The term mansab determined the holder status in the graded official hierarchy Mansabdar held both military and civil positions. Power Check & Balance: reliance on salaries, frequent transfers, diversion revenue to treasury. As a result they had limited opportunities to develop local contacts or financial means to raise private armies. Abul Fazl claims that Akbar provided 66 grades of Mansabdars ranging from commanders 10 horsemen to commanders 10000 horsemen. To maintain a specific no. of contingent with horses & necessary equipment. The term mansab determined the holder status in the graded official hierarchy Mansabdar held both military and civil positions. Power Check & Balance: reliance on salaries, frequent transfers, diversion revenue to treasury. As a result they had limited opportunities to develop local contacts or financial means to raise private armies. Abul Fazl claims that Akbar provided 66 grades of Mansabdars ranging from commanders 10 horsemen to commanders 10000 horsemen. To maintain a specific no. of contingent with horses & necessary equipment.

1. Evolution of Mughal Administrative
System :
Mansabdri and Jagirdari System
Made By :
Name : Shruti Jha
Roll No. : 21518041
Subject : History Of India V (1500-
1600)
Semester : 4th
Course : BA HISTORY HONRS.

2. Mansabdari System :
 The term mansab determined the holder status in the graded official hierarchy
 Mansabdar held both military and civil positions.
 Power Check & Balance: reliance on salaries, frequent transfers, diversion revenue to
treasury.
 As a result they had limited opportunities to develop local contacts or financial means
to raise private armies.
 Abul Fazl claims that Akbar provided 66 grades of Mansabdars ranging from
commanders 10 horsemen to commanders 10000 horsemen.
 To maintain a specific no. of contingent with horses & necessary equipment.

3. Zat and Sawar under Mansab System.
 Personal salary and the size of the contingent were represented by a single rank of Zat .
 From 1595-96 both the Zat and Sawar began decide within Mansab system.
 Zat refers to Mansabdar’s personal income, or Talabkhasa and his official position.
 Sawar refers the horses and horsesmen maintained by the Mansabdars as well amount
he was paid to keep his contingent.
 There is no consensus among experts on the nature of sawar.
 Different versions were presented by William Irvine, Abdul Aziz & Athar Ali.

4. Appointment and Promotion of
Mansabdars
 An elaborate procedure involving the Diwan, mir bakshi and others followed after which
it went to the Emperor confirmation.
 The most favoured category were the sons and close kinsmen of persons who were
already in service. This group was called khanazad.
 The main areas were Uzbek, Safavi & Deccan kingdoms. Included one Irani. Turani, Iraqi
and Khurasani.
 The rulers of autonomous principalities yet another group which received preferential
treatment such as category of Rajput king .
 Promotions were generally given on the basis of performance and lineage.
 However, in actual practice racial cmsiderations played important role in promotions.
 Unflinching loyalty was yet another consideration.

5. THE MANSABDARS WERE SEPERATED INTO 3 CLASSES 1595-96
FIRST CLASS SECOND CLASS THIRD CLASS
The 1st class comprised of
Jat and Sawar in equal no.
The 2nd class of Jat and half
or the more than half of
Sawar.
The 3rd class of Jat and less
than half of Sawar.
 Individuals with 500 or less referred as Mansabdars
 Those who were b/w 500 to 2500 were known as Amirs
 While those more than 2500 were known as Amir-i-Umda, Amir-I-Aam, or Amrahs.

6. Changes in Mansabdari System
Du-aspah sih-aspah system
 Introduced by Jahangir
 The term du-aspah sih- aspah literally
means trooper with two or three
horses.
 Under this system, selected nobles
could be allowed to maintain a large
quota of soldiers
 without making any change in their
Jat rank. It implied that a mansabdar
or noble
 holding du-aspah sih-aspah rank had
to maintain double the quota of
troopers indicated by his sawar rank.
They were paid accordingly
Month-ratio or Month-scale system
 Introduced by Shah Jahan
 It was a new scaling device under
which the salaries
 Mansabdar’s salaries were put on a
month scale: 10, 8, 6 months or even
less.
 The obligations of the mansabdars
for main taining a quota of sawars
were brought down accordingly.
 The month-scale system was applied
to both jagirs and those who were
paid in cash.

7. Functions of Mansabdari System :
 While Akbar had 1803 Mansabdars while at that time of Aurangzeb it was 14499.
 The emperor can raise the status of Mansabdars by raising no. of mansabdars entrusted
to him.
 Those Mansabdars who were paid in cash referred as Naqdi. While those were paids
through Jagir known as Jagirdars.
 No Mansabdars could keep the specific jagir for an extended period of time.
 The mansabdar’s post, honour or dignity was not hereditary.
 With death or removal of mansabdars poperty reverting to the state.
 Akbar added new aspects such as introduction of conditional rank ‘Mashrut’ which refer
to temporary increase of sawar rank.
 During the time Aurangzeb with increase of mansbdars resulting Jagirdari and agrarian
crises eventually lead the downfall of this system.

