- 23. 3. When do you think it is necessary to use L1 in the English classroom? Students Teachers a. to explain complex grammar points 72% 39% b. to help define some new vocabulary items 69% 39% c. to explain difficult concepts or ideas 48% 44% d. to practice the use of some phrases and expressions 45% 56% e. to give instructions 6% 6% f. to give suggestions on how to learn more effectively 4% 11%
- 25. Teachers a. It aids comprehension greatly. 39% b. It is more effective. 44% c. It is less time-consuming. 28%
- 26. Do you think the use of L1 in the classroom helps you learn this language? (students only) Fairly much Not at all A little A lot 22 03 69 06
- 27. How often do you think L1 should be used in the classroom? (students only) Sometimes Never Fairly frequently very rarely 60 00 02 38
- 28. 7. What percentage of time do you think L1 should be used in the class? (students only) (No students answered higher than 30 %.) Time Response 5% 38% 10% 25% 20% 20% 30% 10%
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