8. Jagirdari System :
 Jagirdari system some how inspired Iqta system .
 The Mughal Emperors, too, did the same. These assignments were given in lieu of cash
salaries
 The Jagir system was regarded as an institution that was primarily utilized to store
surplus from the peasant class.
 Jagir system was employed to disperse revenue resources among the ruling classes.
 It must be made clear that it was not land that was assigned, but the income/ revenue
from the land/area was given to the jagirdars.
 The institution of month-scale or ratios was made possible by this system become all
pervasive.
 This appear to have resulted from a difference b/w Jagir (Jama) assessment and actual
revenue collection (basil).
 The phrase Jagirdari was created by merging two Persian words Jagir (land holding) and
Dar (official).
 A Jagir is a feudal land granted by sovereign to an army chieftain in exchange for
acknowledgement of his military service.

9. Early phase :
 Babur, after his conquest, conferred upon them assignment of approximately more
than one-third of the conquered territory.
 The holders of such assignments (wajh) were known as wajhdars (wajh means
remuneration).
 A fixed sum was assigned as wajh out of the total revenue of the area
 The rest of the revenue of the terrtories was deemed to be a part of the khalisa.
 The zamindars continued in their respective areas, but in other conquered areas
Babur ruled through hakims (governors).
 The same pattern perhaps continued under Humayun.
 The proper concept of Jagirdari system started under Akbar reign .
 He has divided the land in 2 part Khalisa part and Jagir part of the land.

10. Organisation of Jagir System
 The responsibility of tax collection was largely delegated according to the jaghirdar’s
rank
 As a result the Mansabdars were given the most land.
 The word Jama Ojamadari was to described to estimated revenue of treasury.
 When a man obtained a jagir whose Jama (sum of saved money) equals of his annual
salary claim (Talab).
 He may find it only yield half or 1/4th of his claim.
 The Jagir was allegedly referred to as ‘Shash maha’ (6 monthly) or ‘Sib Maha’ (3
monthly).
 Jama Ojamadari was measured in ‘Dam’ a small copper coin.
 The Jama also include land revenue, port customs & other taxes among other things.
 jaghirdar recruited Patawari, Tashildar, Amil, Fotedar & Diwan etc.

11. Jagir Land Ratio :
 In the 31st year of Akbar's reign, the jama of the khalisa in the province of Delhi,
Awadh and Allahabd amounted to less than 5% of the total revenue.
 Under Jahangir, almost 9/10th of the territory was assigned in jagir and only 1/10
was available for the khalisa.
 Under Shah Jahan, it rose to one - eleventh and, by the 20th year, it was nearly one-
seventh.
 The trend continued in the next reign; in the 10th year of Aurangzeb, the jama of
the khalisa amounted to almost 1/5th of the total.
 However, in the later part of Aurangzeb's reign, there was a great pressure on the
khalisa as the number of claimants for jagir increased with the increase of the
number of mansabdars

12. TYPES OF JAGHIR
JAGIR TANKHA INAM JAGIRS MASHRUT JAGIR WATAN JAGIRS
Jagirs given in lieu
to pay
Those with no
service obligation
and were
independent of
rank
Conditional Jagir Jagir which were
granted Zamindars
in their home land
 Tankha jagirs are transferable every three or four years
 watan jaglirs remained hereditary and non-transferable.
 Sometimes watan jagir was converted into khalisa for a certain period as Aurangzeb did in case of Jodhpur in
1679.
 When a zamindar or a tributary chief was made a mansabdar, he was given jagir tankha,,
 watan jagir, at another place if the salary of his rank was more then the income from his watan jagir.
 Maharaja Jaswant Singh, holding watan jagir in Jrlarwar, held jagir, tankha in Hissar.

13. Management of Jagirs
 The jagirdar was allowed to collect only authorised revenue in accordance with the
Imperial regulations.
 He employed his own officials (karkun) like amil, (arnalguzar), fotadar (treasurer),
etc. who acted on his behalf.
 The Imperial officials kept watch on the jagirdars.
 The diwan of tlhe suba was supposed to prevent the oppression on the peasants by
the jagirdars.
 From the 20th year of Akbar, amin was posted in each province to see that the
jagirdars were following Imperial regulations regarding collection of revenue.
 The faujdar often helped the jagirdar to collect revenue whenever difficulties arose.
 It appears that from the period of Aurangzeb, bigger jagirdars were having faujdari
powers, too.

14. Local Administration :
 Subah divided into sarkars. Sarkars
divided into Paraganas. Paraganas into
villages.
 District governed by a shiqdar or a
faujdar
 Amalguzar: head of revenue
administration (aka Krori)
 Revenue collectors were under orders
not to oppress the cultivators while
collecting the state demands
 Other Officiers :
 Bitikchi: record keeper of land revenue
 Khazandar: treasury officer
 Sarkar divided into paraganas (tehsils)
 Tehsils had a batch of subordinate
officers
 - Shiqdar, amil, fotdar and qanungo
 Each tehsil had about 12 villages
 Villages were the lowest units of
administration
 - Mughals gave legal sanction to the
panchayats
 - Patwari and Chaukidar

15. Thank You